Journal of Nanobiotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Drug-loaded indocyanine green J-aggregates activate metalloimmunotherapy for sustained photothermal therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Kaiming He, Desheng Chen, Dongzi Zhu, Wenjie Zheng, Lei Lyu, Mingshen Zhang, Zeping Chen, Xiaowen Wang, Yongwei Hu, Binsheng Fu","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03353-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03353-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant therapeutic challenge, driving the need for novel treatment strategies. This study investigates the combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and metalloimmunotherapy for HCC treatment using Co + diABZI@J-dICG nanoparticles. Indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved near-infrared (NIR) dye, is dimerized into J-aggregates to enhance PTT by improving light absorption and photothermal efficiency. The cGAS-STING pathway, a key mediator of innate immunity, is activated by the STING agonist diABZI, while cobalt ions (Co²⁺) further enhance immune responses. The Co + diABZI@J-dICG nanoparticles take advantage of ICG's hepatotropic properties for sustained tumor accumulation and immune activation, resulting in significant tumor growth inhibition and reduced HCC recurrence following hepatectomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"317"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12032755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypoxia-responsive core-cross-linked supramolecular nanoprodrug based on dendritic drug-drug conjugates for synergetic anticancer therapy.","authors":"Yue Ding, Yu Xie, Liangshun Zheng, Mingguang Lin, Yihai Shi, Tingting Chen, Chang Du, Jin Ding, Beifang Ning","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03394-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03394-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recently, the strategy of self-assembling dendritic drug-drug conjugates into supramolecular nanoprodrug was widely explored in biomedical applications. Herein, we construct a hypoxia-responsive core-cross-linked supramolecular nanoprodrug (CSN-IR806/CB) based on a dendritic drug-drug conjugate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We prepared a hypoxia-responsive dendritic drug-drug conjugates IR806-(Azo-CB)₄, which was combined with β-cyclodextrin-pendant poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(glutamic acid) block copolymer (PEG-PGlu-CD) to construct the core-cross-linked supramolecular nanoprodrug (CSN-IR806/CB) with enhanced physiological stability through the synergy of π-π stacking interaction, host-guest complexation, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation of the CSN-IR806/CB treated tumor cells induced IR806-mediated PDT and PTT, and aggravated hypoxia, which triggered the disassembly of CSN-IR806/CB and the subsequent release of activated CB for synergetic cancer cell killing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The CSN-IR806/CB can realize a synergistic triple therapeutic effect of photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and chemotherapy (CT; i.e., PTT-PDT-CT).</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"316"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12032639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microglia-targeting nanosystems that cooperatively deliver Chinese herbal ingredients alleviate behavioral and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease model mice.","authors":"Peng Zhou, Quan Chao, Chen Li, Ningjing Wang, Siqi Guo, Pingping Wang, Pingyuan Ge, Caihong Li, Rui Guo, Nianyun Yang, Zhangdi Lu, Zhishu Tang, Qichun Zhang, Tingming Fu, Qingqing Xiao, Huaxu Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03385-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03385-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is challenging because of its complex and controversial pathological mechanisms. Moreover, multiple barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reduce drug delivery efficiency. Microglia-related neuroinflammation has recently attracted increasing attention as a possible cause of AD and has become a novel therapeutic target. Therefore, overcoming the BBB and targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory agents to microglia seem to be effective practical strategies for treating AD. A large proportion of natural active extracts possess exceptional immunomodulating capabilities. In this study, the cooperative delivery of berberine (Ber) and palmatine (Pal) by transferrin-decorated extracellular vesicles (Tf-hEVs-Ber/Pal), which can cross the BBB and precisely target microglia, was performed. This nanosystem effectively cleared amyloid β-protein (Aβ) aggregates, significantly regulated the neuroinflammatory environment both in vitro and in vivo and markedly altered the behavior and improved the cognitive and learning abilities of AD model mice. The efficacy of a microglia-targeting combined therapeutic approach for AD was demonstrated, which broadens the potential application of Chinese herbal ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"313"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bionic gene delivery system activates tumor autophagy and immunosuppressive niche to sensitize anti-PD-1 treatment against STK11-mutated lung adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Zhongquan Song, Qikai Wang, Hongjie Xiong, Jiang Xiao, Zihan Zhou, Tianxiang Li, Qian Sun, Liping Qiu, Yue Tan, Xiaohui Liu, Hui Jiang, Shuhua Han, Xuemei Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03404-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03404-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical data have shown that Serine/Threonine Kinase 11 (STK11) mutation may be associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITEM) and poor prognosis and failure of anti-PD-1 (αPD1) treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To explore the potential of restoring STK11 protein in immunotherapy, a bionic gene delivery system was prepared by coating the STK11-encoded DNA-cationic polymer complex core with the tumor cell membrane, termed STK11@PPCM. STK11@PPCM could specifically bind with NSCLC cells and achieve precise delivery of STK11-encoded DNA. The released DNA effectively restored the STK11 protein expression, consequently reactivating autophagy and immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. The liberated damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and autophagosome induced dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, which in turn enhanced CD8 + T cell infiltration, M1 macrophage polarization, and proinflammatory factor expression, thereby reversing the ITEM. Moreover, STK11@PPCM was also found to improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to αPD1 by increasing the expression of PD-L1, which was confirmed in STK11-mutated NSCLC cell xenografted mouse models, constructed by CRISPR-Cas9 knockout technology. This work demonstrated for the first time that restoration of functional STK11 can effectively reverse ITME and boost αPD1 efficacy in NSCLC, offering a new therapeutic approach for STK11-mutated lung adenocarcinoma in clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"312"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nano-paradox: addressing nanotoxicity for sustainable agriculture, circular economy and SDGs.","authors":"Vijay Rani Rajpal, Byonkesh Nongthongbam, Manika Bhatia, Apekshita Singh, Soom Nath Raina, Tatiana Minkina, Vishnu D Rajput, Noreen Zahra, Azamal Husen","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03371-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03371-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have aroused extensive interest in agricultural, industrial, and medical applications. The integration of ENMs into the agricultural systems aligns with the principles of United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs), circular economy (CE) and bio-economy (BE) principles. This approach offers excellent opportunities to enhance productivity and address global climate change challenges. The revelation of the adverse effects of nanomaterials (NMs) on various organisms and ecosystems, however, has fueled the debate on 'Nano-paradox' leading to emergence of a new research domain 'Nanotoxicology'. ENMs have shown different interactions with biological and environmental systems as compared to their bulk counterparts. They bioaccumulate in organisms, soils, and other environmental matrices, move through food chains and reach higher trophic levels including humans ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Understanding nano-bio interactions, the mechanism of gene- and cytotoxicity, and associated potential hazards, is therefore, essential to mitigate their toxicological outputs. This review comprehensively examines the cyto- and genotoxicity mechanisms of ENMs in biological systems, covering aspects such as their entry, uptake, cellular responses, dynamic interactions in biological environments their long-term effects and environmental risk assessment (ERA). It also discusses toxicological assessment methods, regulatory policies, strategies for toxicity management/mitigation and future research directions in nanotechnology, all within the context of SDGs, CE, promoting resource efficiency and sustainability. Navigating the nano-paradox involves balancing the benefits of nanomaterials with concerns about nanotoxicity. Prioritizing thorough research on above facets can ensure sustainability and safety, enabling responsible harnessing of nanotechnology's transformative potential in various applications including mitigating global climate change and enhancing agricultural productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"314"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12023416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative stress induced paclitaxel-derived carbon dots inhibit glioblastoma proliferation and EMT process.","authors":"Haiyang Yan, Huimin Miao, Jiukun Hu, Jinlin Pan, Mingfeng Ge, Jinyu Yao, Yuwei Du, Xinlu Li, Li Li, Wen-Fei Dong, Lixing Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03406-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03406-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma represents the most prevalent and deadly form of brain tumor with limited therapeutic drugs. The existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders drugs permeate to the brain efficiently. Nowadays, nano-formulations, particularly carbon dots, have emerged as promising candidates for targeting and treating brain diseases. In this study, we report the synthesis of a novel carbon dots, PTX-CDs, using a one-step hydrothermal method with paclitaxel (PTX) as the precursor. PTX-CDs shows increased water solubility by about 1000 times in comparison with PTX. Moreover, PTX-CDs effectively penetrates the BBB and exerts significant anticancer effects. In detail, PTX-CDs accumulates in mitochondria of tumor cells without adding extra targeted molecules, resulting in the damage of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Transcriptome profiling revealed that PTX-CDs disturbs the cell-cycle by inducing arrest at the G2/M phase, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. PTX-CDs further decreased cell invasion by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in glioblastoma cells. PTX-CDs significantly inhibited the growth of intracranial tumors in orthotopic glioblastoma mice model and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. This study presents a viable strategy to develop CDs-based therapeutic agent for glioblastoma using the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"310"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted drug delivery systems for atherosclerosis.","authors":"Liangxing Tu, Zijian Zou, Ye Yang, Siying Wang, Banghuai Xing, Jianfang Feng, Yi Jin, Meng Cheng","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03384-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03384-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atherosclerosis is a complex cardiovascular disease driven by multiple factors, including aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and plaque rupture. The progression of this disease is often covert, emphasizing the need for early biomarkers and effective intervention measures. In recent years, advancements in therapeutic strategies have highlighted the potential of targeting specific processes in atherosclerosis, such as plaque localization, macrophage activity, and key enzymes. Based on this, this review discusses the potential role of targeted drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis. It also focuses on their clinical efficacy in anti-atherosclerosis treatment and their ability to provide more precise therapeutic approaches. The findings underscore that future research can concentrate on exploring newer drug delivery systems and biomarkers to further refine clinical treatment strategies and enhance the long-term dynamic management of atherosclerosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"306"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12016489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nucleic acid reactions on the nanomaterials surface for biomedicine.","authors":"Zhenrui Xue, Lu Wang, Shengnan Pan, Jie Yan, Minli You, Chunyan Yao","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03374-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03374-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrating nucleic acids (NAs) with nanomaterials has substantially advanced biomedical research, enabling critical applications in biosensing, drug delivery, therapeutics, and the synthesis of nanomaterials. At the core of these advances are the reactions of NAs on nanomaterial surfaces, encompassing conjugation (covalent and non-covalent), detachment (physical and chemical), and signal amplification (enzyme-mediated signal amplification, enzyme-free signal amplification, and DNA Walker). Here, we review the fundamental mechanisms and recent progress in nucleic acid reactions on nanomaterial surfaces, discuss emerging applications for diagnostics, nanomedicine, and gene therapy, and explore persistent challenges in the field. We offer a forward-looking perspective on how future developments could better control, optimize, and harness these reactions for transformative advances in nanomedicine and biomedical engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"308"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12016162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"M2 microglia-derived small extracellular vesicles modulate NSC fate after ischemic stroke via miR-25-3p/miR-93-5p-TGFBR/PTEN/FOXO3 axis.","authors":"Qian Zhang, Yan Yi, Tiange Chen, Ying Ai, Ziyang Chen, Ganzhi Liu, Zexuan Tang, Jianwei Chen, Tao Xu, Xin Chen, Jinfang Liu, Yuguo Xia","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03390-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03390-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endogenous neurogenesis could promote stroke recovery. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory phenotypical microglia (M2-microglia) could facilitate Neural Stem Cell (NSC)-mediated neurogenesis following Ischemic Stroke (IS). Nonetheless, the mechanisms through which M2 microglia influence NSC-mediated neurogenesis post-IS remain unclear. On the other hand, M2 microglia-derived small Extracellular Vesicles (M2-sEVs) could exert phenomenal biological effects and play significant roles in cell-to-cell interactions, highlighting their potential involvement in NSC-mediated neurogenesis post-IS, forming the basis of this study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>M2-sEVs were first isolated from IL-4-stimulated microglia. For in vivo tests, M2-sEVs were intravenously injected into mice every day for 14 days after transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (tMCAO). Following that, the infarct volume and neurological function, as well as NSC proliferation in the Subventricular Zone and dentate gyrus, migration, and differentiation in the infarct area, were examined. For in vitro tests, M2-sEVs were administered to NSC subjected to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation (OGD) and then reoxygenation, after which NSC proliferation and differentiation were assessed. Finally, M2-sEVs were subjected to microRNA sequencing to explore the regulatory mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed that M2-sEVs reduced the infarct volume and increased the neurological score in mice post-tMCAO. Furthermore, M2-sEV treatment promoted NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, microRNA sequencing revealed miR-93-5p and miR-25-3p enrichment in M2-sEVs. Inhibitors of these miRNAs prevented TGFBR, PTEN, and FOXO3 downregulation in NSC, reversing M2-sEVs' beneficial effects on neurogenesis and sensorimotor recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>M2-sEVs increased NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and protected against IS, at least partially, via delivering miR-25-3p and miR-93-5p to downregulate TGFBR, PTEN, and FOXO3 expression in NSC.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"311"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indacenodithienothiophene-based A-D-A-type phototheranostics for immuno-phototherapy.","authors":"Yangtian Ye, Shaojing Zhao, E Pang, Yuanyu Tang, Pan Zhu, Wenjie Gao, Qingxu Diao, Jie Yu, Jie Zeng, Minhuan Lan, Jianing Yi","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03381-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03381-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of phototherapeutics with high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) and strong ability to generate reactive oxygen species under single near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation for immuno-phototherapy applications remains a significant challenge. Herein, we optimally selected the molecule IT-4 F with an acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) strucssture to prepare water-dispersible nanoparticles (NPs) by assembly with DSPE-PEG-NH₂. Such NPs have NIR absorption and fluorescence peaks at 728 and 817 nm, respectively. They can generate singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide anion (O₂^-·) under laser irradiation, with a ¹O₂ generation quantum yield of 31.5%. They can also effectively convert photon-energy into heat with a high PCE of 42.8%. The outstanding properties of IT-4 F NPs enable them to be used in NIR fluorescence imaging guided photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, PDT and PTT triggered immunogenic cell death and PANoptosis in tumor cells, which not only inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in mice model, but also induced a robust immune response, evidenced by increased infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells, dendritic cells, and a decreased presence of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. The efficacy of IT-4 F NPs in organoid of human breast cancer was also verified.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"309"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12016427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}