Journal of memory and language最新文献_第2页

Do syntactic and semantic similarity lead to interference effects? Evidence from self-paced reading and event-related potentials using German

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104599

Pia Schoknecht , Himanshu Yadav , Shravan Vasishth

{"title":"Do syntactic and semantic similarity lead to interference effects? Evidence from self-paced reading and event-related potentials using German","authors":"Pia Schoknecht , Himanshu Yadav , Shravan Vasishth","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cue-based retrieval accounts of sentence processing postulate that at a verb, retrieval cues are generated to complete a dependency with the verb’s argument(s); for example, the dependency between the subject and the verb must be completed. If these retrieval cues match with not only the subject but also with those on other nouns in the sentence, then processing difficulty arises at the verb. This difficulty in identifying the correct dependent is called similarity-based interference. We present relatively large-sample self-paced reading and event-related potentials experiments using a well-established design to investigate interference due to syntactic and semantic cues in German. In this design, the syntactic cue {+subject} and the semantic cue {+animate} are manipulated. Bayes factors analyses showed evidence for a semantic interference effect in both experiments. Surprisingly, Bayes factors provided evidence against interference due to the syntactic cue {+grammatical subject} in this particular design in both experiments. This finding contradicts the predictions of the standard implementations of cue-based retrieval theory, which (implicitly) assumes that both syntactic and semantic cues play an equal role in retrieval. We show through computational modeling that cue-based retrieval will also show no syntactic interference in the present design if the parser is assumed to keep track of which clause the subject occurs in. Thus, if syntactic retrieval cues include hierarchical syntactic information (is the noun in the same clause as the verb?), the cue-based retrieval model would exhibit patterns consistent with the observed patterns in our data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individual differences and 11-year longitudinal changes in older adults’ prospective memory: A comparison with episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104602

Sascha Zuber , Matthias Kliegel , Vera Schumacher , Mike Martin , Paolo Ghisletta , Sebastian Horn

{"title":"Individual differences and 11-year longitudinal changes in older adults’ prospective memory: A comparison with episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge","authors":"Sascha Zuber , Matthias Kliegel , Vera Schumacher , Mike Martin , Paolo Ghisletta , Sebastian Horn","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prospective Memory (PM; remembering intended actions after a delay) represents a core ability contributing to everyday functioning and independence in older adulthood. Despite its high relevance for successful aging, the understanding of individual differences in level and within-person change of PM in older adulthood is currently limited. Using longitudinal data from initially 364 older adults (between 65 and 80 years of age at wave 1; 46 % female) across four waves of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging, we examined (a) individual differences and (b) longitudinal change in PM performance over up to 11 years, (c) compared differences and change in PM with other central variables of cognitive functioning (episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, verbal knowledge), and (d) explored the effect of key sociodemographic variables (education, income, sex, health) on PM. Linear mixed modeling with Bayesian estimation indicated substantial individual differences in cognitive performance, with by far the highest variability in PM. Longitudinal age-related decreases were largest for working memory and cognitive speed, relatively small for PM, while verbal knowledge remained stable. Individual differences in age-related changes in performance were only observed for processing speed and verbal knowledge, but not for PM. This pattern remained after considering various cognitive and sociodemographic covariates. This is the first longitudinal study of PM that allows an in-depth examination of individual differences in both level and change in PM with comparison to other key cognitive abilities across older adulthood. The findings highlight the complex interplay between cognitive abilities, individual differences, and development across older adulthood, with implications for understanding cognitive aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What’s in my cluster? Evaluating automated clustering methods to understand idiosyncratic search behavior in verbal fluency

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104606

Abhilasha A. Kumar , Nancy B. Lundin , Michael N. Jones

{"title":"What’s in my cluster? Evaluating automated clustering methods to understand idiosyncratic search behavior in verbal fluency","authors":"Abhilasha A. Kumar , Nancy B. Lundin , Michael N. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individuals routinely search through memory for concepts. This behavior is commonly studied via the verbal fluency task (VFT), where participants are typically asked to generate as many exemplars as they can from a given category (e.g., animals) or letter label (e.g., F) within a fixed amount of time. Responses in the VFT tend to be clustered in meaningful ways but individuals widely differ in the manner in which they cluster items. Despite the development of several (hand-coded and automated) methods of defining clusters and switches in the VFT, there is currently no consensus on which scoring method provides the best mechanistic account of how <em>individuals</em> search through memory in the VFT. In this work, we provide an empirical evaluation of several automated methods for defining clusters and switches in the VFT by comparing model-predicted clusters with participant-designated clusters. We find that a method that combines gradual rises and drops in a weighted composite of semantic <em>and</em> phonological similarity best predicts participant-designated cluster-switch events across three domains (<em>animals</em>, <em>foods</em>, and <em>occupations</em>). Furthermore, we propose a novel approach to understand idiosyncratic search behavior by computing a measure of discordance for each pairwise transition based on a large dataset of cluster-switch designations from independent raters (<em>N</em> = 211) for the same transitions via a pre-registered experiment. We find that transitions with high idiosyncratic scores have low lexical content (i.e., semantic and phonological similarity), and an individual’s score on one domain is predictive of their score on another domain, suggesting that idiosyncratic scores may be capturing meaningful information about non-lexical sources and processes that contribute to memory search at the individual level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individual differences in prospective and retrospective memory offloading

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104617

Lauren L. Richmond , Lois K. Burnett , Julia Kearley , Sam J. Gilbert , Alexandra B. Morrison , B. Hunter Ball

{"title":"Individual differences in prospective and retrospective memory offloading","authors":"Lauren L. Richmond , Lois K. Burnett , Julia Kearley , Sam J. Gilbert , Alexandra B. Morrison , B. Hunter Ball","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prior research focused on the relationship between cognitive offloading and working memory ability in the prospective and retrospective memory domains have produced conflicting results. Specifically, past work in the prospective memory domain has found that individuals with lower working memory capacity (WMC) choose to offload more often and benefit more from offloading than those with higher WMC (<span><span>Ball, Peper, et al., 2022</span></span>) while work in the retrospective memory domain has not found a relationship between WMC and the use of or benefit from offloading (<span><span>Morrison & Richmond, 2020</span></span>). However, task design across studies differed in several other respects aside from memory domain, making it difficult to discern whether different mechanisms underlie cognitive offloading across domains. The current study aimed to address these discrepancies by introducing similar procedures across offloading tasks. Results revealed that when offloading was required or permitted, participants with varying levels of WMC generally performed more similarly to one another than when the task had to be completed using internal memory alone. In addition, participants with lower WMC generally benefitted more from offloading, particularly under high memory load, compared to those with higher WMC when offloading was required and when participants had free choice about whether and when to engage in offloading. However, neither metacognitive underconfidence in internal memory capability nor lower WMC estimates were associated with increased offloading frequency in either memory domain when participants were permitted to offload. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Working memory capacity limit is dependent on encoding granularity: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104618

Yunsong Li , Ming Xiang , Suiping Wang

{"title":"Working memory capacity limit is dependent on encoding granularity: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese","authors":"Yunsong Li , Ming Xiang , Suiping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well documented that grouping smaller units of information into larger units (i.e. chunking) can help offset working memory (WM) capacity limit. A long standing question is whether working memory capacity limit is determined by the sheer number of chunk-based units, or memory resources are flexibly distributed over multiple chunks depending on tasks and also the resolution level at which memory representations are encoded. Results from previous work in visual WM has shown evidence for both positions. The current work explores the effect of rational resource distribution for storing linguistic information in verbal WM. Two experiments were conducted using a change detection task and Mandarin Chinese words as stimuli. The task in Experiment 1 encouraged the encoding of the lexical representations at relatively lower granularity level, and the task in Experiment 2 targeted more detailed representation of a word (higher granularity). Two findings were noteworthy. First, compared to the memory performance of non-words, the memory performance of words showed clear benefits of chunking. Second, memory performance under more precise encoding (Experiment 2) was worse than under less precise encoding (Experiment 1), but only when memory load was also high. Our findings lend support to the rational resource models that allow dynamic distribution of limited memory resources based on the demand for representational granularity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Informativity enhances memory robustness against interference in sentence comprehension

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104603

Weijie Xu, Richard Futrell

{"title":"Informativity enhances memory robustness against interference in sentence comprehension","authors":"Weijie Xu, Richard Futrell","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Language comprehension has been argued to be expectation-based, with more predictable linguistic units being easier to process. However, as a communicative tool, language is often used to deliver messages that are novel and informative, suggesting the necessity of some cognitive mechanisms handling less predictable but more informative content. This paper proposes strategic memory allocation as one such mechanism. Although less predictable linguistic units require greater processing effort for memory encoding, recognizing the inconsistency between top-down predictions and bottom-up perceptual input may signal the working memory system to prioritize these units, enhancing the robustness of their representation against interference. We examine this hypothesis through the lens of the agreement attraction effect in two self-paced reading experiments. In Experiment 1, we find that less predictable but more informative target nouns exhibit weaker agreement attraction in online reading times, especially with more fine-grained measures of predictability such as the surprisal from large language models. This weaker agreement attraction effect for less predictable target nouns confirms our hypothesis that informative linguistic units are prioritized and receive more robust memory representation. In Experiment 2, however, no modulation of agreement attraction emerges when we manipulate the predictability of distractor nouns, suggesting the need for a more nuanced characterization of how information is structured and operated in memory. Our findings highlight an interplay of memory, predictive processing, and implicit learning. We also discuss the implications of our result for memory efficiency and memory compression. More broadly, by demonstrating that the limited memory resources are dynamically optimized for the relevant processing task, the current study highlights a connection to the resource-rational analysis of human cognition in general.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Semantic fluency is associated with reduced temporal discounting

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104616

Danielle Akilov, Karolina M. Lempert

{"title":"Semantic fluency is associated with reduced temporal discounting","authors":"Danielle Akilov, Karolina M. Lempert","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People vary in their <em>temporal discounting,</em> the tendency to prefer smaller, sooner rewards over larger, later rewards. Higher temporal discounting (i.e., more impatience) is associated with detrimental behaviors, such as substance abuse and physical inactivity. Therefore, understanding the cognitive capacities underlying individual differences in temporal discounting is important. Previous research has suggested that episodic memory supports future-oriented decision making by facilitating prospection, but an association between episodic memory abilities and temporal discounting has not yet been established in a cognitively normal population. One potential reason for this lack of an association is that <em>semantic</em> memory, not episodic memory, underlies reduced temporal discounting. After all, semantic memory provides the conceptual “scaffolding” for imagining the future. Here we tested the hypothesis that semantic memory is negatively associated with temporal discounting in an online study of 203 adults. We assessed semantic memory function in two ways: a semantic fluency task and a Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory recognition task. The semantic fluency task measures voluntary semantic memory retrieval, while the false memory paradigm assesses the extent to which semantic information biases episodic retrieval. We found that better semantic fluency was associated with reduced temporal discounting, even after controlling for letter fluency, age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. However, false memory rate was not a significant predictor of temporal discounting. These findings provide novel evidence that semantic memory retrieval abilities may support future-oriented decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do individual differences in working memory capacity, episodic memory ability, or fluid intelligence moderate the pretesting effect?

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104608

Steven C. Pan, Liwen Yu, Marcus J. Wong, Ganeash Selvarajan, Andy Z.J. Teo

{"title":"Do individual differences in working memory capacity, episodic memory ability, or fluid intelligence moderate the pretesting effect?","authors":"Steven C. Pan, Liwen Yu, Marcus J. Wong, Ganeash Selvarajan, Andy Z.J. Teo","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2025.104608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>pretesting effect</em> refers to the finding that guessing the answers to test questions before learning the correct answers improves memory relative to studying (or reading) without prior guessing. Although the pretesting effect is robust and has been demonstrated across multiple studies, its magnitude varies across individuals. Two studies investigated whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC), episodic memory ability (EM), and/or fluid intelligence (gF) help explain that variation. In Study 1, lower gF scores were associated with a larger pretesting effect among undergraduate students, stemming from lower performance on read items. In Study 2, involving adult online participants, observed patterns were less consistent, but lower WMC scores were associated with larger pretesting effects, again due to lower performance on read items. Together, these patterns suggest that pretesting can homologize memory ability across individuals, although to an extent that may vary across learner populations and cognitive abilities. That conclusion and other findings are interpreted in the context of relevant individual differences research and theories related to pretesting and memory phenomena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variation in the intensity and consistency of attention during learning: The role of conative factors

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104601

Ashley L. Miller , Nash Unsworth

{"title":"Variation in the intensity and consistency of attention during learning: The role of conative factors","authors":"Ashley L. Miller , Nash Unsworth","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study examined whether conative factors (e.g., self-efficacy, self-set goal difficulty, and task-specific motivation) are reliable predictors of learning and memory abilities and whether any observed relationships could be explained by two related, yet distinct aspects of attention. Specifically, the present study examined whether the relationship between conative factors and overall learning performance is explained by attentional intensity (the amount of attention allocated to a task) and attentional consistency (the consistency with which attention is allocated to said task). In two studies (<em>N</em>s > 160), participants completed a paired associate’s (PA) cued recall task while pupil diameter was simultaneously recorded to provide an index of the intensity of attention. Measures of working memory, general episodic long-term memory, task-specific motivation, and memory self-efficacy were also included. Study 2 adopted a similar procedure but embedded thought probes into the encoding phase of each list to provide an index of the consistency of attention. Study 2 also added measures of self-set goal difficulty and effective strategy use. Results suggested that all conative factors were related to intensity and consistency in challenging learning contexts. Furthermore, intensity, consistency, and the variance shared between self-efficacy and self-set goal difficulty (<em>r</em> = .86) each explained substantial unique variance in learning when controlling for the influence of other important predictors. Overall, results suggest conative factors are important for understanding individual differences in learning and memory abilities, and part of the reason why these factors are associated with improved learning outcomes is due to intensity and consistency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Production increases both true and false recognition 提高真假识别率

IF 2.9 1区心理学

Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104584

Xinyi Lu , Jianqin Wang , Colin M. MacLeod

{"title":"Production increases both true and false recognition","authors":"Xinyi Lu , Jianqin Wang , Colin M. MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production effect is the finding that reading information aloud enhances memory relative to reading information silently. In five experiments, we examined the influence of production on true and false memory in the DRM paradigm. In Experiments 1a, 1b, 3a, and 3b, reading aloud was compared to reading silently. In Experiment 2, reading aloud was compared to reading silently while hearing the words spoken by another voice. In all experiments, reading aloud consistently resulted in better recognition of studied words, but it also consistently resulted in more false alarms to unstudied lures that were semantically related to the studied words. We advance an argument based on current theoretical accounts of false memory wherein reading aloud selectively enhances relational or gist processing—the encoding of shared features across items—rather than item or verbatim processing—the encoding of specific details of individual items. This selective enhancement could be for the shared semantic network (gist), for the shared context of reading aloud (misattributed source memory), or for both. Thus, the benefit of production is best captured by the combination of adding new features (contextual information) together with enriching existing features (semantic information).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0