Electroanalysis最新文献

{"title":"Cell-Based Electrochemical Biosensors in Food Safety: Cellular Responses, Interface Engineering, and Translational Perspectives","authors":"Xiaowei Huang,&nbsp;Na Dong,&nbsp;Yuqing Qi,&nbsp;Jiyong Shi,&nbsp;Xinai Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaodong Zhai,&nbsp;Roujia Zhang,&nbsp;Liuzi Du,&nbsp;Zhou Qin,&nbsp;Yuhong Xue,&nbsp;Youmin Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaobo Zou,&nbsp;Zhihua Li","doi":"10.1002/elan.70227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70227","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cell-based electrochemical biosensors (CBEBs) employ viable cells as recognition, response, or signal-amplification elements and convert cell-derived physiological or biochemical changes into electrochemical outputs. By integrating cellular responses such as metabolic remodeling, ion-channel modulation, oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and apoptosis, CBEBs provide functional biological information that complements conventional assays based on isolated enzymes, antibodies, or aptamers. This capability is particularly relevant to food-safety screening, where complex matrices and contaminant mixtures may induce combined biological effects that are difficult to assess through single-analyte detection alone. This review examines the design and application of CBEBs, with emphasis on the relationships among cellular responses, electrochemical transduction, and cell–electrode biointerfaces, and how food-matrix conditions jointly determine analytical performance. Amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric strategies are compared in terms of measurable biological endpoints, matrix sensitivity, and signal interpretability. Mammalian, microbial, immune, stem-cell-derived, and engineered cell models are discussed in relation to food-safety sensing requirements, together with interface-engineering approaches based on nanomaterials, conductive polymers, hydrogels, 3D scaffolds, and microfluidic systems. Food-safety studies are prioritized, while selected nonfood examples are considered only where they clarify transferable design principles. Finally, major barriers, including limited cell stability, signal variability, insufficient specificity, matrix interference, and a lack of standardized validation in representative food samples, are critically evaluated. Future progress will require reproducible cell–electrode interfaces, matrix-aware validation, integrated microfluidic control, and data-assisted signal interpretation to support robust and portable platforms for effect-based food-safety screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149014726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell-Based Electrochemical Biosensors in Food Safety: Cellular Responses, Interface Engineering, and Translational Perspectives","authors":"Xiaowei Huang,&nbsp;Na Dong,&nbsp;Yuqing Qi,&nbsp;Jiyong Shi,&nbsp;Xinai Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaodong Zhai,&nbsp;Roujia Zhang,&nbsp;Liuzi Du,&nbsp;Zhou Qin,&nbsp;Yuhong Xue,&nbsp;Youmin Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaobo Zou,&nbsp;Zhihua Li","doi":"10.1002/elan.70227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70227","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cell-based electrochemical biosensors (CBEBs) employ viable cells as recognition, response, or signal-amplification elements and convert cell-derived physiological or biochemical changes into electrochemical outputs. By integrating cellular responses such as metabolic remodeling, ion-channel modulation, oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and apoptosis, CBEBs provide functional biological information that complements conventional assays based on isolated enzymes, antibodies, or aptamers. This capability is particularly relevant to food-safety screening, where complex matrices and contaminant mixtures may induce combined biological effects that are difficult to assess through single-analyte detection alone. This review examines the design and application of CBEBs, with emphasis on the relationships among cellular responses, electrochemical transduction, and cell–electrode biointerfaces, and how food-matrix conditions jointly determine analytical performance. Amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric strategies are compared in terms of measurable biological endpoints, matrix sensitivity, and signal interpretability. Mammalian, microbial, immune, stem-cell-derived, and engineered cell models are discussed in relation to food-safety sensing requirements, together with interface-engineering approaches based on nanomaterials, conductive polymers, hydrogels, 3D scaffolds, and microfluidic systems. Food-safety studies are prioritized, while selected nonfood examples are considered only where they clarify transferable design principles. Finally, major barriers, including limited cell stability, signal variability, insufficient specificity, matrix interference, and a lack of standardized validation in representative food samples, are critically evaluated. Future progress will require reproducible cell–electrode interfaces, matrix-aware validation, integrated microfluidic control, and data-assisted signal interpretation to support robust and portable platforms for effect-based food-safety screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149014717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Electrochemical Sensitivity of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode by Cathodic Pretreatment in Deep Eutectic Solvent","authors":"Paulo Cardoso Gomes-Junior,&nbsp;José Inácio Lopo da Silva,&nbsp;Karen Kenlderi de Lima Augusto,&nbsp;Rodrigo Della Noce","doi":"10.1002/elan.70222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cathodic pretreatment of boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDE) was performed for the first time in deep eutectic solvent (DES), and its impact on surface chemistry and electrochemical behaviour was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed enhanced charge–transfer kinetics after DES-assisted pretreatment, with reduced peak-to-peak separation and lower charge–transfer resistance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of DES-related functional groups onto the BDDE surface, indicating effective surface functionalisation. The optimised electrode, obtained with 75% DES, exhibited improved electrocatalytic activity toward hydroquinone oxidation, achieving a catalytic rate constant of 3.7 × 10⁷ L mol^–1 s^–1. In a practical applicability using the DES_(75%)−BDDE, a calibration plot for the detection of hydroquinone was constructed, yielding limits of detection of 1.4 and 1.5 µM in ultrapure and river water, respectively. Excellent performance was verified for repeatability, anti-interference features, and for determining H₂Q in pharmaceutical and environmental samples, confirming the reliability of the method for analysis in real samples. These results show that DES-assisted pretreatment is an effective and sustainable strategy for enhancing BDDE electrochemical sensitivity. These results show that DES-assisted pretreatment is an effective and sustainable strategy for enhancing BDDE electrochemical sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149047878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Electrochemical Sensitivity of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode by Cathodic Pretreatment in Deep Eutectic Solvent","authors":"Paulo Cardoso Gomes-Junior,&nbsp;José Inácio Lopo da Silva,&nbsp;Karen Kenlderi de Lima Augusto,&nbsp;Rodrigo Della Noce","doi":"10.1002/elan.70222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cathodic pretreatment of boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDE) was performed for the first time in deep eutectic solvent (DES), and its impact on surface chemistry and electrochemical behaviour was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed enhanced charge–transfer kinetics after DES-assisted pretreatment, with reduced peak-to-peak separation and lower charge–transfer resistance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of DES-related functional groups onto the BDDE surface, indicating effective surface functionalisation. The optimised electrode, obtained with 75% DES, exhibited improved electrocatalytic activity toward hydroquinone oxidation, achieving a catalytic rate constant of 3.7 × 10⁷ L mol^–1 s^–1. In a practical applicability using the DES_(75%)−BDDE, a calibration plot for the detection of hydroquinone was constructed, yielding limits of detection of 1.4 and 1.5 µM in ultrapure and river water, respectively. Excellent performance was verified for repeatability, anti-interference features, and for determining H₂Q in pharmaceutical and environmental samples, confirming the reliability of the method for analysis in real samples. These results show that DES-assisted pretreatment is an effective and sustainable strategy for enhancing BDDE electrochemical sensitivity. These results show that DES-assisted pretreatment is an effective and sustainable strategy for enhancing BDDE electrochemical sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149047816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion Detection: Principles, Advances, and Challenges","authors":"Paulo Alves Xavier da Silva,&nbsp;Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira","doi":"10.1002/elan.70223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The continuous discharge of heavy metal ions resulting from intense industrial activity into the environment poses risks to all life on Earth (high toxicity and bioaccumulation). As a consequence, it is critical to develop analytical methods and sensors capable of detecting traces of heavy metals in a fast, accurate, and reliable manner. The requisites of low cost and simple instrumentation make electrochemical sensors promising alternatives, offering advantages such as high sensitivity/selectivity, as well as in situ and real-time monitoring through the mapping of redox processes that are combined to achieve lower detection limits (LODs) by exploring electrode modification-based strategies with nanomaterials that enhance selectivity through the use of biosensors and biopolymers by the incorporation of specific groups by functionalization in portable devices. This review discusses the main challenges in electrochemical techniques and the optimization of sensing elements, including matrix interferences, stability, reproducibility, sensor regeneration for multiple uses, and analytical standardization, for the detection of heavy metal ions in real liquid samples, instead of standard and pH-controlled electrolytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tetraphenylthiophene Derivatives With Strong Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence for Sensitive Detection of O,O-Dimethyl-O-2,2-dichlorovinylphosphate","authors":"Yanxia Zhang,&nbsp;Han Gao,&nbsp;Mingxiu Tian,&nbsp;Zhengang Han","doi":"10.1002/elan.70224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70224","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Luminescence research is of great importance in electrochemiluminescence (ECL), particularly for organic luminophores with strong ECL signals. This study systematically investigated the ECL behaviors of tetraphenylthiophene (TPT) and its derivatives, which feature excellent electrical conductivity and high electron mobility. Notably, TPT-NH₂ exhibited a robust ECL signal of approximately 17 000 a.u. with K₂S₂O₈ as the co-reactant. This represents the first report of aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence properties for this compound. Taking advantage of the strong oxidizing ability of K₂S₂O₈, we constructed an ECL system using K₂S₂O₈ as the “switch” and TPT-NH₂ as the “lamp bulb”. This design enabled ultrasensitive detection of DDVP with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.74 nM.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Phenylethylamine in Dark Chocolate via a Carbon Nanofibers–Dysprosium Oxide Nanocomposite","authors":"Şehriban Düzmen,&nbsp;Saliha Canbeg,&nbsp;Mehmet Aslanoglu","doi":"10.1002/elan.70221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70221","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A sensitive voltammetric sensor was developed to selectively determine phenylethylamine (PEA), a naturally occurring biogenic amine, in dark chocolate and biological fluids. The sensor was fabricated by modifiying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) nanoparticles. The Dy₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation using ammonia, followed by calcination at 500 °C for 6 h. PEA showed a reversible electrochemical response, with oxidation and reduction peaks at 0.099 and 0.071 V, respectively, and a peak-to-peak separation of 28 mV. The GCE/CNFs@Dy₂O₃ electrode had a higher electroactive surface area (0.366 cm²) than bare GCE (0.054 cm²) and GCE/CNFs (0.197 cm²). It also showed a lower charge-transfer resistance of 123 Ω, compared with 800 and 450 Ω for the two respective electrodes. Under optimized conditions, the sensor showed a linear response to PEA over the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁸–1.8 × 10⁻⁵ M, with a detection limit of 1.4 × 10⁻⁹ M. PEA concentrations measured in three commercial dark chocolate samples were 66.7 ± 1.3, 69.5 ± 1.4, and 58.3 ± 1.3 µg g⁻¹. The sensor also showed good repeatability and reproducibility, with satisfactory recovery results, indicating that it can be used for the determination of PEA in food and biological samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Phenylethylamine in Dark Chocolate via a Carbon Nanofibers–Dysprosium Oxide Nanocomposite","authors":"Şehriban Düzmen,&nbsp;Saliha Canbeg,&nbsp;Mehmet Aslanoglu","doi":"10.1002/elan.70221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70221","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A sensitive voltammetric sensor was developed to selectively determine phenylethylamine (PEA), a naturally occurring biogenic amine, in dark chocolate and biological fluids. The sensor was fabricated by modifiying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) nanoparticles. The Dy₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation using ammonia, followed by calcination at 500 °C for 6 h. PEA showed a reversible electrochemical response, with oxidation and reduction peaks at 0.099 and 0.071 V, respectively, and a peak-to-peak separation of 28 mV. The GCE/CNFs@Dy₂O₃ electrode had a higher electroactive surface area (0.366 cm²) than bare GCE (0.054 cm²) and GCE/CNFs (0.197 cm²). It also showed a lower charge-transfer resistance of 123 Ω, compared with 800 and 450 Ω for the two respective electrodes. Under optimized conditions, the sensor showed a linear response to PEA over the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁸–1.8 × 10⁻⁵ M, with a detection limit of 1.4 × 10⁻⁹ M. PEA concentrations measured in three commercial dark chocolate samples were 66.7 ± 1.3, 69.5 ± 1.4, and 58.3 ± 1.3 µg g⁻¹. The sensor also showed good repeatability and reproducibility, with satisfactory recovery results, indicating that it can be used for the determination of PEA in food and biological samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion Detection: Principles, Advances, and Challenges","authors":"Paulo Alves Xavier da Silva,&nbsp;Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira","doi":"10.1002/elan.70223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The continuous discharge of heavy metal ions resulting from intense industrial activity into the environment poses risks to all life on Earth (high toxicity and bioaccumulation). As a consequence, it is critical to develop analytical methods and sensors capable of detecting traces of heavy metals in a fast, accurate, and reliable manner. The requisites of low cost and simple instrumentation make electrochemical sensors promising alternatives, offering advantages such as high sensitivity/selectivity, as well as in situ and real-time monitoring through the mapping of redox processes that are combined to achieve lower detection limits (LODs) by exploring electrode modification-based strategies with nanomaterials that enhance selectivity through the use of biosensors and biopolymers by the incorporation of specific groups by functionalization in portable devices. This review discusses the main challenges in electrochemical techniques and the optimization of sensing elements, including matrix interferences, stability, reproducibility, sensor regeneration for multiple uses, and analytical standardization, for the detection of heavy metal ions in real liquid samples, instead of standard and pH-controlled electrolytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tetraphenylthiophene Derivatives With Strong Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence for Sensitive Detection of O,O-Dimethyl-O-2,2-dichlorovinylphosphate","authors":"Yanxia Zhang,&nbsp;Han Gao,&nbsp;Mingxiu Tian,&nbsp;Zhengang Han","doi":"10.1002/elan.70224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70224","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Luminescence research is of great importance in electrochemiluminescence (ECL), particularly for organic luminophores with strong ECL signals. This study systematically investigated the ECL behaviors of tetraphenylthiophene (TPT) and its derivatives, which feature excellent electrical conductivity and high electron mobility. Notably, TPT-NH₂ exhibited a robust ECL signal of approximately 17 000 a.u. with K₂S₂O₈ as the co-reactant. This represents the first report of aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence properties for this compound. Taking advantage of the strong oxidizing ability of K₂S₂O₈, we constructed an ECL system using K₂S₂O₈ as the “switch” and TPT-NH₂ as the “lamp bulb”. This design enabled ultrasensitive detection of DDVP with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.74 nM.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}