Journal of Nanobiotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Engineered bone-targeting apoptotic vesicles as a minimally invasive nanotherapy for heterotopic ossification.","authors":"Like Tang, Yuchen Wang, Shihua Mao, Zhou Yu, Yitong Chen, Xiaoqiao Xu, Wenjin Cai, Kaichen Lai, Guoli Yang, Tingben Huang","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03431-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03431-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heterotopic Ossification (HO), refers to pathological extra skeletal bone formation, and there are currently no reliable methods except surgery to reverse these unexpected calcified tissues. Apoptotic vesicles (ApoEVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by apoptotic cells, which are involved in metabolism regulation and intercellular communication. Due to its superior trauma-healing ability, the hard palate mucosa is expected to become an essential resource for tissue engineering. This work presents a minimally invasive nanotherapy based on an engineered apoEV. Briefly, apoEVs were extracted from hard palate mucosa and engineered with bone-targeting peptide SDSSD to treat HO. This engineered apoEV not only can achieve directed localization of heterotopic bones but also has the compelling dual function of promoting osteoclastic differentiation while inhibiting osteogenic differentiation. The underlying mechanism involves the activation of Hippo and Notch pathways, as well as the regulation of pyrimidine metabolism. We envision that this engineered apoEV may be a feasible and effective strategy for reversing HO.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"348"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12077018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of HSP70-regulated mild-photothermal therapy for synergistic tumor treatment: a precise space-time mild-temperature photothermal ablation strategy.","authors":"Binyue Zhang, Yanchun Ma, Qi Liu, Shutong Wu, Lin Chen, Chunmei Jiang, Haonan Chen, Hongyan Jia, Ziliang Zheng, Ruiping Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03379-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03379-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mild-temperature photothermal therapy (MPTT) advances anticancer management by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides (LPO) to inhibit the overexpression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), thus decreasing the cellular heat resistance and increasing the efficacy of tumor ablation. However, formidable challenge remains on the traditional MPTT without imaging-guided optimal treatment time point, thus inadequate HSP70 blockage would potentially further diminish the effectiveness of MPTT. Herein, a novel biomimetic nanoprobe (Cu-ABTS@CCMs) is developed, based on encapsulating the multifunctional Cu nanoparticles and ROS-responsive 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazole-6- sulphonic acid) (ABTS) within cancer cell membranes (CCMs) to ensure second near-infrared photoacoustic (NIR-II PA) imaging-guided precise MPTT time point. The core Cu nanoparticles achieve highly effective HSP70 blockage via a nearly simultaneous cascade of photocatalytic O₂-generation and dual ROS/LPO accumulation. Triggered by self-enhanced ROS/LPO up-regulation, the ABTS can correspondingly oxidize to ABTS•⁺, which further leads the real-time ratiometric PA signals (ABTS•⁺-PA730/Cu-PA960) that show highly accurate visualization of ROS and quantitatively convert into dynamic tracking of the changes in HSP70 blockage. The intelligent dual-modality imaging information will provide more possibilities for the optimal time-point and site-specificity of MPTT and potential avenues for the development of clinical breast cancer treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"347"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12076834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel tri-mode detection platform for ampicillin and drug resistance genes by CRISPR-driven luminescent nanozymes.","authors":"Tao Zhang, Guiling Liu, Siwei Sun, Zongwu Meng, Yuzhe Qiu, Ping Ding","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03454-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03454-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The antibiotic residues pose significant risks for bacterial resistance. To address the practical requirements for rapid, accurate, and on-site detection of antibiotic residues and monitoring the abundance of associated resistance genes, we report a smartphone-integrated multi-mode platform. The platform is aimed to simultaneous, accurate, and visual quantitative detection of ampicillin (AMP) and β-lactam antibiotic resistance genes (blaTEM). Specifically, we developed a magnetically controlled fluorescence, colorimetric, and photothermal biosensor based on a magnetic separation unit (aminated modified complementary DNA chain (NH₂-cDNA) loading on the surface of Ferrosoferric Oxide@polydopamine (Fe₃O₄@PDA, FP), FP@cDNA) and a signal unit (the aptamer nucleic acid chain modified by phosphate group linked to Prussian blue@UiO-66@manganese dioxide (PB@UiO-66@MnO₂, PUM) through Zr-O-P bond, PUM@Apt), for the integrated detection of AMP and blaTEM. By utilizing complementary base pairing between FP@cDNA and PUM@Apt, along with precise aptamer recognition the AMP, we achieved the fluorescence quantitative detection of AMP by measuring the signal unit in the supernatant. Subsequently, the difference of signal units in colorimetric process leads to a varying conversion rate of oxidized 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (oxTMB), enabling the output of colorimetric and photothermal signals. The competitive binding of aptamers permitting the determination of AMP in the range of 0-160 pM with a low detection limit (0.34 pM). Additionally, in the presence of blaTEM, the activated CRISPR/Cas12a indiscriminately cleaves the single-stranded portion of the FP@DNA@PUM complex obtained by magnetic separation. A PUM-based three-signal detection scheme was established for the sensitive determination of blaTEM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.03 pM. The integration of smartphone-assisted analysis broadens the potential of the platform for visual detection. Notably, the innovative platform, with its excellent stability, exhibits great potential as a simple yet robust approach for the simultaneously visually monitoring antibiotics and drug resistance genes, and holds promise in the field of kit development.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"346"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12076998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomaterial-based strategies for bone cement: modulating the bone microenvironment and promoting regeneration.","authors":"Jiawei Jiang, Juan Wang, Pan Fan, Zhe Zhao, Hongjian Deng, Jian Li, Yi Wang, Yuntao Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03363-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12951-025-03363-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporotic bone defect and fracture healing remain significant challenges in clinical practice. While traditional therapeutic approaches provide some regulation of bone homeostasis, they often present limitations and adverse effects. In orthopedic procedures, bone cement serves as a crucial material for stabilizing osteoporotic bone and securing implants. However, with the exception of magnesium phosphate cement, most cement variants lack substantial bone regenerative properties. Recent developments in biomaterial science have opened new avenues for enhancing bone cement functionality through innovative modifications. These advanced materials demonstrate promising capabilities in modulating the bone microenvironment through their distinct physicochemical properties. This review provides a systematic analysis of contemporary biomaterial-based modifications of bone cement, focusing on their influence on the bone healing microenvironment. The discussion begins with an examination of bone microenvironment pathology, followed by an evaluation of various biomaterial modifications and their effects on cement properties. The review then explores regulatory strategies targeting specific microenvironmental elements, including inflammatory response, oxidative stress, osteoblast-osteoclast homeostasis, vascular network formation, and osteocyte-mediated processes. The concluding section addresses current technical challenges and emerging research directions, providing insights for the development of next-generation biomaterials with enhanced functionality and therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"343"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12070552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Lactobacillus acidophilus extracellular vesiclescoated UiO-66-NH₂@siRNA nanoparticles for ulcerative colitis targeted gene therapy and gut microbiota modulation.","authors":"Chenyang Cui, Jiaze Tang, Jie Chen, Beining Zhang, Ruonan Li, Qiang Zhang, Chunjing Qiu, Rongchen Chen, Geng Min, Zhaowei Sun, Haibo Weng","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03413-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12951-025-03413-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"341"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12070783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive wound healing using ETN@Fe₇S₈ complex by positively regulating multiple programmed phases.","authors":"Mengxia Chen, Ting Liu, Xiaonan Wang, Lizeng Gao, Yunqing Cheng, Jing Jiang, Jinhua Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03396-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12951-025-03396-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wound healing requires coordinated progression through multiple programmed phases including hemostasis, infection control, inflammatory resolution, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Many nanomaterials have shown great potential to promote wound healing, however, most of them only address partial aspects of these processes, making a recovery hard with adequate effects. In this study, we prepared a complex of nano-iron sulfide integrated with erythrocyte-templated nanozyme (ETN) (ETN@Fe₇S₈) for comprehensive treatment of wounds. Firstly, ETN served as a mediator to confine iron sulfide to form Fe₇S₈ nanocomposite in a solvothermal reaction. Secondly, the ETN@Fe₇S₈ demonstrated bactericidal effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by releasing ferrous iron and polysulfide to induce ferroptosis-like cell death. Thirdly, ferrous iron along with polysulfide exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, while the polysulfide also contributed to angiogenesis by promoting the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), initiated phosphorylation-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, a master regulatory cascade governing endothelial cell survival, migration, and angiogenesis. When employed for wound, ETN@Fe₇S₈ showed the ability to prevent infection, reduce inflammation, promote angiogenesis, enhance cell proliferation, and remodel keratinocytes. Along with the hemostatic effect, ETN@Fe₇S₈ thus performed comprehensive effects for wound healing in the whole recovery stages. Therefore, our findings provide a multifunctional candidate of ETN and nano-iron sulfide complex which is capable of regulating and promoting wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"342"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12070563/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequentially assembled co-delivery nanoplatform of SIRT1 protein and SOX9-expressing plasmid for multipronged therapy of intervertebral disc degeneration.","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhang, Qianping Guo, Jiawei Fang, Qi Cheng, Zhuang Zhu, Qifan Yu, Huan Wang, Youzhi Hong, Chengyuan Liu, Huilin Yang, Caihong Zhu, Bin Li, Li Ni","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03401-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03401-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) undergo metabolic disorders and matrix pathological remodeling under the influence of various adverse factors during intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), whereas post-translational modifications (PTMs) can confer cells with the capacity to respond quickly and adapt to complex environmental changes. Here, SIRT1 protein, a key regulator within PTMs framework, was applied against the hostile degenerative microenvironment. Then, it was sequentially assembled with SOX9-expressing plasmid, an essential transcription factor to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) biosynthesis, onto a phenylboronic acid-functionalized G5-dendrimer to construct a multifunctional nanoplatform for IVDD therapy. In vitro, the nanoplatforms showed antioxidant capacity, and the ability to restore mitochondrial homeostasis and normal ECM metabolism, as well as to maintain cellular phenotypes. RNA sequencing suggested that inhibition of the Nod-like receptor signaling might be the mechanism behind their therapeutic effects. The nanoplatforms were then wrapped in a designed dynamic hydrogel, not only prolonging the retention time of the loaded cargoes, but also well maintaining the disc structure, height, and water content in vivo. Overall, this study presents a convenient assembled strategy to inhibit the multiple adverse factors, and hold promise for the IVDD treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"340"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12065169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhalable biomimetic polyunsaturated fatty acid-based nanoreactors for peroxynitrite-augmented ferroptosis potentiate radiotherapy in lung cancer.","authors":"Yiting Chen, Xueli Huang, Ruining Hu, Enhao Lu, Kuankuan Luo, Xin Yan, Zhiwen Zhang, Yan Ma, Minghe Zhang, Xianyi Sha","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03409-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03409-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The limited efficacy and poor tumor accumulation remain crucial challenges for radiotherapy against lung cancer. To address these limitations, we rationally developed a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-based nanoreactor (DHA-N@M) camouflaged with macrophage cell membrane to improve tumoral distribution and achieve peroxynitrite-augment ferroptosis for enhanced radiotherapy against lung cancer. After nebulization, the nanoreactors exhibited superior pulmonary accumulation in orthotopic lung cancer-bearing mice, with 70-fold higher than intravenously injected nanoreactors at 12 h post-administration, and distributed deeply in the tumors. DHA-N@M selectively released nitric oxide (NO) in glutathione (GSH)-enriched tumor cells, with consumption of GSH and subsequent inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Under radiation, NO reacted with radiotherapy-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO^-), resulting in redox homeostasis disruption. Combined with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced lipid metabolism disruption, overwhelming ferroptosis was induced both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, DHA-N@M mediated ferroptosis-radiotherapy significantly suppressed tumor growth with a 93.91% inhibition in orthotopic lung cancer models. Therefore, this design provides a nebulized ferroptosis-radiotherapy strategy for lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"338"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12060495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-responsive nanoparticles targeting ACE-II senescence for therapeutic mitigation of acute lung injury.","authors":"Linlin Gao, Fushuang Zheng, Zhiling Fu, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03382-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03382-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition characterized by severe pulmonary dysfunction, with alveolar type II epithelial cell (ACE-II) senescence playing a pivotal role in its progression. In this study, we developed pH/reactive oxygen species (ROS) dual-responsive nanoparticles (GNP^santi-SP-C) for the targeted delivery of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) to counteract ACE-II senescence. These nanoparticles (NPs) effectively activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling pathway, inducing the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and reversing senescence-associated cellular dysfunction. GNP^santi-SP-C were systematically engineered and demonstrated robust pH/ROS sensitivity, efficient GDF15 release, and precise ACE-II targeting. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model, GNP^santi-SP-C treatment significantly mitigated lung injury, reduced inflammatory responses, and enhanced pulmonary function, as evidenced by decreased inflammatory markers, lung edema, and improved histopathology. Single-cell transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed increased ACE-II cell populations, reduced expression of senescence markers, and upregulation of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling. In vitro studies further demonstrated that UPRmt activation is associated with the NPs' therapeutic effects, suggesting a potential role in their mechanism of action. These findings demonstrate the potential of GDF15-loaded dual-responsive NPs as an innovative strategy to address cellular senescence and alleviate ALI-associated pulmonary damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"339"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12060536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid liquid-crystalline nanoparticles as a suitable platform for accommodating sensitive membrane proteins: monitoring the activity of HMG-CoA reductase.","authors":"Michalina Zaborowska-Mazurkiewicz, Ewa Nazaruk, Renata Bilewicz","doi":"10.1186/s12951-025-03370-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03370-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological molecules such as integral membrane proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids that are not soluble or sufficiently stable in aqueous solutions can be stabilized through encapsulation in lipid nanoparticles. Discovering the potential of lipid liquid-crystalline nanoparticles opens up exciting possibilities for housing sensitive membrane proteins. Lipid mesophases provide an environment that protects the cargo, usually a drug, from rapid clearance or degradation. This study employed the mentioned platform to stabilize a different cargo-an essential transmembrane enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR). The nanostructured lipid liquid-crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles known as hexosomes are selected as a convenient nanocontainer for the redox-active protein for real-time monitoring of its functions in the bulk of the solution and point to the applicability of the proposed platform in the evaluation of therapeutic functions of the protein by standard physicochemical methods. Instead of using detergents, which usually affect the functions and stability of sensitive membrane proteins, we provide a suitable environment, protecting them in the bulk of the solution against other present species, e.g., toxic compounds or degrading proteins. The objective was to optimize the composition and structure of the lipid nanoparticles to meet the needs of such sensitive and flexible membrane proteins as HMGR and compare the functioning of the encapsulated enzyme with that of the same protein free in the aqueous solution. The catalytic reaction of HMGR involves the 4-electron reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate and CoA while simultaneously oxidizing NADPH to NADP⁺. Subsequently, mevalonate is transformed into cholesterol. The hexosomes we selected as lipid nano-containers were composed of monoolein, 1-oleoyl-rac-glycerol (GMO), Pluronic^® F127, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). These specific structural characteristics of the lipid nanoparticles were found optimal for enhancing the stability of HMGR. We characterized these hexosomes using dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) methods, both with and without the encapsulated protein. In our innovative approach, the enzyme activity was assessed by monitoring changes in NADPH concentration outside the nanocarrier. We tracked fluctuations in NADPH levels during the catalytic reaction using two independent methods: UV-Vis spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry. Significantly, we could demonstrate the inhibition of the nano-encapsulated enzyme by fluvastatin, an enzyme inhibitor and cholesterol-lowering drug. This paves the way for the discovery of new enzymatic inhibitors and activators as therapeutic agents controlling the activity of membrane proteins, thereby inspiring future cholesterol-lowering therapies in our case and, in general, further research and potential new treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":"334"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12057187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}