Journal of Neuroscience Research最新文献

{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anatomical Correlation of Human Temporal Lobe Landmarks in 3D Euclidean Space: A Study of Control and Epilepsy Disease Subjects","authors":"José-Carlos Delgado-González,&nbsp;Carmen Delgado-Gandía,&nbsp;Carlos Delgado-Gandía,&nbsp;Sandra Cebada-Sánchez,&nbsp;Carlos De-La-Rosa-Prieto,&nbsp;Emilio Artacho-Pérula","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder of great importance to patients and society. Sclerosis is associated with neuronal loss and neurodegeneration in specific regions of the hippocampal formation. The hippocampal formation and temporal lobe are not the only regions affected; the chronicity of the disease extends the involvement to other brain regions. Our aim is to investigate the spatial relationship of anatomical structures in both control (CO) and epileptic (EP) subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to determine changes in epileptic patients compared to healthy anatomical structures. Anatomical landmarks are identified and registered in 3D space to provide a reference for the brain structures; the 3D network is described quantitatively using planar distances, as well as measuring rostrocaudal and Euclidean distances. The planar and rostrocaudal distances are the most remarkable discriminators between CO and EP groups, especially between structures located in and outside the temporal lobe. The study achieves a 100% discrimination between the control group and the epileptic group with the discriminant use of two distances: D_PL, Hpe/Cde and D_RC, As/cae. Finally, discriminates 100% between the three study groups, control group CO, extratemporal lobe epilepsy ETLE and temporal lobe epilepsy TLE, with a total of 12 distances distributed in the three axes of space. This study allows us to hope for a future application, its clinical utility may allow us not only to identify processes (in our case, epilepsy), but also to obtain parameters of the evolution of the disease.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation Modulates Visual Pathway Function in Mice","authors":"Valerio Castoldi,&nbsp;Elena Rossi,&nbsp;Silvia Marenna,&nbsp;Giancarlo Comi,&nbsp;Letizia Leocani","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to its ability to modulate neuronal activity, electrical stimulation of the eye may be a promising therapy for preserving or restoring vision. To investigate how electrical currents can influence visual function, Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation (TES) was tested on both female and male C57BL/6 mice to evaluate its neuromodulatory effect from the retina to the cerebral cortex through visual evoked potential (VEP) and electroretinogram (ERG) recording. VEP or ERG was acquired before (baseline), immediately (t0), after 5 min (t5), and 10 min (t10) of sham (i.e., no stimulation) or TES applied on the eye of anesthetized C57BL/6 mice. Notably, TES affected neuronal activity in the visual pathway since a significant increase in VEP and ERG amplitude was detected and persisted 10 min after TES. The amplitude increase induced by TES could underlie an enhancement of neuronal excitability that may ameliorate retinal-genicular-cortical function in diseases involving the visual system.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Directed Differentiation Methods and Applications in Brain Diseases","authors":"Yu Wang,&nbsp;Ziping Wang,&nbsp;Le Wang,&nbsp;Yanping Sun,&nbsp;Huijia Song,&nbsp;Xiaokun Cheng,&nbsp;Xiaoliang He,&nbsp;Zibin Gao,&nbsp;Yongjun Sun","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), similar to embryonic stem cells, are a class of pluripotent stem cells with the potential to differentiate into various kinds of cells. Because the application of hiPSCs obtained by reprogramming patients' somatic cells in the treatment of brain diseases bypasses the ethical constraints on the use of embryonic stem cells and mitigates immune rejection, hiPSCs have profound clinical application prospects. In this review, we first summarized the differentiation methods of hiPSCs into different kinds of neurons, and secondly discussed the application of hiPSCs in several brain disease models, so as to provide a reference for the future application of hiPSCs in the studies and treatment of brain diseases.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Role of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: G. Chen, Q. Fang, J. Zhang, D. Zhou, and Z. Wang, “Role of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage,” <i>Journal of Neuroscience Research</i> 89, no. 4 (2011): 515–523, https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22577.</p><p>This Expression of Concern is for the above article, published online on 21 January 2011, in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), and has been issued by agreement between the journal Editors-in-Chief, Cristina A. Ghiani and J. Paula Warrington, and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The publisher received a report from a third party who indicated that the images in Figures 4A and 4B had been re-used from Figures 9A and 9B in a previously published article by most of the same authors (Zhang et al. 2010 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2010.08.011]). The authors did not respond to an inquiry by the publisher and therefore did not provide original data for examination. The Expression of Concern has been agreed because the evidence of inappropriate and undeclared image duplication calls into question the validity of the data in Figure 4. The authors did not respond to our notice regarding the Expression of Concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Klf10 Regulates the Emergence of Glial Phenotypes During Hypothalamic Development","authors":"Norma Angelica Garduño-Tamayo,&nbsp;Jorge Luis Almazán,&nbsp;Rubí Romo-Rodríguez,&nbsp;David Valle-García,&nbsp;Karla F. Meza-Sosa,&nbsp;Martha Pérez-Domínguez,&nbsp;Rosana Pelayo,&nbsp;Gustavo Pedraza-Alva,&nbsp;Leonor Pérez-Martínez","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glial cells play a pivotal role in the Central Nervous System (CNS), constituting most brain cells. Gliogenesis, crucial in CNS development, occurs after neurogenesis. In the hypothalamus, glial progenitors first generate oligodendrocytes and later astrocytes. However, the precise molecular mechanisms governing the emergence of glial lineages in the developing hypothalamus remain incompletely understood. This study reveals the pivotal role of the transcription factor KLF10 in regulating the emergence of both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte lineages during embryonic hypothalamic development. Through transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses, we identified novel KLF10 putative target genes, which play important roles in the differentiation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Notably, in the absence of KLF10, there is an increase in the oligodendrocyte population, while the astrocyte population decreases in the embryonic hypothalamus. Strikingly, this decline in the number of astrocytes persists into adulthood, indicating that the absence of KLF10 leads to an extended period of oligodendrocyte emergence while delaying the appearance of astrocytes. Our findings also unveil a novel signaling pathway for <i>Klf10</i> gene expression regulation. We demonstrate that <i>Klf10</i> is a target of CREB and that its expression is upregulated via the BDNF-p38-CREB pathway. Thus, we postulate that KLF10 is an integral part of the hypothalamic developmental program that ensures the correct timing for glial phenotypes' generation. Importantly, we propose that the <i>Klf10</i>^−/− mouse model represents a valuable tool for investigating the impact of reduced astrocyte and microglia populations in the homeostasis of the adult hypothalamus.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jnr.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Utility of Prolonged Chronic Unpredictable Stress to Study the Effects of Chronic Fluoxetine, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Lipopolysaccharide on Anxiety-Like Behavior and Hippocampal Transcriptomic Responses in Male Rats","authors":"Konstantin A. Demin,&nbsp;Tatiana O. Kolesnikova,&nbsp;David S. Galstyan,&nbsp;Natalia A. Krotova,&nbsp;Nikita P. Ilyin,&nbsp;Ksenia A. Derzhavina,&nbsp;Maria Seredinskaya,&nbsp;Maria Nerush,&nbsp;Sofia A. Pushkareva,&nbsp;Alexey Masharsky,&nbsp;Murilo S. de Abreu,&nbsp;Allan V. Kalueff","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jnr.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic stress is a common trigger of multiple neuropsychiatric illnesses. Animal models are widely used to study stress-induced brain disorders and their interplay with neuroinflammation and other neuroimmune processes. Here, we apply the prolonged 12-week chronic unpredictable stress (PCUS) model to examine rat behavioral and hippocampal transcriptomic responses to stress and to chronic 4-week treatment with a classical antidepressant fluoxetine, an anti-inflammatory agent eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a pro-inflammatory agent lipopolysaccharide and their combinations. Overall, PCUS evoked anxiety-like behavioral phenotype in rats, corrected by chronic fluoxetine (alone or combined with other drugs), and EPA. PCUS also evoked pronounced transcriptomic responses in rat hippocampi, involving &gt; 200 differentially expressed genes. While pharmacological manipulations did not affect hippocampal gene expression markedly, <i>Gpr6</i>, <i>Drd2</i> and <i>Adora2a</i> were downregulated in stressed rats treated with fluoxetine, EPA and fluoxetine + EPA, suggesting their respective protein products (G protein-coupled receptor 6, dopamine D2 receptor and adenosine A2A receptor) as potential evolutionarily conserved targets under chronic stress. Overall, these findings support the validity of rat PCUS paradigm as a useful model to study stress-related anxiety pathogenesis, and call for further research probing how various conventional and novel drugs may (co)modulate behavioral and neurotranscriptomic biomarkers of chronic stress.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation Produces Antidepressant-Like Effects by Modulating Neuronal Oscillations and Serotonin Levels of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Experimental Parkinson's Disease","authors":"Yixuan Wang,&nbsp;Jian Liu,&nbsp;Yanping Hui,&nbsp;Zhongheng Wu,&nbsp;Xiang Wu,&nbsp;Yihua Bai,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Kuncheng Liu,&nbsp;Qiaojun Zhang,&nbsp;Libo Li","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parkinson's disease (PD)-related depression is associated with aberrant neuronal oscillations and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), an updated pattern of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, has possible efficacy in PD-related depression. However, whether iTBS alleviates PD-related depression through modulating neuronal oscillations and 5-HT levels in the mPFC has not been determined. In this study, male Sprague–Dawley rats were used to establish a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD model. Then, acute iTBS was applied to the parkinsonian rats, and behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological experiments were performed. We found that the parkinsonian rats exhibited increased immobility time and decreased sucrose preference accompanied by an increase of <i>δ</i> power and a decrease of <i>θ</i> power in the mPFC compared to sham-operated rats. One block of iTBS (1 block-iTBS, 300 stimuli) alleviated depressive-like behaviors in parkinsonian rats and elevated 5-HT levels in the mPFC compared to sham-iTBS. Additionally, it altered neuronal oscillations in the mPFC in the opposite fashion by suppressing the <i>δ</i> rhythm and enhancing the <i>θ</i> and <i>β</i> rhythms compared to sham-iTBS, suggesting that acute iTBS induces hyperactivity in the mPFC. With this iTBS paradigm, we also observed decreased parvalbumin expression in the mPFC, reflecting reduced cortical inhibition. Finally, correlation analyses showed strong correlation between immobility time and <i>θ</i> power after 1 block-iTBS. These findings suggest that the application of acute iTBS in parkinsonian rats produces antidepressant-like effects, which may be associated with elevated 5-HT levels and normalized neuronal oscillations in the mPFC.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tale of Two n-Backs: Diverging Associations of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation With n-Back Task Performance","authors":"Philip N. Tubiolo,&nbsp;John C. Williams,&nbsp;Jared X. Van Snellenberg","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In studying the neural correlates of working memory (WM) ability via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in health and disease, it is relatively uncommon for investigators to report associations between brain activation and measures of task performance. Additionally, how the choice of WM task impacts observed activation–performance relationships is poorly understood. We sought to illustrate the impact of WM task on brain–behavior correlations using two large, publicly available datasets. We conducted between-participants analyses of task-based fMRI data from two publicly available datasets: The Human Connectome Project (HCP; <i>n</i> = 866) and the Queensland Twin Imaging (QTIM) Study (<i>n</i> = 459). Participants performed two distinct variations of the <i>n-</i>back WM task with different stimuli, timings, and response paradigms. Associations between brain activation ([2-back − 0-back] contrast) and task performance (2-back % correct) were investigated separately in each dataset, as well as across datasets, within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), medial prefrontal cortex, and whole cortex. Global patterns of activation to task were similar in both datasets. However, opposite associations between activation and task performance were observed in bilateral pre-supplementary motor area and left middle frontal gyrus. Within the dlPFC, HCP participants exhibited a significantly greater activation–performance relationship in bilateral middle frontal gyrus relative to QTIM Study participants. The observation of diverging activation–performance relationships between two large datasets performing variations of the <i>n</i>-back task serves as a critical reminder for investigators to exercise caution when selecting WM tasks and interpreting neural activation in response to a WM task.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between the Neural Stress Response and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression","authors":"Marina Giglberger,&nbsp;Hannah L. Peter,&nbsp;Gina-Isabelle Henze,&nbsp;Christoph Bärtl,&nbsp;Julian Konzok,&nbsp;Peter Kirsch,&nbsp;Brigitte M. Kudielka,&nbsp;Ludwig Kreuzpointner,&nbsp;Stefan Wüst","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jnr.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anxiety and depression disorders show high prevalence rates, and stress is a significant risk factor for both. However, studies investigating the interplay between anxiety, depression, and stress regulation in the brain are scarce. The present manuscript included 124 law students from the LawSTRESS project. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and psychosocial stress was induced with the imaging stress paradigm Scan<i>STRESS</i>. Anxiety, but not depression scores, were significantly related to neural stress responses in a striato-limbic cluster. Moreover, relative to women, men showed stronger associations between anxiety scores and activation in striatal and temporal clusters. A bifactor model of the HADS suggested a general factor characterized by tension, nervousness, and cheerlessness, which was associated with activation changes in a similar but more circumscribed cluster than anxiety. In the LawSTRESS project, the HADS was assessed at five sampling points (1 year, 3 months, 1 week prior exam, 1 week, and 1 month thereafter), and thus an exploratory trajectory analysis could be performed. It confirmed the relationship between anxiety scores and striatal stress responses at baseline but revealed no predictive value of the neural measure across the sampling points. Our results suggest that—in healthy young participants—neural acute psychosocial stress responses in striato-limbic structures are associated with anxiety, supporting the assumption that these regions are related to individual differences in vulnerability to stress-related disorders. A correlation with depression scores could not be found, and possible explanations are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11737356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurological and Cognitive Effects of Hypothyroidism in Patients With Epilepsy: A Study on Anti-Seizure Medicines Therapy","authors":"Natalia Molodozhnikova,&nbsp;Svetlana Prokhorova,&nbsp;Dimitar Monov,&nbsp;Nikolay Lilyanov","doi":"10.1002/jnr.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jnr.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary objective of this study was to examine neurological disorders and cognitive impairments in patients with secondary hypothyroidism and epilepsy undergoing treatment with antiepileptic medications. The study included 184 patients divided into three groups: Group 1 (subclinical hypothyroidism, <i>n</i> = 60), Group 2 (manifest hypothyroidism, <i>n</i> = 64), and Group 3 (control, <i>n</i> = 60). Patients in Group 2 received levothyroxine therapy (initial dose of 25 μg/day, titrated to 50–100 μg/day), while Groups 1 and 2 were treated with anti-seizure medications (valproic acid, 40 mg/kg/day). Neurological symptoms, including Babinski's reflex abnormalities (<i>χ</i>² = 8.15, <i>p</i> = 0.017) and sensory disturbances (<i>χ</i>² = 12.44, <i>p</i> = 0.005), were significantly more frequent in Group 2 than in Group 1. Cognitive test scores were significantly lower in Group 2 compared to Group 3 across all domains (<i>F</i>(2, 181) = 6.55, <i>p</i> = 0.002 for MMSE; <i>F</i>(2, 181) = 4.70, <i>p</i> = 0.010 for FAB; and <i>F</i>(2, 181) = 5.75, <i>p</i> = 0.006 for CDT), with Group 1 showing intermediate results. Regression analysis identified neurodegenerative disease risk (<i>β</i> = 0.34, CI: 0.20–0.48, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), anemia (<i>β</i> = 0.32, CI: 0.15–0.49, <i>p</i> = 0.001), and prolonged stress (<i>β</i> = 0.26, CI: 0.12–0.40, <i>p</i> = 0.002) as significant predictors of cognitive decline, while higher education was protective (<i>β</i> = −0.28, CI: −0.42 to −0.14, <i>p</i> = 0.003). An inverse relationship was observed between TSH levels and cognitive scores (<i>r</i> = −0.55, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Research","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}