Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology最新文献

{"title":"Bovine Mastitis Caused By Streptococcus uberis: Virulence Factors and Biofilm","authors":"Reinoso Eb","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000371","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine mastitis is a multifactorial disease, commonly caused by microorganisms. The pathology affects dairy farms worldwide and causes significant economic losses. Different pathogens can cause the disease and they are classified as contagious, environmental and minor pathogens. Streptococcus uberis is a ubiquitous bacterium and is considered the main environmental agent. It is a very versatile microorganism able to use host factors to survive and colonize bovine mammary gland. Different virulence factors have been reported in S. uberis strains, such as proteoglycans and various proteins, which are secreting in milk facilitating the establishment of intramammary infections. Strategies for the control of environmental agents have less impact compared to those applied for contagious agents. Furthermore, intramammary infections are associated with biofilm formation which leads to antibiotic resistance making the treatment of recurrent infections hard. Thus, different alternative control methods have been proposed, as the use of bacteriocins and immunomodulatory compounds. The present review summarizes different studies about the characterization of S. uberis virulence factors and the importance of the studies to promote and design effective and novel therapeutic approaches.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"34 1","pages":"237-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77879955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Women at High Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections","authors":"G. Manisha, S. Anima, M. ShravanKumar","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000385","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The genital Chlamydial and Gonococcal infections are the most common Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among women in the developing countries and co-infection of HIV-1 with these infections represents a public health problem of growing importance among the high risk groups.Objective: The study aims to evaluate more rapid and accurate STD diagnosis by molecular technology using Amplicor CT/NG (Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae) test kit for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea in HIV positive and negative women with and without symptoms and comparing the test with conventional gram staining method.Methods: Ninety four female sex workers who were HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) positive and HIV negative were included in the ratio 1:1 and endocervical specimen from them were processed at National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, over a period of 6 months, from March to end of July, 2014. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were detected by Nucleic Acid Amplification test (NAATs) and gram staining using standard protocols.Results: This study observes that among ninety four participants twenty five patients showed positive result by Amplicor test. The rate of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae test results in the clinical study among HIV positive and negative were 38.2% and 14.8%, respectively. The total illiterate and literate cases showed 65.9% and 34.04%, respectively. The measures of accuracy of Amplicor test showed sensitivity of 27.03% as compared to Gram staining to detect CT and NG from endocervical swab which was 9.46%. In this study, relationship of the STD was found statistically significant (p 0.005) with age, case type, contraceptive method, Chlamydia trachomatis infection status and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection status, respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded that nucleic acid amplification test as compared to gram staining maintains high sensitivity for diagnosing C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in a low prevalence population.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"74 1","pages":"321-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88530983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Activity toward Streptococcus mutans and Antioxidant from Traditional Betel Chew Formulation of Indonesia","authors":"Endang, P. Rindit, W. TriWardani, S. Budi, D. SitiRusdiaanaPuspa","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000384","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was to determine antibacterial activity toward Streptococcus mutans and antioxidant. Non-Factorial Randomized Block Design method was used in this study. The first stage used nonfactorial randomized block design which consisted of three blocks and six treatments as follows: F1 (8 g betel leaf, 2 g betel lime), F2 (8 g betel leaf, 2 g betel lime, 2 g areca nut, 1 g gambier), F3 (8 g betel leaf, 2 g betel lime, 2.5 g areca nut, 1.5 g gambier), F4 (8 g betel leaf, 2 g betel lime, 3 g areca nut, 2 g gambier), F5 (8 g betel leaf, 2 g betel lime , 3.5 g areca nut, 2.5 g gambier) and F6 (cefadroxil).The observed parameters in betel chew formulation were antibacterial activity, cellulair metabolites leakage and antioxidant. Results of chemical and microbiological analyses showed that the best treatment was found on F5 treatment (8 g betel leaf, 2 g betel lime, 3.5 g areca nut, 2.5 g gambier) antibacterial activity of 8.25 mm, with antioxidant IC50 of 2.77 mg/ml and cellulair metabolites leakage of 1.22 nm (at wave length of 260 nm) and 1.51 nm (at wave length of 280 nm), respectively.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"316-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89342807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Urinary Tract Infectious Bacteria and Exploring their Anti-drug Potential against Some Common Antibiotics","authors":"Karzan Mohammed, Faeza Burhan, Shahida Nooruldeen","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000379","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infection caused by bacteria leads to inflammation and over growth of uropathogens and prevalence of infection for both genders, but women is more vulnerable especially at the sexually active ages. Nine isolates from sixteen patients were microscopically tested, characterized, identified using different media and biochemical tests. The highest rate of isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (23.52%), followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Entrococcus faecalis (17.64% and 8.82), respectively and Entrobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were (5.88%), only 2.94% of bacteria was detected as Proteus miralilis. Effect of different antibiotics was reported, maximum effect showed by Gentamycin and Chloramphenicol (80% and 70%), respectively. Contrastingly, levofloxacin 50%, Amikacin and Nitrofurantoin 40%, Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin 30%, Cefixime 10%. In conclusion, unsuitable medication prior to urine culturing causes to increase prevalence of gram positive bacteria as much as gram negatives and developing multidrug resistance.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"135 1","pages":"285-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73745510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome Sequencing Revealed Chromium and Other Heavy Metal Resistance Genes in E. cloacae B2-Dha","authors":"Neelu Nn, Sibdas G, A. R., Abul M, Bjorn O, Jana J","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000365","url":null,"abstract":"The previously described chromium resistant bacterium, Enterobacter cloacae B2-DHA, was isolated from leather manufacturing tannery landfill in Bangladesh. Here we report the entire genome sequence of this bacterium containing chromium and other heavy metal resistance genes. The genome size and the number of genes, determined by massive parallel sequencing and comparative analysis with other known Enterobacter genomes, are predicted to be 4.22 Mb and 3958, respectively. Nearly 160 of these genes were found to be involved in binding, transport, and catabolism of ions as well as efflux of inorganic and organic compounds. Specifically, the presence of two chromium resistance genes, chrR and chrA was verified by polymerase chain reaction. The outcome of this research highlights the significance of this bacterium in bioremediation of chromium and other toxic metals from the contaminated sources.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79901449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Values, Spoilage Moulds and Aflatoxin Detection in Attieke (A Cassava Fermented Product)","authors":"G. JonathanSegun, S. BelloTunde, D. AsemoloyeMichael","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000372","url":null,"abstract":"Derived foods from root and tuber crops, Attieke for example, are often consumed by African populace. Attieke is processed from Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Based on different methods adopted for its processing and storage, we present the food values, bio-deteriorating/spoilage fungi and aflatoxin contents of Attieke samples, collected from different locations in Nigeria and Ivory Coast. Aflatoxin contents were detected using high Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Result obtained shows that the most frequent fungal contaminants in the samples are Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Mucor hiemalis and Penicillium chrysogenum. Records on the aflatoxin contents shows that the food samples contain AFB1 (1.03-6.72 μg kg-1), AFB2 (2.46-2.56 μg kg-1) and AFG1 (1.43-9.57 μg kg-1) range. It is also observed that the samples contain appreciable amount of Crude Protein (0.48-0.73%) and Moisture Content (45.89-49.96%) ranges with storage time, percentage Crude Fibre (CF) range from 1.08-1.12%, 0.14-0.18% Crude Fat (EE) and 0.45-0.49% Percentage Ash.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"244-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87712740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Assays to Identify the Antibiotic Effects on Planktonic and Sessile Bacteria Using the Example of 1.8-Cineol","authors":"Kaltschmidt C, S. H., Brotzmann V, Schuermann M, Kaltschmidt B","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000373","url":null,"abstract":"Screening of antibiotic substances is a mandatory working step during drug development. A variety of methods are available to test their efficiency, they can be divided into diffusion and dilution methods. Diffusion methods in agar based media are rather qualitative approaches, whereas dilution methods, commonly executed in polystyrene microtiter plates, are frequently used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) in a quantitative way. During these standardized assays the physical properties of the agent, e.g. its hydrophobic properties and thermal instability, are often neglected. This study compares different diffusion assays for their sensitivity and improved dilution assays in respect to the thermal sensitivity and the hydrophobic character of antibiotics. We applied 1.8-cineol, a hydrophobic antibacterial component of essential oils, on the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and investigated the influence of incubation time, cell culture vessels and commonly employed surfactants on the assay. The presented study describes an optimized diffusion assay and a protocol for the exact determination of the MIC and MBIC50 of thermally instable hydrophobic antibiotic substances. Our assays can be easily executed since they are based on optical density measurements and simple crystal violet staining. We conclude that preliminary screenings of hydrophobic substances can be executed by the well diffusion method. However, for the determination of the MIC and MBIC50 we highly recommend the application of cleaned and etched glass tubes instead of polystyrene cell culture plates. The usage of the surfactants Tween 80 or Tween 20 was found unnecessary and furthermore falsifying the results. Taken together our improved standard techniques may help to better quantify the antimicrobial potential of hydrophobic antibiotics, e.g. essential oils. This may give new insights into the mode of action and furthermore enable the development of new antimicrobial substances urgently needed to fight resistances against common antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"116 1","pages":"249-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78652298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of IAA Production by Shallot Rhizosphere Isolated Bacteria in Solid and Liquid Media and Their Effect on Shallot Plant Growth","authors":"Kafrawi, Nildayanti, K. Zahraeni, Baharuddin","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000375","url":null,"abstract":"Some of free-living rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizosphereof shallot growing in two different fields on Sulawesi Island. The bacterial isolates were cultured in liquid and solid media and were further tested for their ability to produce bioauxin. L-Tryptophan as a physiological precursor of auxin was added to the culture media and the production of IAA was tested using a colorimeter method. Six isolates from west Sulawesi and ten isolates from South Sulawesi were found to produce bioauxin, while 40 other isolates had negative results on IAA production. The amount of IAA produced by the isolates on liquid medium ranged from 4.01 to 8.62 ppm, while in the solid medium, the concentration of IAA produced by the same bacteria was considerably lower than in Liquid media. Thus, culture conditions influence the secretion of IAA by the bacteria. Of these 16 IAA producing isolates, five efficient producers were used for in plant a growth promotion assay. The isolate MK6-1-1 showed the best stimulatory effect on leaves number and bulb tillers, isolate LB8 was investigated to modulate better bulbs fresh biomass weight, while isolate MK11 was found to have the best effect on bulbs dry weight and bulbs dry biomass weight. Application of liquid media MK 6-1-1 bacteria isolates on the medium shallot planting early phases provides the best results on the vegetative growth of shallot that is leafs number (10.75 pieces) and the number of bulb tillers (2.75 bulbs) except the best plants height showed by Isolate bacteria MK 11 (29,60 cm). Bacterial isolates LB 8 shows bulbs fresh biomass weight (9.83 g) and bulbs fresh biomass shrinkage (7.45) while the bacteria Isolate MK 11 showed the best result of bulb dry weight (2.26 g) and bulbs dry biomass weight (3.41).","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"229 1","pages":"266-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77574534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inactivation and Disinfection of Porcine Parvovirus on a Nonporous Surface","authors":"Salimatu Lukula, Cory Chiossone, Semhar Fanuel, D. Suchmann, R. Nims, S. S. Zhou","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000370","url":null,"abstract":"Animal parvoviruses have historically been accorded status as “highly resistant to inactivation”. This status has been based largely on the well-known heat and chemical inactivation resistance of the animal parvoviruses (especially porcine, canine, bovine, and murine parvoviruses) in liquid inactivation settings. On the other hand, less is known about the relative resistance of parvoviruses to disinfection after being dried on surfaces. In the present article, we evaluate the ability of sodium hypochlorite and two proprietary aldehyde-based disinfectants to inactivate porcine parvovirus (PPV) dried on glass carriers in the presence and absence of varying organic load. Sodium hypochlorite and Microbide-G (a glutaraldehyde-based agent) caused rapid and complete (≥ 3 to 4 log10) inactivation of PPV deposited on glass carriers in a low organic load (5% serum) matrix. Microbide-G displayed the greatest inactivation efficacy for PPV deposited onto a glass surface in a blood matrix. In that case, a contact time of 10 min resulted in 3.5 log10 inactivation at ambient temperature.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"51 1","pages":"232-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85996588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Early-Life Antibiotic Use on Gut Microbiota of Infants","authors":"Wang Xiu Y, Wang Guo Z, Wen Hong Y, Su Si T, Yuan Zhen Y","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000369","url":null,"abstract":"The human gut has a vast number of bacteria, which play a critical role in human health. At present, it is accepted that antibiotics have been one of the most common drugs in the world and early-life antibiotic use is associated with increased risk for several diseases. Antibiotic use during infancy will induce imbalances in gut microbiota, which is called dysbiosis. Therefore, more and more researches have been known about the impact of antibiotics on gut microbiota of infants. Here, we discuss some effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota and health of infants, including four types: structure of gut flora, metabolic capacity, diversity and stability of gut microbiota, risk of diseases. We also profile antibiotic resistance gene carried by gut microbiota and mechanism of intestinal drug-resistant bacteria. This article will also help provide recommendations for antibiotic use during infancy.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"227-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80649831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}