Journal of memory and language最新文献_第2页

Why are you telling me this? The availability and timing of triviality-driven inferences 你为什么要告诉我这些？琐碎驱动推理的可用性和时机

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104741

Alice Rees , Vilde Reksnes , Hannah Rohde

{"title":"Why are you telling me this? The availability and timing of triviality-driven inferences","authors":"Alice Rees , Vilde Reksnes , Hannah Rohde","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2026.104741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2026.104741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Part of successful communication involves recognising the purpose of, or the intentions underlying, what speakers choose to say. Often, such pragmatic inferences are studied with an emphasis on informativity. The present work however moves beyond the types of inferences typically studied in prior work and instead investigates inferences from more naturalistic utterances, specifically those whose triviality may invite addressees to reason about why a speaker would have made such a discourse contribution. We present four studies (total N = 777) using offline and online methods to investigate how and when listeners derive <em>relevance inferences</em> from trivial utterances. We manipulate speaker knowledge, speaker style, and linguistic properties of the utterances to show that, even in the absence of explicit emphasis cues, trivial utterances such as “the library walls are blue” are likely to be understood as conveying more than what is stated explicitly (e.g. <em>that the walls used to be a different colour</em>), and that these inferences are more likely to arise when produced by a speaker who is knowledgeable about the situation and who does not typically talk a lot. Our results suggest that comprehenders have pervasive expectations of cooperativity which, when seemingly violated by a speaker’s trivial utterance, prompt reasoning about a speaker’s motivation for speaking to determine how the communicated content is relevant. We then turn to the processing costs of computing triviality-driven inferences and find evidence that there may be a cost to deriving relevance inferences. These findings extend previous work on inferencing, which typically targets specific classes of words that give rise to inferences and demonstrates that broader, systematic inferencing that can arise when addressees reason about speaker goals even in the absence of cues to pragmatic enrichment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intermediate decisional and response states in lexical decision: evidence from electromyography and metacognitive confidence ratings 词汇决策的中间决策和反应状态：来自肌电图和元认知信心评级的证据

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104728

Michele Scaltritti , Saman Kamari Songhorabadi , Simone Sulpizio

{"title":"Intermediate decisional and response states in lexical decision: evidence from electromyography and metacognitive confidence ratings","authors":"Michele Scaltritti , Saman Kamari Songhorabadi , Simone Sulpizio","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lexical decision paradigm relies on a binary response configuration (word vs. nonword) and a single dichotomous decisional outcome (correct vs. error). The present research used single-trial electromyographic recordings of the responses and metacognitive confidence ratings to gain insight into a) intermediate decisional states and b) potential misalignments between objective and subjective outcomes of the lexical decision process. The results revealed that confidence was high for correct responses, signaling a relatively clear-cut categorization even for more ambiguous stimuli such as low-frequency words and wordlike pseudowords. The dominant factors in shaping metacognitive judgments were stimulus properties and premotor processing time, whereas the contribution of the fluency of the motor responses emerged only under specific conditions. Errors revealed a more complex pattern, with limited conscious detection in the case of ambiguous stimuli. Whereas errors for words were seemingly driven by unresolved decision processes, those for nonwords were mostly determined by lexical competition. Importantly, although these latter errors partially bypassed response control mechanisms, they were more accessible to awareness, pointing to a partial dissociation between error correction and detection. By focusing on the decisional layer of lexical decision, these findings begin to shed light on the specific dynamics that characterize decision-making tasks grounded in memory-based evidence and lexical knowledge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104728"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Language models that match reader experience are better predictors of reading times 与读者体验相匹配的语言模型可以更好地预测阅读时间

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104677

Iza Škrjanec , Vera Demberg

{"title":"Language models that match reader experience are better predictors of reading times","authors":"Iza Škrjanec , Vera Demberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans differ in the language experience that they accumulate, due to differing interests, reading habits and profession. This experience can be expected to affect their linguistic expectations when reading texts from domains that are very familiar to them. The present article explores whether language models trained to match the experience of readers produce surprisal estimates that more accurately predict the reading times of those readers than the usually employed general language models. We use a German eye-tracking corpus of biology and physics students reading expository texts from these domains. We adapt a neural language model to the experience of these two groups of readers via two domain adaptation methods and varying amounts of training data. The evaluation against one early and two late reading measures suggests that aligning language models with the readers’ experience to predict the processing effort results in a better fit on late measures than using a model with a high linguistic accuracy. Our findings highlight the opportunities for exploring the cognitive plausibility of language models with respect to psychological constructs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of individual differences in face recognition and mental imagery on face-memory specificity and inhibition 面孔识别和心理意象的个体差异对面孔记忆特异性和抑制的影响

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104714

Aliana Rodriguez Acevedo , Scott D. Slotnick , Brittany M. Jeye

{"title":"The role of individual differences in face recognition and mental imagery on face-memory specificity and inhibition","authors":"Aliana Rodriguez Acevedo , Scott D. Slotnick , Brittany M. Jeye","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our previous research found that long-term facial memory specificity depends on detailed memory for individual faces and unintentional inhibition of closely related faces. The current study investigated whether individual differences in facial recognition and mental imagery ability influenced this inhibitory processing in facial memory specificity. During the study phase, participants viewed neutral Caucasian faces. During the test phase, participants were presented with old faces, related faces (created by morphing faces along an old–new continuum in steps of 20 %), and new faces and made “old”–“new” recognition judgments. The Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) were used to assess mental imagery and face recognition ability, respectively. We found evidence for detailed memory retrieval (i.e., the ability to discriminate between old and highly related face morphs) as the “old” response rate for old faces was significantly greater than that of 20 % morphs. Furthermore, there was evidence for memory inhibition as the “old” response rate for 20 % morphs was significantly lower than that of 40 % morphs (replicating our previous findings). CFMT scores were significantly correlated with detailed memory retrieval but were not associated with inhibition. VVIQ scores were not associated with either detailed memory retrieval or inhibition. These results support the role of inhibition in memory for faces and further suggest that these processes are unintentional.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104714"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Asymmetric interaction effects of information with varying priorities in visual working memory 不同优先级信息在视觉工作记忆中的不对称交互效应

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104702

Jing Ni, Jiayi Fu, Ruotong Wang, Can Yang, Ying Cai

{"title":"Asymmetric interaction effects of information with varying priorities in visual working memory","authors":"Jing Ni, Jiayi Fu, Ruotong Wang, Can Yang, Ying Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual working memory (VWM) is the ability to temporarily maintain and manipulate visual information, with individuals adjusting the priority of information processing based on task demands. However, the nature of the interactions between information of varying priorities in VWM remains debated, which is the focus of the current study. In Experiment 1, participants performed a delayed recall task for colors under different loads of prioritized memory items (PMIs) and unprioritized memory items (UMIs). The results indicated that the recall for PMIs deteriorated as the load of UMIs increased, and vice versa. Crucially, recall for UMIs was more significantly affected by the load of PMIs, indicating an asymmetric interaction between PMIs and UMIs. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether such an interaction pattern was influenced by the presentation order of PMIs and UMIs. we reversed and randomized the presentation sequence and replicated the findings. Experiments 4 and 5 further validated these findings in delayed recall tasks for orientations and locations, confirming that the asymmetric interactions were consistent across stimulus types. Moreover, Experiments 6 and 7 tested the cognitive mechanism underlying this pattern. Experiment 6 introduced an interference task during the delay, revealing that the sustained attention to PMIs contributed to the asymmetry interaction; Experiment 7 added a test condition without recall of PMIs, demonstrating the prioritized retrieval of PMIs was responsible for the asymmetry interaction as well. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of how information with different priorities interacts during VWM and offers valuable insights for future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104702"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104712

Linlin Shang , Lu-Chun Yeh , Yuanfang Zhao , Marius V. Peelen

{"title":"Unpacking similarity effects in visual memory search: categorical, semantic, and visual contributions","authors":"Linlin Shang , Lu-Chun Yeh , Yuanfang Zhao , Marius V. Peelen","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual memory search involves comparing a visual probe item against multiple memorized items. Previous work has shown that distractor probes from a different object category than the objects in the memory set are rejected more quickly than distractor probes from the same category. Because objects belonging to the same superordinate category usually share both visual and semantic features compared with objects of different categories, it is unclear whether the category effects reported in previous studies reflected visual and/or semantic target-distractor similarity. Here, we employed old/new recognition tasks to examine the role of categorical, semantic, and visual similarity in short- and long-term memory search. Participants (N = 64) performed visual long-term memory (LTM) or short-term memory (STM) search tasks involving animate and inanimate objects. Trial-wise RT variability to distractor probes in LTM and STM search was modelled using regression analyses that included predictors capturing categorical target-distractor similarity (same or different category), semantic target-distractor similarity (from a distributional semantic model), and visual target-distractor similarity (from a deep neural network). We found that categorical, semantic, and visual similarity all explained unique variance in trial-wise memory search performance. However, their respective contributions varied with memory set size and task, with STM performance being relatively more strongly influenced by visual and categorical similarity and LTM performance being relatively more strongly influenced by semantic similarity. These results clarify the nature of the representations used in memory search and reveal both similarities and differences between search in STM and LTM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104712"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the role of sublexical information in speech perception and misperception 探讨亚词汇信息在言语知觉和误解中的作用

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104726

Valeriya Tolkacheva , Sonia L.E. Brownsett , Katie L. McMahon , Greig I. de Zubicaray

{"title":"Exploring the role of sublexical information in speech perception and misperception","authors":"Valeriya Tolkacheva , Sonia L.E. Brownsett , Katie L. McMahon , Greig I. de Zubicaray","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Listeners are able to use previously acquired knowledge to predict the content of upcoming speech when the latter signal is distorted or degraded. However, this process can also result in misperceptions<em>.</em> One paradigm used to investigate comprehension of degraded speech is <em>perceptual priming</em>, in which a previously unintelligible signal suddenly becomes intelligible for listeners following presentation of matching information. Here we investigated the role of sublexical phonotactic information in eliciting misperceptions during perceptual priming. In a series of experiments using a prime-probe design with congruent, incongruent, and neutral conditions, we presented participants with three different types of spectrotemporally degraded probe sentences: real English, phonologically similar nonsense (containing phonological neighbour words but semantically empty), and phonologically similar pseudo sentences (containing nonwords). In the nonsense and pseudo-sentence experiments designed to elicit misperceptions, words and nonwords were phonotactically matched to the reference words. For real sentences, accuracy was 95% in the congruent condition. Crucially, “accuracy” rates for congruent nonsense and pseudo-sentences were also high (70% and 74%, respectively), indicating participants were able to assemble lexical information from the context of the clear prime sentence to produce ‘misperceptions’ of the degraded probe. Further, when presented with clear nonsense or pseudo-sentences as primes, participants were able to recognize up to 45% of degraded real probe sentences. These findings show that listeners use sublexical phonotactic information to predict the content of degraded speech. We discuss implications for current accounts of speech perception that have largely ignored a role for phonotactics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strategic resource allocation in memory encoding: An efficiency principle shaping language processing 记忆编码中的策略性资源分配：影响语言处理的效率原则

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104706

Weijie Xu, Richard Futrell

{"title":"Strategic resource allocation in memory encoding: An efficiency principle shaping language processing","authors":"Weijie Xu, Richard Futrell","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How is the limited capacity of working memory efficiently used to support human linguistic behaviors? In this paper, we propose Strategic Resource Allocation (SRA) as an efficiency principle for memory encoding in sentence processing. The idea is that working memory resources are dynamically and strategically allocated to prioritize novel and unexpected information. From a resource-rational perspective, we argue that SRA is the principled solution to a computational problem posed by two functional assumptions about working memory, namely its limited capacity and its noisy representation. Specifically, working memory needs to minimize the retrieval error of past inputs under the constraint of limited memory resources, an optimization problem whose solution is to allocate more resources to encode more surprising inputs with higher precision. One of the critical consequences of SRA is that surprising inputs are encoded with enhanced representations, and therefore are less susceptible to memory decay and interference. Empirically, through naturalistic corpus data, we find converging evidence for SRA in the context of dependency locality from both production and comprehension, where non-local dependencies with less predictable antecedents are associated with reduced locality effect. However, our results also reveal considerable cross-linguistic variability, suggesting the need for a closer examination of how SRA, as a domain-general memory efficiency principle, interacts with language-specific phrase structures. SRA highlights the critical role of representational uncertainty in understanding memory encoding. It also provides a reinterpretation for the effects of surprisal and entropy on processing difficulty from the perspective of efficient memory encoding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104706"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A predictive coding model for online sentence processing 面向在线句子处理的预测编码模型

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104705

Chiebuka Ohams , Sathvik Nair , Shohini Bhattasali , Philip Resnik

引用次数: 0

LLMs model how humans induce logically structured rules 法学硕士对人类如何归纳逻辑结构化规则进行建模

IF 3 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104675

Alyssa Loo , Ellie Pavlick , Roman Feiman

{"title":"LLMs model how humans induce logically structured rules","authors":"Alyssa Loo , Ellie Pavlick , Roman Feiman","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A central goal of cognitive science is to provide a computationally explicit account of both the structure of the mind and its development: what are the primitive representational building blocks of cognition, what are the rules via which those primitives combine, and where do these primitives and rules come from in the first place? A long-standing debate concerns the adequacy of artificial neural networks as computational models that can answer these questions, in particular in domains related to abstract cognitive function, such as language and logic. This paper argues that recent advances in neural networks – specifically, the advent of large language models (LLMs) – represent an important shift in this debate. We test a variety of LLMs on an existing experimental paradigm used for studying the induction of rules formulated over logical concepts. Across four experiments, we find converging empirical evidence that LLMs provide at least as good a fit to human behavior as models that implement a Bayesian probabilistic language of thought (pLoT), which have been the best computational models of human behavior on the same task. Moreover, we show that the LLMs make qualitatively different predictions about the nature of the rules that are inferred and deployed in order to complete the task, indicating that the LLM is unlikely to be a mere implementation of the pLoT solution. Based on these results, we argue that LLMs may instantiate a novel theoretical account of the primitive representations and computations necessary to explain human logical concepts, with which future work in cognitive science should engage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0