Journal of neurogenetics最新文献

{"title":"LncRNA GAS5 promotes epilepsy progression through the epigenetic repression of miR-219, in turn affecting CaMKIIγ/NMDAR pathway","authors":"Chen-sheng Zhao, Dong-xing Liu, Yanping Fan, Jian-kun Wu","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2022.2067536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2022.2067536","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It has been widely reported that dysregulated long-chain noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely associated with epilepsy. This study aimed to probe the function of lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5), microRNA (miR)-219 and Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)γ/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) pathway in epilepsy. Epileptic cell and animal models were constructed using magnesium deficiency treatment and diazepam injection, respectively. GAS5 and miR-219 expressions in epileptic cell and animal models were determined using qRT-PCR assay. The protein levels of CaMKIIγ, NMDAR and apoptosis-related proteins levels were assessed by western blot. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to determine cell proliferation. Besides, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, cell apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining and flow cytometric analysis. Finally, the binding relationship between GAS5 and EZH2 was verified using RIP and ChIP assay. Our results revealed that GAS5 was markedly upregulated in epileptic cell and animal models, while miR-219 was down-regulated. GAS5 knockdown dramatically increased cell proliferation of epileptic cells, whereas suppressed inflammation and the apoptosis. Furthermore, our results showed that GAS5 epigenetically suppressed transcriptional miR-219 expression via binding to EZH2. miR-219 mimics significantly enhanced cell proliferation of epileptic cells, while inhibited inflammation and the apoptosis, which was neutralized by CaMKIIγ overexpression. Finally, miR-219 inhibition reversed the effects of GAS5 silence on epileptic cells, which was eliminated by CaMKIIγ inhibition. In conclusion, GAS5 affected inflammatory response and cell apoptosis of epilepsy via inhibiting miR-219 and further regulating CaMKIIγ/NMDAR pathway (See graphic summary in Supplementary Material).","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":"36 1","pages":"32 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45916724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel insights into the genetic profile of hereditary spastic paraplegia in India","authors":"Sundarapandian Narendiran, M. Debnath, S. Shivaram, Ramakrishnan Kannan, Shivani Sharma, R. Christopher, D. Seshagiri, S. Jain, M. Purushottam, Sandhya Mangalore, R. Bharath, P. Bindu, S. Sinha, A. Taly, M. Nagappa","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2022.2064463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2022.2064463","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders characterized by length dependent degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. Genetic data related to HSPs are limited from India. We aimed to comprehensively analyse the phenotypic characteristics and genetic basis of a large cohort of HSP from India. Patients with HSP phenotype were evaluated for their clinical features, electrophysiological and radiological abnormalities. Genetic analyses were carried out by clinical exome sequencing (n = 52) and targeted sequencing (n = 5). The cohort comprised of 57 probands (M:F 40:17, age: 3.5–49 years). Based on the phenotype, the cohort could be categorized as ‘pure’ (n = 15, 26.3%) and ‘complicated’ (n = 42, 73.7%) HSP. Brain MRI showed thin corpus callosum (n = 10), periventricular hyperintensities (n = 20), cerebral atrophy (n = 3), cerebellar atrophy (n = 3) and diffuse atrophy (n = 4). Sixty-seven variants representing 40 genes were identified including 47 novel variants. Forty-eight patients (84.2%) had variants in genes previously implicated in HSP and other spastic paraplegia syndromes (SPG genes = 24, non-SPG genes = 24); among these 13 had variations in more than one gene and 12 patients (21.0%) had variations in genes implicated in potentially treatable/modifiable metabolic disorders (MTHFR = 8, MTRR = 1, ARG1 = 2 and ABCD1 = 1). In nine patients, no genetic variants implicated in spastic paraplegia phenotype were identified. Thus, the present study from India highlights the phenotypic complexities and spectrum of genetic variations in patients with HSP including those implicated in metabolically modifiable disorders. It sets a platform for carrying out functional studies to validate the causal role of the novel variants and variants of uncertain significance.","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":"36 1","pages":"21 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43417024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental influences on <i>for</i>-mediated oviposition decisions in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Anders Vesterberg,&nbsp;Rudy Rizkalla,&nbsp;Mark J Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1950713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1950713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deciding whether or not to lay an egg on a given substrate is an important task undertaken by females of many arthropods. It involves perceiving the environment (e.g. quality of the substrate, temperature, and humidity), formulating a decision, and then conducting the appropriate behaviours to oviposit. This oviposition site selection (OSS) provides a useful system for studying simple decision-making. OSS in fruit flies, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, is influenced by both genetic and environmental variation. Naturally occurring allelic variation in the <i>foraging</i> gene (<i>for</i>) is known to affect OSS. Given a choice of high- and low-nutrient oviposition substrates, groups of rovers (<i>for</i>^R) are known to lay significantly more of their eggs on low-nutrient sites than sitters (<i>for</i>^s) and sitter mutants (<i>for</i>^s2). Here we ask three questions: (1) Is the role of <i>for</i> in OSS affected by the availability of alternate oviposition sites? (2) Is the role of <i>for</i> in OSS sensitive to the density of ovipositing females? and (3) Does the gustatory sensation of yeast play a role in <i>for</i>-mediated variation in OSS? We find a role of choice and female density in rover/sitter differences in OSS, as well as a role of <i>for</i> in response to glycerol, an indicator of yeast. The role of <i>for</i> in OSS decision-making is complex and multi-faceted and should prove fertile ground for further research into the factors affecting decision-making behaviours.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"262-273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01677063.2021.1950713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39182102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal organization of enteroendocrine peptide expression in <i>Drosophila</i>.","authors":"Sooin Jang,&nbsp;Ji Chen,&nbsp;Jaekyun Choi,&nbsp;Seung Yeon Lim,&nbsp;Hyejin Song,&nbsp;Hyungjun Choi,&nbsp;Hyung Wook Kwon,&nbsp;Min Sung Choi,&nbsp;Jae Young Kwon","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1989425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1989425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients occurs in the gut. The nutritional value of food and its nutrients is detected by enteroendocrine cells, and peptide hormones produced by the enteroendocrine cells are thought to be involved in metabolic homeostasis, but the specific mechanisms are still elusive. The enteroendocrine cells are scattered over the entire gastrointestinal tract and can be classified according to the hormones they produce. We followed the changes in combinatorial expression of regulatory peptides in the enteroendocrine cells during metamorphosis from the larva to the adult fruit fly, and re-confirmed the diverse composition of enteroendocrine cell populations. <i>Drosophila</i> enteroendocrine cells appear to differentially regulate peptide expression spatially and temporally depending on midgut region and developmental stage. In the late pupa, Notch activity is known to determine which peptides are expressed in mature enteroendocrine cells of the posterior midgut, and we found that the loss of Notch activity in the anterior midgut results in classes of enteroendocrine cells distinct from the posterior midgut. These results suggest that enteroendocrine cells that populate the fly midgut can differentiate into distinct subtypes that express different combinations of peptides, which likely leads to functional variety depending on specific needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"387-398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39560156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cGMP-dependent protein kinase, encoded by the <i>Drosophila foraging</i> gene, regulates neurotransmission through changes in synaptic structure and function.","authors":"Jeffrey S Dason,&nbsp;Marla B Sokolowski","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1905639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1905639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) encoded by the <i>Drosophila foraging</i> (<i>for</i>) gene regulates both synaptic structure (nerve terminal growth) and function (neurotransmission) through independent mechanisms at the <i>Drosophila</i> larval neuromuscular junction (nmj). Glial <i>for</i> is known to restrict nerve terminal growth, whereas presynaptic <i>for</i> inhibits synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis during low frequency stimulation. Presynaptic <i>for</i> also facilitates SV endocytosis during high frequency stimulation. <i>for</i>'s effects on neurotransmission can occur independent of any changes in nerve terminal growth. However, it remains unclear if <i>for</i>'s effects on neurotransmission affect nerve terminal growth. Furthermore, it's possible that <i>for</i>'s effects on synaptic structure contribute to changes in neurotransmission. In the present study, we examined these questions using RNA interference to selectively knockdown <i>for</i> in presynaptic neurons or glia at the <i>Drosophila</i> larval nmj. Consistent with our previous findings, presynaptic knockdown of <i>for</i> impaired SV endocytosis, whereas knockdown of glial <i>for</i> had no effect on SV endocytosis. Surprisingly, we found that knockdown of either presynaptic or glial <i>for</i> increased neurotransmitter release in response to low frequency stimulation. Knockdown of presynaptic <i>for</i> did not affect nerve terminal growth, demonstrating that <i>for</i>'s effects on neurotransmission does not alter nerve terminal growth. In contrast, knockdown of glial <i>for</i> enhanced nerve terminal growth. This enhanced nerve terminal growth was likely the cause of the enhanced neurotransmitter release seen following knockdown of glial <i>for</i>. Overall, we show that <i>for</i> can affect neurotransmitter release by regulating both synaptic structure and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"213-220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01677063.2021.1905639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38990929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"She's got nerve: roles of octopamine in insect female reproduction.","authors":"Melissa A White, Dawn S Chen, Mariana F Wolfner","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2020.1868457","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01677063.2020.1868457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biogenic monoamine octopamine (OA) is a crucial regulator of invertebrate physiology and behavior. Since its discovery in the 1950s in octopus salivary glands, OA has been implicated in many biological processes among diverse invertebrate lineages. It can act as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and neurohormone in a variety of biological contexts, and can mediate processes including feeding, sleep, locomotion, flight, learning, memory, and aggression. Here, we focus on the roles of OA in female reproduction in insects. OA is produced in the octopaminergic neurons that innervate the female reproductive tract (RT). It exerts its effects by binding to receptors throughout the RT to generate tissue- and region-specific outcomes. OA signaling regulates oogenesis, ovulation, sperm storage, and reproductive behaviors in response to the female's internal state and external conditions. Mating profoundly changes a female's physiology and behavior. The female's OA signaling system interacts with, and is modified by, male molecules transferred during mating to elicit a subset of the post-mating changes. Since the role of OA in female reproduction is best characterized in the fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, we focus our discussion on this species but include discussion of OA in other insect species whenever relevant. We conclude by proposing areas for future research to further the understanding of OA's involvement in female reproduction in insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"132-153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8455407/pdf/nihms-1679182.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38849723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marla Sokolowski Retrospectively.","authors":"Harold L Atwood","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1940169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1940169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marla Sokolowski's scientific achievements established her as an internationally recognized leader in behavioural genetics. As a graduate student, she made a significant discovery while observing natural populations of the fruit fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>: the larvae exhibited a behavioural polymorphism which she traced to alleles of a single gene. Some larvae were 'sitters' which fed in a restricted location, while others were 'rovers' which ranged more widely in feeding. The gene in question, <i>foraging</i>, codes for a cyclic GMP kinase which is expressed in numerous locations throughout larval and adult <i>Drosophila</i>. Building on this foundation, she and her students have elucidated the genetic and environmental factors that account for individual differences in behaviour. In this article, I review significant stages of her scientific career.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"107-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01677063.2021.1940169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39251009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a novel stimulus-induced glial calcium wave in <i>Drosophila</i> larval peripheral segmental nerves and its role in PKG-modulated thermoprotection.","authors":"Jennifer L Krill,&nbsp;Ken Dawson-Scully","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1941945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1941945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insects, as poikilotherms, have adaptations to deal with wide ranges in temperature fluctuation. Allelic variations in the <i>foraging</i> gene that encodes a cGMP dependent protein kinase, were discovered to have effects on behavior in <i>Drosophila</i> by Dr. Marla Sokolowski in 1980. This single gene has many pleiotropic effects and influences feeding behavior, metabolic storage, learning and memory and has been shown to affect stress tolerance. PKG regulation affects motoneuronal thermotolerance in <i>Drosophila</i> larvae as well as adults. While the focus of thermotolerance studies has been on the modulation of neuronal function, other cell types have been overlooked. Because glia are vital to neuronal function and survival, we wanted to determine if glia play a role in thermotolerance as well. In our investigation, we discovered a novel calcium wave at the larval NMJ and set out to characterize the wave's dynamics and the potential mechanism underlying the wave prior to determining what effect, if any, PKG modulation has on the thermotolerance of glia cells. Using pharmacology, we determined that calcium buffering mechanisms of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum play a role in the propagation of our novel glial calcium wave. By coupling pharmacology with genetic manipulation using RNA interference (RNAi), we found that PKG modulation in glia alters thermoprotection of function as well as glial calcium wave dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"221-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01677063.2021.1941945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39222786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does oxidatively damaged DNA drive amyloid-β generation in Alzheimer's disease? A hypothesis.","authors":"Owen Davis Sanders,&nbsp;Lekshmy Rajagopal,&nbsp;Jayalekshmi Archa Rajagopal","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1954641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1954641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) generation and upstream β-secretase 1 (BACE1) expression appear to be driven by oxidative stress via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and Interferon-Induced, Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase (PKR). In addition, inflammatory molecules, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce genes central to Aβ genesis, such as BACE1, via nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). However, additional triggers of Aβ generation remain poorly understood and might represent novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Based on mechanistic studies and elevated ectopic oxidatively damaged DNA (oxoDNA) levels in preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment, and AD patients, we hypothesize oxoDNA contributes to β-amyloidosis starting from the earliest stages of AD through multiple pathways. OxoDNA induces mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4), thereby sensitizing the brain to oxidative stress-induced JNK activation and BACE1 transcription. It also induces myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and activates protein kinase CK2, thereby increasing NFκB activation and BACE1 induction. OxoDNA increases oxidative stress via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) ectopic localization, likely augmenting JNK-mediated BACE1 induction. OxoDNA likely also promotes β-amyloidosis via absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) induction. Falsifiable predictions of this hypothesis include that deoxyribonuclease treatment should decrease Aβ and possibly slow cognitive decline in AD patients. While formal testing of this hypothesis remains to be performed, a case report has found deoxyribonuclease I treatment improved a severely demented AD patient's Mini-Mental Status Exam score from 3 to 18 at 2 months. There is preliminary preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that ectopic oxidatively damaged DNA may act as an inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern contributing to Aβ generation in AD, and deoxyribonuclease I should be formally evaluated to test whether it can decrease Aβ levels and slow cognitive decline in AD patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"351-357"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01677063.2021.1954641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39201628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaining an understanding of behavioral genetics through studies of foraging in <i>Drosophila</i> and learning in <i>C. elegans</i>.","authors":"Aaron P Reiss,&nbsp;Catharine H Rankin","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1928113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1928113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pursuit of understanding behavior has led to investigations of how genes, the environment, and the nervous system all work together to produce and influence behavior, giving rise to a field of research known as behavioral neurogenetics. This review focuses on the research journeys of two pioneers of aspects of behavioral neurogenetic research: Dr. Marla Sokolowski and Dr. Catharine Rankin as examples of how different approaches have been used to understand relationships between genes and behavior. Marla Sokolowski's research is centered around the discovery and analysis of <i>foraging</i>, a gene responsible for the natural behavioral polymorphism of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> larvae foraging behavior. Catharine Rankin's work began with demonstrating the ability to learn in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> and then setting out to investigate the mechanisms underlying the \"simplest\" form of learning, habituation. Using these simple invertebrate organisms both investigators were able to perform in-depth dissections of behavior at genetic and molecular levels. By exploring their research and highlighting their findings we present ways their work has furthered our understanding of behavior and contributed to the field of behavioral neurogenetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":" ","pages":"119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01677063.2021.1928113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39250993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}