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Simple Automation and Volume Reduction of Voltammetric Measurements for Marine Trace Metal Speciation 海洋痕量金属形态的简单自动化和体积缩小伏安测量
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70060
Nico Fröhberg, Adrienne Hollister, Andrea Koschinsky
{"title":"Simple Automation and Volume Reduction of Voltammetric Measurements for Marine Trace Metal Speciation","authors":"Nico Fröhberg,&nbsp;Adrienne Hollister,&nbsp;Andrea Koschinsky","doi":"10.1002/elan.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work presents a novel automated voltammetric system that achieves a significant reduction in required sample volume while maintaining measurement quality for trace metal analysis in marine environments. Through modifications to a commercial voltammetric system, including a custom-designed measurement cell and miniaturized reference electrode, the system enables measurements with volumes as low as 1 mL, representing a 90% reduction compared to conventional setups. When integrated with automated sample handling, the system requires 3 mL for concentration measurements and 28.5 mL for complete organic complexation studies—a 70% and 78% reduction, respectively, from traditional methods. The system's performance was validated through copper measurements across diverse sample matrices, including certified reference materials, achieving an average deviation of 8.2% from certified values. Comparative measurements of copper-binding organic ligands in seawater samples demonstrated analytical quality comparable to manual measurements. The automation capabilities reduce analyst labor by up to 89% for concentration measurements and 87% for complexation studies. The system's modular design allows for easy component replacement and adaptation to different measurement procedures. This development particularly enables the investigation of trace metal speciation in sample-limited environments, such as marine porewaters, where traditional voltammetric methods have been constrained by volume requirements. Initial measurements of copper complexation in marine porewaters demonstrate the system's potential for expanding our understanding of sedimentary trace metal cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Simple Automation and Volume Reduction of Voltammetric Measurements for Marine Trace Metal Speciation 海洋痕量金属形态的简单自动化和体积缩小伏安测量
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70060
Nico Fröhberg, Adrienne Hollister, Andrea Koschinsky
{"title":"Simple Automation and Volume Reduction of Voltammetric Measurements for Marine Trace Metal Speciation","authors":"Nico Fröhberg,&nbsp;Adrienne Hollister,&nbsp;Andrea Koschinsky","doi":"10.1002/elan.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work presents a novel automated voltammetric system that achieves a significant reduction in required sample volume while maintaining measurement quality for trace metal analysis in marine environments. Through modifications to a commercial voltammetric system, including a custom-designed measurement cell and miniaturized reference electrode, the system enables measurements with volumes as low as 1 mL, representing a 90% reduction compared to conventional setups. When integrated with automated sample handling, the system requires 3 mL for concentration measurements and 28.5 mL for complete organic complexation studies—a 70% and 78% reduction, respectively, from traditional methods. The system's performance was validated through copper measurements across diverse sample matrices, including certified reference materials, achieving an average deviation of 8.2% from certified values. Comparative measurements of copper-binding organic ligands in seawater samples demonstrated analytical quality comparable to manual measurements. The automation capabilities reduce analyst labor by up to 89% for concentration measurements and 87% for complexation studies. The system's modular design allows for easy component replacement and adaptation to different measurement procedures. This development particularly enables the investigation of trace metal speciation in sample-limited environments, such as marine porewaters, where traditional voltammetric methods have been constrained by volume requirements. Initial measurements of copper complexation in marine porewaters demonstrate the system's potential for expanding our understanding of sedimentary trace metal cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Tellurium Using Bare Indium Tin Oxide Working Electrode 裸氧化铟锡工作电极溶出伏安法测定碲
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70058
Devin Macklin-Jackson, James Bailey, Ngoctran Tran, Jennifer Tran, Sarah Rasul, Kolade Ojo
{"title":"Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Tellurium Using Bare Indium Tin Oxide Working Electrode","authors":"Devin Macklin-Jackson,&nbsp;James Bailey,&nbsp;Ngoctran Tran,&nbsp;Jennifer Tran,&nbsp;Sarah Rasul,&nbsp;Kolade Ojo","doi":"10.1002/elan.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past century, human activities have contributed to the widespread rise in tellurium contamination in the environment and water bodies. Certain forms of tellurium are toxic, and exposure to these forms can have adverse health effects. To address this issue, an electrochemical sensor was developed using a bare indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode and square wave stripping voltammetry for the detection and quantification of Te(IV) ions. For Te(IV) detection, a deposition potential of −0.9 V was applied to the working electrode for 180 s. Calibration curves of peak current and peak area versus Te(IV) concentration were constructed in acetate buffer at pH 4.50. The electrochemical sensor achieved a detection limit of 0.5 ppb, comparable to other studies with different working electrodes. Interference studies were conducted to investigate the impact of other metal ions on the quantifiable stripping peak of Te(IV).</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring High-Charge-Density Polyelectrolytes as Membrane Component for Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes 探索高电荷密度聚电解质作为固体接触离子选择电极的膜组分
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70043
Júlia Mestres, Jayaruwan G. Gamaethiralalage, Louis C. P. M. de Smet, Francesca Leonardi
{"title":"Exploring High-Charge-Density Polyelectrolytes as Membrane Component for Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes","authors":"Júlia Mestres,&nbsp;Jayaruwan G. Gamaethiralalage,&nbsp;Louis C. P. M. de Smet,&nbsp;Francesca Leonardi","doi":"10.1002/elan.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polyanions have been introduced as replacements for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (KTpClPB) in the preparation of solid contact potassium-ion selective electrodes (K<sup>+</sup>-ISEs). Partly carboxylated PVC (PVC-COOH) and a fully charged polyanion, sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS), were used, culminating in the fabrication of three-component ion-selective membranes (ISMs). The comparison with a PVC-based ISM showed significantly reduced potential drifts during conditioning (from ∼1.3 to ∼0.2 mV/h) and a constant drift rate. Reduced drift is attributed to the presence of counter-charges in the polymer and the large molecular weight of the polyanions, therefore decreasing the leaching of the components resulting in degradation of the membrane. The ISEs utilizing the hydrophilic and highly charged NaPSS as the polymer matrix exhibit similar water layer formation compared to the PVC-based ISEs, and maintained a sensitivity of 54 ± 1 mV/dec and a selectivity over sodium of −3.1 (log <span></span><math></math>) after 1 week in solution, suggesting an alternative approach to the standard membrane preparation protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring High-Charge-Density Polyelectrolytes as Membrane Component for Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes 探索高电荷密度聚电解质作为固体接触离子选择电极的膜组分
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70043
Júlia Mestres, Jayaruwan G. Gamaethiralalage, Louis C. P. M. de Smet, Francesca Leonardi
{"title":"Exploring High-Charge-Density Polyelectrolytes as Membrane Component for Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes","authors":"Júlia Mestres,&nbsp;Jayaruwan G. Gamaethiralalage,&nbsp;Louis C. P. M. de Smet,&nbsp;Francesca Leonardi","doi":"10.1002/elan.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polyanions have been introduced as replacements for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (KTpClPB) in the preparation of solid contact potassium-ion selective electrodes (K<sup>+</sup>-ISEs). Partly carboxylated PVC (PVC-COOH) and a fully charged polyanion, sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS), were used, culminating in the fabrication of three-component ion-selective membranes (ISMs). The comparison with a PVC-based ISM showed significantly reduced potential drifts during conditioning (from ∼1.3 to ∼0.2 mV/h) and a constant drift rate. Reduced drift is attributed to the presence of counter-charges in the polymer and the large molecular weight of the polyanions, therefore decreasing the leaching of the components resulting in degradation of the membrane. The ISEs utilizing the hydrophilic and highly charged NaPSS as the polymer matrix exhibit similar water layer formation compared to the PVC-based ISEs, and maintained a sensitivity of 54 ± 1 mV/dec and a selectivity over sodium of −3.1 (log <span></span><math></math>) after 1 week in solution, suggesting an alternative approach to the standard membrane preparation protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Tellurium Using Bare Indium Tin Oxide Working Electrode 裸氧化铟锡工作电极溶出伏安法测定碲
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70058
Devin Macklin-Jackson, James Bailey, Ngoctran Tran, Jennifer Tran, Sarah Rasul, Kolade Ojo
{"title":"Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Tellurium Using Bare Indium Tin Oxide Working Electrode","authors":"Devin Macklin-Jackson,&nbsp;James Bailey,&nbsp;Ngoctran Tran,&nbsp;Jennifer Tran,&nbsp;Sarah Rasul,&nbsp;Kolade Ojo","doi":"10.1002/elan.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past century, human activities have contributed to the widespread rise in tellurium contamination in the environment and water bodies. Certain forms of tellurium are toxic, and exposure to these forms can have adverse health effects. To address this issue, an electrochemical sensor was developed using a bare indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode and square wave stripping voltammetry for the detection and quantification of Te(IV) ions. For Te(IV) detection, a deposition potential of −0.9 V was applied to the working electrode for 180 s. Calibration curves of peak current and peak area versus Te(IV) concentration were constructed in acetate buffer at pH 4.50. The electrochemical sensor achieved a detection limit of 0.5 ppb, comparable to other studies with different working electrodes. Interference studies were conducted to investigate the impact of other metal ions on the quantifiable stripping peak of Te(IV).</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Cost-Effective Hydrogel-Based Electrochemical Platform for Uric Acid Detection in Synthetic Urine 一种具有成本效益的基于水凝胶的合成尿液中尿酸检测电化学平台
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70053
Wallace B. V. de Oliveira, Cassiano C. de Souza, Pedro H. S. L. Rocha, Gabriela C. da Silva, Raylla S. Oliveira, Thalles P. Lisboa, Maria Auxiliadora C. Matos, Renato C. Matos
{"title":"A Cost-Effective Hydrogel-Based Electrochemical Platform for Uric Acid Detection in Synthetic Urine","authors":"Wallace B. V. de Oliveira,&nbsp;Cassiano C. de Souza,&nbsp;Pedro H. S. L. Rocha,&nbsp;Gabriela C. da Silva,&nbsp;Raylla S. Oliveira,&nbsp;Thalles P. Lisboa,&nbsp;Maria Auxiliadora C. Matos,&nbsp;Renato C. Matos","doi":"10.1002/elan.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study introduces, for the first time, a novel voltammetric strategy based on integrating a stencil-printed electrode (StPE) with a hydrogel (HG) serving as the electrolytic medium. The electrode was fabricated using a laboratory-made conductive ink composed of graphite (as the conductive material), glass varnish (as the polymeric binder), and an acetate sheet (as the substrate). The HG selected for this study consisted of sodium polyacrylate, a polymer commonly used for plant irrigation and decorative purposes due to its high water-retention capacity. The StPE sensors were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), while the HG was thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Additionally, the kinetic parameters of HG absorption were evaluated by fixing the hydration time at 6 h. As a proof of concept, uric acid (UA), a clinically relevant biomarker, was selected as the model analyte. A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was developed to monitor UA in synthetic urine samples. The sensor exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 2.0–10.0 µmol L<sup>−1</sup>, with excellent detectability (limit of detection = 0.146 µmol L<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>). The method also demonstrated good precision (RSD &lt; 4.4%) and accuracy, with recovery rates ranging from 94% to 105% in spiked samples. The sustainable characteristics of the StPE sensor, combined with its effective performance in the HG medium, highlight the potential of this platform for electrochemical analysis of other clinically, environmentally, and forensically relevant analytes, offering broad opportunities for future innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Cost-Effective Hydrogel-Based Electrochemical Platform for Uric Acid Detection in Synthetic Urine 一种具有成本效益的基于水凝胶的合成尿液中尿酸检测电化学平台
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70053
Wallace B. V. de Oliveira, Cassiano C. de Souza, Pedro H. S. L. Rocha, Gabriela C. da Silva, Raylla S. Oliveira, Thalles P. Lisboa, Maria Auxiliadora C. Matos, Renato C. Matos
{"title":"A Cost-Effective Hydrogel-Based Electrochemical Platform for Uric Acid Detection in Synthetic Urine","authors":"Wallace B. V. de Oliveira,&nbsp;Cassiano C. de Souza,&nbsp;Pedro H. S. L. Rocha,&nbsp;Gabriela C. da Silva,&nbsp;Raylla S. Oliveira,&nbsp;Thalles P. Lisboa,&nbsp;Maria Auxiliadora C. Matos,&nbsp;Renato C. Matos","doi":"10.1002/elan.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study introduces, for the first time, a novel voltammetric strategy based on integrating a stencil-printed electrode (StPE) with a hydrogel (HG) serving as the electrolytic medium. The electrode was fabricated using a laboratory-made conductive ink composed of graphite (as the conductive material), glass varnish (as the polymeric binder), and an acetate sheet (as the substrate). The HG selected for this study consisted of sodium polyacrylate, a polymer commonly used for plant irrigation and decorative purposes due to its high water-retention capacity. The StPE sensors were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), while the HG was thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Additionally, the kinetic parameters of HG absorption were evaluated by fixing the hydration time at 6 h. As a proof of concept, uric acid (UA), a clinically relevant biomarker, was selected as the model analyte. A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was developed to monitor UA in synthetic urine samples. The sensor exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 2.0–10.0 µmol L<sup>−1</sup>, with excellent detectability (limit of detection = 0.146 µmol L<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>). The method also demonstrated good precision (RSD &lt; 4.4%) and accuracy, with recovery rates ranging from 94% to 105% in spiked samples. The sustainable characteristics of the StPE sensor, combined with its effective performance in the HG medium, highlight the potential of this platform for electrochemical analysis of other clinically, environmentally, and forensically relevant analytes, offering broad opportunities for future innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Material Selection of Electrode Substrates in Zinc-Based Batteries 锌基电池电极衬底材料的选择
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70055
Yuying Han, Mingjun Xie
{"title":"Material Selection of Electrode Substrates in Zinc-Based Batteries","authors":"Yuying Han,&nbsp;Mingjun Xie","doi":"10.1002/elan.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study evaluates zinc anode substrate materials for zinc–nickel flow batteries, including stainless steel strip, Cu–Ni–Mn alloy, Monel alloy, and Nickel-plated strip. Monel alloy and Nickel-plated steel strip exhibit higher zinc deposition potential, with the Nickel-plated strip showing a low equilibrium potential (<i>E</i><sub>0</sub> = −1.430 V) and minimal reaction resistance (0.110 Ω), similar to zinc. The Nickel-plated strip also maintains a higher battery capacity after cycling, likely due to the smooth zinc deposition and minimal grain distance, making it the preferred anode substrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lab-Made Graphite and Silver Conductive Inks for the Fabrication of Printed Electrodes 实验室制造的用于印刷电极制造的石墨和银导电油墨
IF 2.3 3区 化学
Electroanalysis Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/elan.70052
Thaís Machado Lima, Helen Rodrigues Martins, Arnaldo César Pereira, Lucas Franco Ferreira
{"title":"Lab-Made Graphite and Silver Conductive Inks for the Fabrication of Printed Electrodes","authors":"Thaís Machado Lima,&nbsp;Helen Rodrigues Martins,&nbsp;Arnaldo César Pereira,&nbsp;Lucas Franco Ferreira","doi":"10.1002/elan.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elan.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents the development of lab-made graphite and silver conductive inks for the fabrication of mask-based printed electrodes. The graphite ink was formulated using glass varnish, graphite powder, acetone, and propylene glycol, whereas the silver ink was composed of silver powder, glass varnish, and acetone. The influence of ink composition, curing temperature, and curing time on the electrical properties of the inks was investigated. The optimized graphite ink containing 6.4% propylene glycol exhibited the best electrochemical performance, with a curing temperature of 40°C for 15 min. Silver ink, used as the pseudo-reference electrode, was cured at 25°C for 5 min. The electrodes were fabricated by printing inks on a polyester substrate, and their electrochemical behavior was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry in a Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub><sup>3−/4−</sup> redox probe. Miniaturization of the electrochemical cell was achieved, reducing the working electrode area from 24.54 to 8.35 mm<sup>2</sup>. The electrodes underwent electrochemical pretreatment in an alkaline medium, resulting in improved electron transfer kinetics and increased peak current. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous and rough electrode surface with an increased electroactive area after pretreatment. The reproducibility and stability of the electrodes were assessed, and they demonstrated satisfactory performance over multiple cycles and different fabrication batches. The cost analysis showed that lab-made electrodes could be produced at a significantly lower cost compared to commercial electrodes. The graphite and silver inks developed provide a cost-effective and reliable solution for the fabrication of electrodes, offering potential applications in electrochemical sensing and analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":162,"journal":{"name":"Electroanalysis","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elan.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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