Journal of Neuroscience Research最新文献

{"title":"The Comparative Effects Between Long-Term and Short-Term Treatment of Finasteride on Anxiety-Like and Depression-Like Behaviors in Early Senescent Male Rats","authors":"Hiranya Pintana,&nbsp;Nattayaporn Apaijai,&nbsp;Titikorn Chunchai,&nbsp;Chanisa Thonusin,&nbsp;Thiraphat Saengmearnuparp,&nbsp;Aphisek Kongkaew,&nbsp;Nipon Chattipakorn,&nbsp;Siriporn C. Chattipakorn","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25389","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jnr.25389","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to compare the efficacy of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) on anxiety and depression between long-term and short-term treatment followed by withdrawal in <span>d</span>-galactose (Dgal)–induced senescent male rats. Thirty-two, 8-week-old, male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control rats and Dgal-treated rats (150 mg/kg/day; subcutaneously) for 18 weeks. At week 13, Dgal-treated rats were subdivided into three subgroups: (1) vehicle (DgV), (2) long-term treatment with 5ARIs, Finasteride 5 mg/kg/day, per oral for 6 weeks (DgF), (3) short-term treatment with 5ARIs, Finasteride 5 mg/kg/day, per oral for 2 weeks followed by a 4-week withdrawal period (DgW). Anxiety and depression were assessed using the elevated-plus maze (EPM) and splash test (ST). Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. After euthanasia, the brains were removed to examine brain inflammation, oxidative stress, neuroactive steroids, brain metabolites, and brain senescent markers. We found that DgV rats exhibited metabolic disturbance with a reduced preference index of the EPM, and grooming duration in ST. Increased brain neurotoxic metabolites, along with increased brain inflammation/oxidative stress, and reduced microglia complexity were observed in the DgV rats. Both therapeutic approaches improved metabolic parameters and preference index in the open arm of EPM in Dgal-treated rats, while grooming duration and microglia complexity were increased only in DgF rats. Our results indicate that Fin reduces depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors by reducing brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and brain senescent. In conclusion, long-term treatment with 5ARIs is more effective in alleviating depression than short-term treatment followed by withdrawal in Dgal-induced early senescent male rats.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142348418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of the mPFC-NAc Pathway Reduces Motor Impulsivity but Does Not Affect Risk-Related Decision-Making in Innately High-Impulsive Male Rats","authors":"Chloé Arrondeau,&nbsp;Ginna Urueña-Méndez,&nbsp;Florian Marchessaux,&nbsp;Raphaël Goutaudier,&nbsp;Nathalie Ginovart","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25387","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jnr.25387","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are characterized by exacerbated motor and risk-related impulsivities, which are associated with decreased cortical activity. In rodents, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been separately implicated in impulsive behaviors, but studies on the specific role of the mPFC-NAc pathway in these behaviors are limited. Here, we investigated whether heightened impulsive behaviors are associated with reduced mPFC activity in rodents and determined the involvement of the mPFC-NAc pathway in motor and risk-related impulsivities. We used the Roman High- (RHA) and Low-Avoidance (RLA) rat lines, which display divergent phenotypes in impulsivity. To investigate alterations in cortical activity in relation to impulsivity, regional brain glucose metabolism was measured using positron emission tomography and [¹⁸F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG). Using chemogenetics, the activity of the mPFC-NAc pathway was either selectively activated in high-impulsive RHA rats or inhibited in low-impulsive RLA rats, and the effects of these manipulations on motor and risk-related impulsivity were concurrently assessed using the rat gambling task. We showed that basal [¹⁸F]FDG uptake was lower in the mPFC and NAc of RHA compared to RLA rats. Activation of the mPFC-NAc pathway in RHA rats reduced motor impulsivity, without affecting risk-related decision-making. Conversely, inhibition of the mPFC-NAc pathway had no effect in RLA rats. Our results suggest that the mPFC-NAc pathway controls motor impulsivity, but has limited involvement in risk-related decision-making in our current model. Our findings suggest that reducing fronto-striatal activity may help attenuate motor impulsivity in patients with impulse control dysregulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.25387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures Cause Short-Term Changes in the Phenotype of Microglial and Astroglial Cells in the Hippocampus and Temporal Cortex of Young Male Wistar Rats","authors":"Maria V. Zakharova,&nbsp;Anna A. Kovalenko,&nbsp;Olga E. Zubareva,&nbsp;Alexander P. Schwarz,&nbsp;Tatiana Y. Postnikova,&nbsp;Alina M. Trofimova,&nbsp;Aleksey V. Zaitsev","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25385","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Astrocytes and microglia can adopt two distinct phenotypes in various pathological processes: neurotoxic A1/M1 and neuroprotective A2/M2. Recent evidence suggests that these cells play a significant role in epileptogenesis. The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotype of astrocytes and microglial cells in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of young male Wistar rats at 3 h, 1, 3, and 7 days after pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. RT-qPCR was employed to examine the expression of glial genes (<i>Gfap</i>, <i>Aif1</i>, <i>Slc1a1</i>, <i>Slc1a2</i>, <i>Slc1a3</i>, <i>Itpr2</i>, <i>Gdnf</i>, <i>Bdnf</i>, <i>Fgf2</i>, <i>Tgfb</i>, <i>Il1b</i>, <i>Tnf</i>, <i>Il1rn</i>, <i>Lcn2</i>, <i>S100a10</i>, <i>Nlrp3</i>, <i>Arg1</i>). The most notable alterations in the expression of glial genes were observed on the first day following seizures in the temporal cortex. An increase in the expression of the <i>Gfap</i>, <i>Slc1a2</i>, <i>Slc1a1</i>, <i>Il1b</i>, <i>Tnfa</i>, <i>Bdnf</i>, and <i>Fgf2</i> genes, and the A2 astrocyte condition marker <i>S100a10</i>, was observed. An increase in the expression of the <i>Gfap</i> and <i>Slc1a2</i> genes was observed in the hippocampus on the first day after seizures. However, in contrast to the changes observed in the cortex, the changes in the hippocampus were opposite for the <i>Il1rn</i>, <i>Bdnf</i>, <i>Tgfb</i>, and <i>Arg1</i> genes. Nevertheless, the alterations in GFAP and EAAT2 protein levels were not corroborated by Western blot analysis. Conversely, a more comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis confirmed an augmentation in the number of GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampus 1 day after seizures. Based on the presented evidence, we can conclude that a single convulsive seizure episode in 3-week-old rats results in transient astroglial activation and polarization to a neuroprotective phenotype (A2).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol Modulation of Nicotine-Induced Toxicity: Assessing Effects on Behavior, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Oxidative Stress in C57BL/6 Male Mice","authors":"Konstantinos Mesiakaris,&nbsp;Korina Atsopardi,&nbsp;George Lagoumintzis,&nbsp;Marigoula Margarity,&nbsp;Konstantinos Poulas","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25384","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High doses of nicotine administered to rodents serve as a model for studying anxiety and test compounds' potential anxiolytic effects. At these doses, anxiety in rodents is accompanied by disruption of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The endocannabinoids and nicotine modulate several central nervous system processes via their specific receptors, impacting locomotion, anxiety, memory, nociception, and reward. Cannabidiol (CBD), an active ingredient of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L., is devoid of psychoactive actions and has gained attention for its anxiolytic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. This work aims to examine the potential anxiety-reducing properties of CBD in a well-established experimental mouse model of anxiety-like behavior induced by high doses of nicotine on male C57BL/6 mice. In this context, the open-field behavioral test was specially conducted to assess CBD's effects on anxiety-like behavior and locomotion. Brain neuronal plasticity, modulated by BDNF, along with a diverse array of blood's metabolic markers, was examined as a means of evaluating systemic toxicity under various treatments. Finally, oxidative stress was evaluated through the measurement of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), while pro-inflammatory cytokine assessments were conducted to evaluate redox status and immune system function. Our research suggests that CBD shows potential in reducing anxiety-like behaviors induced by high doses of nicotine, by mitigating changes in BDNF protein levels in cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. At the same time, CBD targets specific liver enzymes, maintains tissue's systemic toxicity (i.e., renal, kidney, and pancreatic), balances redox status (SOD, GSH, and MDA), and regulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6).</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.25384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142275092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensorimotor Synchronization and Neural Entrainment to Imagined Rhythms in Individuals With Proficient Imagery Ability","authors":"Simon Andrew Whitton,&nbsp;Benjamin Sreenan,&nbsp;Canhuang Luo,&nbsp;Fang Jiang","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25383","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) is the temporal coordination of motor movements with external or imagined stimuli. Finger-tapping studies indicate better SMS performance with auditory or tactile stimuli compared to visual. However, SMS with a visual rhythm can be improved by enriching stimulus properties (e.g., spatiotemporal content) or individual differences (e.g., one's vividness of auditory imagery). We previously showed that higher self-reported vividness of auditory imagery led to more consistent synchronization–continuation performance when participants continued without a guiding visual rhythm. Here, we examined the contribution of imagery to the SMS performance of <i>proficient imagers</i>, including an auditory or visual distractor task during the continuation phase. While the visual distractor task had minimal effect, SMS consistency was significantly worse when the auditory distractor task was present. Our electroencephalography analysis revealed beat-related neural entrainment, only when the visual or auditory distractor tasks were present. During continuation with the auditory distractor task, the neural entrainment showed an occipital electrode distribution, suggesting the involvement of visual imagery. Unique to SMS continuation with the auditory distractor task, we found neural and sub-vocal (measured with electromyography) entrainment at the three-beat pattern frequency. In this most difficult condition, <i>proficient imagers</i> employed both beat- and pattern-related imagery strategies. However, this combination was insufficient to restore SMS consistency to that observed with visual or no distractor task. Our results suggest that <i>proficient imagers</i> effectively utilized beat-related imagery in one modality when imagery in another modality was limited.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142244841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glymphatic System Impairment in the Advanced Stage of Moyamoya Disease","authors":"Lingji Jin,&nbsp;Junwen Hu,&nbsp;Guangxu Han,&nbsp;Yin Li,&nbsp;Jun Zhu,&nbsp;Yuhan Zhu,&nbsp;Xuchao He,&nbsp;Duo Xu,&nbsp;Leilei Zheng,&nbsp;Ruiliang Bai,&nbsp;Lin Wang","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25381","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Assessing the glymphatic system activity using diffusion tensor imaging analysis along with the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) may be helpful to understand the pathophysiology of moyamoya disease (MMD). 63 adult patients with MMD and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were included for T1-weighted images, T2-FLAIR, pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling, and DTI. 60 patients had digital subtraction angiography more than 6 months after combined revascularization. The Suzuki stage, postoperative Matsushima grade, periventricular anastomoses (PA), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensities (DSWMH), DTI-ALPS, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cognitive scales of MMD patients were assessed. MMD patients were divided into early and advanced stage based on the Suzuki stage. We detected lower DTI-ALPS in patients with advanced stage relative to HCs (<i>p</i> = 0.046) and patients with early stage (<i>p</i> = 0.004), hemorrhagic MMD compared with ischemic MMD (<i>p</i> = 0.048), and PA Grade 2 compared with Grade 0 (<i>p</i> = 0.010). DTI-ALPS was correlated with the EPVS in basal ganglia (<i>r</i> = −0.686, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), Suzuki stage (<i>r</i> = −0.465, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), DSWMH (<i>r</i> = −0.423, <i>p</i> = 0.001), and global CBF (<i>r</i> = 0.300, <i>p</i> = 0.017) and cognitive scores (<i>r</i> = 0.343, <i>p</i> = 0.018). The DTI-ALPS of patients with good postoperative collateral formation was higher compared to those with poor postoperative collateral formation (<i>p</i> = 0.038). In conclusion, the glymphatic system was impaired in advanced MMD patients and may affected cognitive function and postoperative neoangiogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.25381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Male Rats Underlies Resilience-Related Behaviors to Social Adversity","authors":"Corinne J. Montes-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Erika D. Hernández-Reyes,&nbsp;Vanessa Piña-Díaz,&nbsp;Zeidy Muñoz-Torres,&nbsp;Itzel Pérez-Zarazúa,&nbsp;Emiliano Urteaga-Urías,&nbsp;Oscar Prospéro-García","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25377","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Individuals considered resilient can overcome adversity, achieving normal physical and psychological development, while those deemed vulnerable may not. Adversity promotes structural and functional alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus. Moreover, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is intricately linked to neuronal shaping resulting from experiences. We hypothesize that this plasticity plays a crucial role in resilience processes. However, there is a notable absence of studies investigating this plasticity and behavioral changes following social adversity at different life stages. Consequently, we evaluated the impact of social adversity during early postnatal development (maternal separation [MS]), adulthood (social defeat [SD]), and a combined exposure (MS + SD) on behavioral outcomes (anxiety, motivation, anhedonia, and social interaction). We also examined cFos expression induced by social interaction in mPFC and hippocampus of adult male rats. Behavioral analyses revealed that SD-induced anhedonia, whereas MS + SD increased social interaction and mitigated SD-induced anhedonia. cFos evaluation showed that social interaction heightened plasticity in the prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices, dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1. Social interaction-associated plasticity was compromised in IL and PrL cortices of the MS and SD groups. Interestingly, social interaction-induced plasticity was restored in the MS + SD group. Furthermore, plasticity was impaired in DG by all social stressors, and in CA3 was impaired by SD. Our findings suggest in male rats (i) two adverse social experiences during development foster resilience; (ii) activity-dependent plasticity in the mPFC is a foundation for resilience to social adversity; (iii) plasticity in DG is highly susceptible to social adversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.25377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microtubules, Membranes, and Movement: New Roles for Stathmin-2 in Axon Integrity","authors":"Emma J. C. Thornburg-Suresh,&nbsp;Daniel W. Summers","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25382","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neurons establish functional connections responsible for how we perceive and react to the world around us. Communication from a neuron to its target cell occurs through a long projection called an axon. Axon distances can exceed 1 m in length in humans and require a dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton for growth during development and maintenance in adulthood. Stathmins are microtubule-associated proteins that function as relays between kinase signaling and microtubule polymerization. In this review, we describe the prolific role of Stathmins in microtubule homeostasis with an emphasis on emerging roles for Stathmin-2 (Stmn2) in axon integrity and neurodegeneration. Stmn2 levels are altered in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and loss of Stmn2 provokes motor and sensory neuropathies. There is growing potential for employing Stmn2 as a disease biomarker or even a therapeutic target. Meeting this potential requires a mechanistic understanding of emerging complexity in Stmn2 function. In particular, Stmn2 palmitoylation has a surprising contribution to axon maintenance through undefined mechanisms linking membrane association, tubulin interaction, and axon transport. Exploring these connections will reveal new insight on neuronal cell biology and novel opportunities for disease intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.25382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Endocannabinoid System in Alzheimer's Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis","authors":"Yu Liu,&nbsp;Hang Xing,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Yi Song","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25380","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jnr.25380","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings concerning the association between endocannabinoid system (ECS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibited inconsistencies when examining the expression levels of endocannabinoids. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the studies regarding alterations of the ECS in AD. Six databases were thoroughly searched for literature to select relevant studies investigating the ECS in AD, including changes in cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), endocannabinoids (2-AG and AEA), and their associated enzymes (FAAH and MAGL). Traditional meta-analysis evaluated the expression levels of the ECS in AD, and the results showed no significant differences in ECS components between healthy controls and AD patients. However, subgroup analysis revealed significantly lower expression levels of CB1R in AD than in controls, particularly in studies using western blot (SMD = −0.88, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and in studies testing CB1R of frontal cortex (SMD = −1.09, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). For studies using HPLC, the subgroup analysis indicated significantly higher 2-AG levels in AD than in controls (SMD = 0.46, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Network meta-analysis examined the rank of ECS alterations in AD compared to controls, and the findings revealed that 2-AG and MAGL exhibited the largest increase and CB1R showed the largest decrease relative to the control group. Based on the findings of traditional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis, we proposed that AD patients may present decreased expression levels of CB1R and increased expression levels of 2-AG and its degrading enzyme MAGL. Our results may contribute to the growing body of research supporting the therapeutic potential of ECS modulation in the management of AD.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Cells Promote BDNF Expression by Infiltrated Macrophages via Interleukin 4 in the Cerebral Ischemia of Male Rats","authors":"Xiaobo Li,&nbsp;Yunqian Guan,&nbsp;Danni Chen,&nbsp;Jiyu Li,&nbsp;Wenxiu Yu,&nbsp;Haiqiang Zou,&nbsp;Bochao Liu,&nbsp;Ling Chen,&nbsp;Zhiguo Chen","doi":"10.1002/jnr.25379","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jnr.25379","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We reported that infiltrated Ly6C⁺ macrophages express brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) only at the cerebral cortex infarct in a rat dMCAO model. However, the changein neuron-expressed BDNF, the niche components that induce the Ly6C⁺ cells to express BDNF, and the cellular sources of these components, remain unclear. In this study, immunofluorescence double staining was performed to label BDNF and Ly6C on brain sections at 3, 24, and 48 h following distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) of male rats, and to stain BDNF with Ly6C, IL-4R, and IL-10R. A neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibody was injected into the infarct, and the IL-4 and BDNF concentrations in the subareas of the infarct were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To find out the cellular sources of IL-4, the markers for microglia, T cells, and neurons were co-stained with IL-4 separately. In certain infarct subareas, the main BDNF-expressing cells shifted quickly from NeuN⁺ neurons to Ly6C⁺ cells during 24–48 h post-stroke, and the Ly6C⁺/BDNF⁺ cells mostly expressed IL-4 receptor. Following IL-4 neutralizing antibody injection, the BDNF, IL-4 protein levels, and BDNF⁺/Ly6C⁺ cells decreased significantly. The main IL-4-expressing cell type in this infarct subarea is not neuron either, but immune cells, including microglia, monocyte, macrophages, and T cells. The neurons, maintained BDNF and IL-4 expression in the peri-infarct area. In conclusion, in a specific cerebral subarea of the rat dMCAO model, IL-4 secreted by immune cells is one of the main inducers for Ly6C⁺ cells to express BDNF.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"102 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}