Michelle Fenech, Jodie Gallagher, Laurelie R Wishart, Clare Berry, Michael Foster-Greenwood
{"title":"Sonographic Anatomy and Imaging of the Extracranial Component of the Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII).","authors":"Michelle Fenech, Jodie Gallagher, Laurelie R Wishart, Clare Berry, Michael Foster-Greenwood","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hypoglossal nerve (HN) provides motor innervation to tongue muscles responsible for tongue movement, speech, mastication, swallowing, respiratory functions and management of oral secretions. Injury, compression, entrapment or lesions of the HN at any point along its path can result in HN palsy and subsequent dysphagia, dysarthria and tongue muscular atrophy. A combined imaging approach is required to investigate the HN and causes of HN palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging are used to investigate the intracranial HN and where it emerges in the upper neck. The extracranial HN can be assessed by sonographic imaging along with the muscles directly and indirectly innervated by the HN. Ultrasound imaging can be challenging without an appropriate understanding of the detailed relative anatomy of the HN and the muscles it innervates, the associated sonographic technique and sonographic appearances, all of which are outlined in this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trevor Gillbard, Dane Thompson, Nicole Emma Andrews
{"title":"Investigating Factors Influencing Fatigue and Medical Imaging Technologist Performance on Night Shift: An Initiative to Improve Healthcare Delivery.","authors":"Trevor Gillbard, Dane Thompson, Nicole Emma Andrews","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It is widely recognised that night shifts can cause fatigue, negatively impact cognitive performance and increase the risk of accidents. This quality improvement project aimed to better understand factors impacting on fatigue levels of medical imaging technologists who perform night shifts at metropolitan hospitals in Australia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All medical imaging technologists (i.e., radiographers and sonographers) employed at two Australian metropolitan hospitals who had performed night shifts within the last year were invited to complete a custom-made electronic survey. Quantitative survey responses were examined using a combination of descriptive and comparative statistics. An applied thematic analysis was used to examine qualitative findings from open-ended questions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Medical imaging technologists perceive roster patterns with more consecutive night shifts and more rostered days off following night shifts to be less fatiguing and more sustainable. Fatiguing factors, including being awake at night and longer shift lengths, were perceived as significantly more fatiguing during the first 3 days of night shifts. The self-reported time taken to return to a normal sleep routine following night shifts was a mean of 3.2 days. Workload was rated as the factor that caused the highest levels of fatigue throughout a night shift roster. The majority of participants expressed that organisation-level changes are needed to reduce fatigue levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Organisation level strategies to: (1) reduce workloads, and (2) enable rosters with more consecutive night shifts are needed to help medical imaging technologists effectively manage fatigue levels. The small sample size may limit the generalisability of findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily Huanke Liu, Daniel Carrion, Mohamed Khaldoun Badawy
{"title":"Using Convolutional Neural Networks for the Classification of Suboptimal Chest Radiographs.","authors":"Emily Huanke Liu, Daniel Carrion, Mohamed Khaldoun Badawy","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chest X-rays (CXR) rank among the most conducted X-ray examinations. They often require repeat imaging due to inadequate quality, leading to increased radiation exposure and delays in patient care and diagnosis. This research assesses the efficacy of DenseNet121 and YOLOv8 neural networks in detecting suboptimal CXRs, which may minimise delays and enhance patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study included 3587 patients with a median age of 67 (0-102). It utilised an initial dataset comprising 10,000 CXRs randomly divided into a training subset (4000 optimal and 4000 suboptimal) and a validation subset (400 optimal and 400 suboptimal). The test subset (25 optimal and 25 suboptimal) was curated from the remaining images to provide adequate variation. Neural networks DenseNet121 and YOLOv8 were chosen due to their capabilities in image classification. DenseNet121 is a robust, well-tested model in the medical industry with high accuracy in object recognition. YOLOv8 is a cutting-edge commercial model targeted at all industries. Their performance was assessed via the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) and compared to radiologist classification, utilising the chi-squared test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DenseNet121 attained an AUROC of 0.97, while YOLOv8 recorded a score of 0.95, indicating a strong capability in differentiating between optimal and suboptimal CXRs. The alignment between radiologists and models exhibited variability, partly due to the lack of clinical indications. However, the performance was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both AI models effectively classified chest X-ray quality, demonstrating the potential for providing radiographers with feedback to improve image quality. Notably, this was the first study to include both PA and lateral CXRs as well as paediatric cases and the first to evaluate YOLOv8 for this application.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrienne Young, Lisa Mittendorff, Jenny Hiow Hui Sim
{"title":"Ensuring the Safety of MRI Patients With Medical Implants or Devices In Situ: A Snapshot in Time of the Role and Responsibilities of New Zealand and Australian MRI Technologists (Radiographers).","authors":"Adrienne Young, Lisa Mittendorff, Jenny Hiow Hui Sim","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Poor clinical decision-making in MRI can lead to significant patient injuries and, in some cases, prove fatal. With the ever-increasing range and numbers of MR-conditional implants and devices, the complexity of decision-making in this environment has increased. While historically performed by radiologists, this decision-making is becoming integrated into the MRI technologists' (radiographers') role. The aim of this paper is to document the evolving role and responsibilities of MRI technologists (MRITs) in New Zealand (NZ) and Australia when scanning patients with medical implants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Utilising a mixed-methods case study research design, quantitative and qualitative data were collected via an online questionnaire and semistructured interviews. The questionnaire was completed by 235 MRITs, 12 of whom were also interviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings confirm that the MRIT role in NZ and Australia in 2018 had evolved over the preceding decade from one focused on technical proficiency to a role involving a higher level of cognitive function and competency relating to MRI safety. Participants identified that all MRITs must be responsible for MRI safety clinical decision-making, not just a select few. Some concerns were raised that radiologists are no longer sufficiently educated in MRI safety, supporting the need for a team effort instead.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aligning with recent global calls to standardise MRIT education and regulation requirements, this study provides evidence to support a separate registerable MRI scope of practice. This will enable MRI-specific knowledge and continuing professional development (CPD) in MRI safety to be mandated and audited so that clinical decisions are informed and safe.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144612181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing Patient-Centred Care and Cultural Safety in Medical Imaging: The Radiographers Experience of Communicating With Patients in a Multicultural and Multilingual Setting in Auckland.","authors":"Nica Abrasado, Sibusiso Mdletshe","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Effective communication between patients and healthcare professionals has been shown to contribute to beneficial patient outcomes but requires recognition of linguistic and cultural differences. This is critical in a locality like Auckland which has been shown to be the most diverse region in New Zealand in terms of ethnicity, languages and culture. English is the most spoken language in New Zealand, followed by Te Reo Māori. The aim of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to explore and describe the experience of radiographers communicating with patients in a multi-cultural, multi-lingual healthcare setting in Auckland, New Zealand.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research study population included radiographers registered with the Medical Radiation Technologists Board (MRTB) employed at the study location. The participant recruitment process included convenience, purposive, and snowball sampling. Data was collected through individual interviews that were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, with the sample size (n = 11) determined through the saturation of themes. Data was analysed by means of Tesch's framework for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four themes emerged: (a) cross-cultural challenges in patient communication; (b) enhanced patient-centred care through culturally responsive communication; (c) tailored communication methods based on contextual patient factors; and (d) adaptive communication strategies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the importance of adaptive communication in overcoming linguistic and cultural barriers, emphasising the need for culturally safe and patient-centered care while maintaining professionals' responsibility to provide quality care to diverse patient populations. The findings have relevance beyond Māori context, highlighting the changing role of radiographers towards equitable and culturally sensitive healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantifying the Carbon Footprint of External Beam Radiation Therapy-A Narrative Review.","authors":"Karen Mukasa Kyeyune, Michelle Leech","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health care sector contributes significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the global climate change issue. However, little remains known about the specific contribution of radiation therapy even though there are methods/tools to quantify its carbon footprint. This narrative review aimed to identify aspects within the external beam radiation therapy pathway that are associated with a significant carbon footprint and the methods by which this footprint can be assessed. These were categorised as power consumption of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for imaging and/or diagnosis in the pre-treatment setting, power consumption of linear accelerators (LINACs) in the treatment phase as well as patient travel. A search strategy with appropriate search terms was carried out on PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science to identify relevant studies. No time filter was applied during the search. Life cycle assessment as a method to quantify carbon footprint for radiation therapy remains under-utilised. Direct conversion of power consumption into carbon dioxide equivalence is a more feasible method. In the pre-treatment setting, use of MRI results in more GHG output compared to CT. Longer courses of radiation therapy result in significantly more GHG output compared to shorter fractionations as an alternative in the same disease site. Fractionation impacts the frequency of patient travel, another aspect that contributes significantly to the radiation therapy carbon footprint. Identification of areas contributing the most to the carbon footprint of radiation therapy will pave the way for future research into finding solutions to its offset.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel Cant, Jonathan Sykes, Yolanda Surjan, Rachael Beldham-Collins, Laura Murphy, John Fernandez, Alison Salkeld
{"title":"Comparison of Auto-Contouring Tools for Delineation of Normal Organs at Risk in Paediatric Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy.","authors":"Isabel Cant, Jonathan Sykes, Yolanda Surjan, Rachael Beldham-Collins, Laura Murphy, John Fernandez, Alison Salkeld","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Contouring organs at risk (OARs) manually in paediatric patients undergoing cranial-spinal radiation therapy (CSI) is a time-consuming, labour-intensive task. This study aims to assess the accuracy and clinical acceptability of auto-contours produced by the Siemens DirectORGANS auto-contouring software on paediatric patients receiving CSI treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Auto-contours of OARs were produced using the Siemens DirectORGANS Auto-contouring Software from 20 paediatric CSI patients datasets that had previously been manually contoured by a paediatric specialist radiation therapist (RT) for plan production. Manual and auto-contours were retrospectively analysed using quantitative (Dice Similarity Coefficient, Hausdorff Distance, Mean Distance to Agreement) and qualitative (Likert ratings, Turing test) assessment techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Auto-contoured structures were clinically acceptable for use without edits 72.8% of the time, and manual contours were clinically acceptable for use 91.7% of the time. The liver was the only auto-contoured structure that performed better than the manual equivalent. Poor performance by the auto contouring tool was noted for structures surrounded by low contrast edges, such as the breasts, oesophagus, and brainstem, in both quantitative and qualitative assessment techniques. Brain auto-contours were deemed not suitable for clinical use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The clinical acceptability of many of the auto-contours favours the implementation of this auto-contouring system for clinical use. However, prior to use, all contours should be critically assessed and edited accordingly. Our study results indicate that whilst auto-contouring tools are designed for adult populations, they are suitable for use on paediatric patients when used with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144528333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangdon Lee, Frances Gray, Yobelli Jimenez, Susan Said, Cameron Moore
{"title":"Positional Challenges of the Anteroposterior Pelvic X-Ray: Comparison of Imaging Reject Rates Between Trauma Trolley and Table Bucky.","authors":"Sangdon Lee, Frances Gray, Yobelli Jimenez, Susan Said, Cameron Moore","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pelvic x-rays can be conducted on a trauma trolley or conventional table bucky. The aim of this study was to compare the positional challenges and reject rate between pelvic x-ray images taken on a trauma trolley and a table bucky during a 12-month period in an Australian public metropolitan hospital's emergency department and to determine the accuracy rate of anatomical inclusion via a qualitative assessment of pelvic x-rays using a modified Visual Grading Scale (VGS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective clinical audit of pelvic x-ray image reject rates over a 12-month period was conducted for an emergency department at an Australian hospital. Reject rate and anatomical cut-off were compared between images taken on a trauma trolley and a table bucky using independent samples t-test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1847 patients who underwent pelvic x-ray examinations were included in the study. The mean reject rate and the first exposure accuracy of pelvis x-rays taken on a trauma trolley were 35.5% and 56.7% respectively, while the mean reject rate and the first exposure accuracy for images taken on a table bucky were 18.8% and 81.8%, respectively (p < 0.01). The superior and lateral anatomy cut-off were the major causes of image rejection for both techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pelvic x-rays taken on a trauma trolley had a significantly higher reject rate and lower first exposure accuracy compared with those taken on an x-ray table. Future studies could involve implementing strategies to reduce the reject rate of pelvic x-rays taken on trauma trolleys.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144528334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chamitha Weerasinghe, Patrick Estoesta, Ashley Cullen, Elizabeth Claridge Mackonis
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Printing in Breast Radiation Therapy: A Scoping Review of the Literature.","authors":"Chamitha Weerasinghe, Patrick Estoesta, Ashley Cullen, Elizabeth Claridge Mackonis","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tissue equivalent bolus is used to increase dose to skin and superficial tissue in adjuvant breast or chest wall radiation therapy. Three-dimensional (3D) printed bolus offers a customised conformal device and potential for improved anatomic conformity and dose distribution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was defined as per PRISMA guidelines for scoping review. Inclusion criteria were determined using PICO guidelines. The parameters of interest, including year, journal, study type, intervention details, clinical sample size and pre-clinical case numbers, were extracted from each article. The reported outcomes, such as dosimetry, anatomic conformity, dose to organs at risk and toxicity data were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen publications were reviewed, six studies were pre-clinical and seven were clinical. Ten were performed in the post-mastectomy setting and utilised polylactic acid (PLA) bolus. Overall, most studies reported marginal improvement in dosimetry, anatomic conformity, organ at risk dosimetry and toxicity with 3D printed bolus. However, sample sizes utilised were small and study design was variable with unusual choices of comparator arm and introduction of other variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Three-dimensional printed bolus is an emerging technology in radiation oncology. Most available data in the setting of breast radiation therapy is positive, though interpretation of results is difficult given the small sample sizes and variable study design. Further investigations in larger cohorts in a clinical setting is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Barnes, Michelle Kostidis, Julie Nguyen, Molly O'Donohue
{"title":"Local Diagnostic Reference Levels in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis.","authors":"Peter Barnes, Michelle Kostidis, Julie Nguyen, Molly O'Donohue","doi":"10.1002/jmrs.892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) are a guideline to indicate whether the radiation administered during medical procedures performed under routine conditions is unusually low or high. Currently, there are no national DRLs in Australia for Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Mammography (DBT). Given the radiosensitivity of breast tissue, establishing DRLs for DBT is of great importance. This research aims to develop Local Diagnostic Reference Levels (LDRLs) for DBT that can be used as a guide for monitoring radiation delivery levels, and a Quality Assurance tool to assist in monitoring the performance of the mammography unit.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Average Glandular Dose (AGD) was collected from patient data through OpenREM software. Other data collected included breast density, compression force, compressed breast thickness (CBT), operative and treatment status. LDRLs were set using the 75th percentile (third quartile AGD values), categorised into four CBT ranges and compared against the median AGD values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LDRLs were similar for both craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. LDRLs for CBT ranges of 13-49 mm, 50-74 mm, 75-99 mm and 100-118 mm were calculated to be 1.5, 2.70, 3.90 and 4.70 mGy, respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation between breast density and AGD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was found that CBT had a larger impact on dose than density. Significant differences were found between the LDRLs for each of the CBTs; therefore, setting a single LDRL for all CBTs may result in missing unacceptably high or low breast doses. LDRLs should be reviewed frequently to ensure the radiation dose patients receive is within optimal levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":16382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}