Journal of Liposome Research最新文献

{"title":"Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles: emerging players in hemostasis and thrombosis.","authors":"Aziz Kubaev, Fadhil Faez Sead, Mohammad Pirouzbakht, Mobina Nazari, Hanieh Riyahi, Omolbanin Sargazi Aval, Alireza Hasanvand, Forough Mousavi, Hamed Soleimani Samarkhazan","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2495261","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2495261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Platelets, long recognized for their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, have emerged as key players in a wide array of physiological and pathological processes through the release of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs). These nanoscale vesicles, rich in bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, facilitate intercellular communication and influence processes ranging from angiogenesis and inflammation to immune modulation and tissue repair. PEVs, the most abundant extracellular vesicles in circulation, display procoagulant activity 50-100 times greater than activated platelets, underscoring their pivotal role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Recent research has unveiled their dual role in health and disease, highlighting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles. PEVs are implicated in cancer progression, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, where they modulate tumor microenvironments, immune responses, and inflammatory pathways. Moreover, their ability to deliver therapeutic agents with high specificity and biocompatibility positions them as promising tools in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and targeted therapies. This review comprehensively explores PEV biogenesis, cargo composition, and their multifaceted roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, as well as their broader implications in disease. It also explores the potential of PEVs as diagnostic markers and innovative therapeutic strategies, offering insights into their application in treating thrombotic disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. Despite significant advancements, challenges remain in standardizing isolation protocols and translating preclinical findings into clinical applications. Unlocking the full potential of PEVs promises to revolutionize diagnostics and therapeutics, paving the way for novel approaches to managing complex diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"334-344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of oral resveratrol-loaded nanoliposomes on hyperlipidemia via toll-like receptor 3 and TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β protein expression in an animal model.","authors":"Nasrin Beheshtkhoo, Mohammad Amin Jadidi Kouhbanani, Seyed Mojtaba Daghighi, Maryam Shakouri Nikjeh, Zahra Esmaeili, Masood Khosravani, Mahdi Adabi","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2476529","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2476529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperlipidemia, a critical risk factor for various health conditions, necessitates innovative therapeutic strategies. Investigating the effectiveness of liposomal formulations in managing hyperlipidemia is essential. Resveratrol (RES)-loaded nanoliposomes present a promising new approach for hyperlipidemia treatment. In this study, we investigated the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of RES-loaded nanoliposomes in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The nanoliposomes were prepared using a thin-film hydration method. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) results, the mean size of prepared RES-loaded nanoliposomes were about 42 nm and 68 nm, respectively, with a zeta potential of -65.6 mV. The entrapment efficiency and loading content were 83.78% and 14.25%, respectively. Additionally, the RES-loaded nanoliposomes exhibited controlled release kinetics compared to the free RES form. Moreover, in a hyperlipidemic rat model induced by an HFD, orally administered RES-loaded nanoliposomes significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), while concurrently increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Additionally, liver damage induced by HFD was alleviated by RES-loaded nanoliposomes. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) were assessed using fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Notably, RES-loaded nanoliposomes significantly reduced the expression of these protein. The effect of RES-loaded nanoliposomes was measured on body weight of HFD rats, demonstrting RES-loaded nanoliposomes hold promise for weight management. These findings underscore the potential of RES-loaded nanoliposomes as a safe and effective therapeutic option for hyperlipidemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"225-251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of sodium hyaluronate coated liposomes: effect of polymer molecular weight, coating concentration, amount of charged lipids and type of hydration medium on the stability.","authors":"Joseph Azumah, Danijela Vasilic, Gro Smistad, Marianne Hiorth","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2456194","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2456194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, liposomes consisting of soybean phosphatidyl choline (SoyPC) and different molar concentrations (10 mol% and 20 mol%) of dioleoyl trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) were prepared by the thin film hydration method and coated with sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) of different MWs (8-15 kDa, 30-50 kDa and 90-130 kDa) and concentrations (0.01-0.2% w/w) using phosphate buffer (PB) or glycerol phosphate buffer (G-PB) as the hydration medium. These NaHA coated liposomes could have a potential in the treatment of dry mouth since glycerol and NaHA are known for their lubricating and hydrating properties. The liposomes composed of SoyPC-DOTAP 20 mol%, and coated with NaHA MW 90-130 kDa, 0.05% w/w were found to be most stable during storage. The liposomes with 20 mol% DOTAP coated with NaHA MW 30-50 kDa, 0.05% w/w showed promising results as these stayed stable for at least two weeks. However, the liposomes coated with NaHA MW 8-15 kDa were generally unstable irrespective of the combinations of the investigated parameters. When the stable liposomes were introduced into artificial saliva (AS), aggregation rapidly occurred. Sodium alginate (NaAlg) coated liposomes that were prepared for comparison were found to be stable in AS. The study has demonstrated the influence of the amount of charged lipid which must be high, the polymer MW which must lay in the area 30 kDa-130 kDa and coating concentration which should be intermediate 0.05% w/w in preparing stable NaHA coated liposomes. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the instability exhibited by the NaHA coated liposomes in AS.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"159-172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143039609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-ligand functionalized liposomes with iRGD/trastuzumab co-loaded with gefitinib and lycorine for enhanced metastatic breast cancer therapy.","authors":"Dilip Kumar Arya, Prashant Pandey, Anit Kumar, Kumarappan Chidambaram, Adel Al Fatease, Giriraj Pandey, Saurabh Srivastava, P S Rajinikanth","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2457453","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2457453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Personalized treatment strategies have greatly improved the efficacy of anticancer drugs. Nanocarriers, especially liposomes, function as excellent platform for the delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. iRGD is a peptide composed of 9-amino acid denoted as (iRGDP), enhances selective and intratumoral delivery of anticancer drugs. Trastuzumab (TMAB), mainly targets HER2-positive advanced stage breast cancer is an FDA-approved monoclonal antibody. Gefitinib (GEB) is an anticancer drug, effective against metastatic breast cancer (MBC), while Lycorine hydrochloride (LCOH), a naturally derived compound, possess both anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. This research is mainly emphasizing on the preparation of GEB and LCOH-entrapped TPGS-COOH coated-liposomes, camouflaged with an antibody (TMAB) and cyclic peptide (iRGDP) for targeted delivery in MBC therapy. The developed multifunctional liposomes were studied for extensive <i>in vitro</i> cell line studies on MCF-7 cells. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC-50) values of GEB and LCOH co-loaded single functionalized liposome (SFL) (iRGDP-LiP, and TMAB-LiP) and dual-functionalized liposome (DFL) (iRGDP-TMAB-LiP) on MCF-7 cells were 1.04 ± 0.023 μg/mL, 0.71 ± 0.018 μg/mL, and 0.56 ± 0.028 μg/mL, respectively. Inverted confocal laser scanning microscopy (ICLSM) revealed enhanced cellular internalization in SFL and DFL-treated groups tagged with coumarin-6 and rhodamine-B dye as compared to conventional liposome. The scratch assay revealed a marked reduction in cell migration, while DAPI staining confirmed enhanced nuclear condensation (NC) and nuclear fragmentation (NF) in SFL and DFL-treated groups. Moreover, flow cytometry demonstrated enhanced early and late apoptosis in SFL and DFL groups. These findings indicate that GEB and LCOH co-loaded multifunctional liposome holds promise as a multifaceted therapeutic approach for MBC therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"173-187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidics-based stable production of monodisperse giant unilamellar vesicles by oil-phase removal from double emulsion.","authors":"Tomoki Yamada, Hiroaki Suzuki","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2420337","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2420337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Giant liposomes, or giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), have been utilized as cell-size bioreactors to replicate the physical and chemical properties of biological cells. However, conventional methods for preparing GUVs typically lack precise control over their size. Several research groups have recently developed microfluidic techniques to create monodisperse GUVs by generating water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) droplets with a thin oil layer that subsequently transform into GUVs. However, the formation of a thin oil shell requires the intricate control of the flow rate, which can be both challenging and unstable. In this study, we investigated the design of a two-step flow-focusing microfluidic channel to produce stable W/O/W droplets. These droplets underwent substantial oil layer reduction through spontaneous removal by fluidic shear forces. Consequently, the majority of the oil layer in the W/O/W droplets was reduced, improving uniformity of GUVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"218-224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142522125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of niosomes for the delivery of a lipophilic model drug: comparative stability study with liposomes against phospholipase-A₂.","authors":"Nazanin Kianinejad, Reza Razeghifard, Hossein H Omidian, Yadollah Omidi, Young M Kwon","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2410748","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2410748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vesicular nanocarriers like niosomes and liposomes are widely researched for controlled drug delivery systems, with niosomes emerging as promising alternatives due to their higher stability and ease of manufacturing. This study aimed to develop and characterize a niosomal formulation for the encapsulation and sustained release of temozolomide (TMZ), a model lipophilic drug, and to compare the stability of niosomes and liposomes, with a particular focus on the behavior of their lipid bilayers. Niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method, composed of Span 60 (Sorbitan monostearate), cholesterol, and soy lecithin in varying molar ratios. The study investigated critical properties such as drug loading capacity, release kinetics, and resistance to enzymatic degradation. The optimized formulation was analyzed for drug entrapment efficiency and stability against phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) degradation. The optimized niosomal formulation, with a 4:2:1 molar ratio of Span 60: cholesterol, achieved a high TMZ entrapment efficiency of 73.23 ± 1.02% and demonstrated sustained drug release over 24 hours. In comparison, liposomes released their TMZ payload within 4 hours upon exposure to PLA₂, while the niosomes maintained their release profile, indicating superior stability. Spectroscopic and thermal analysis confirmed successful drug encapsulation with no component incompatibilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"105-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and <i>in vitro</i> characterization of new carnosine-loaded liposomal formulations.","authors":"Stefano Russo, Anna Privitera, Giuliana Greco, Lucia Di Pietro, Vincenzo Cardaci, Giuseppe Carota, Maria Grazia Sarpietro, Giuseppe Caruso","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2415664","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2024.2415664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide characterized by a multimodal mechanism of action. However, its clinical potential is limited by serum and cytosolic carnosinases, which significantly reduce its bioavailability. Based on that, different research groups have worked on the development of new strategies able not only to prevent its rapid metabolization but also to improve its distribution and specific targeting. In the present study, the development and <i>in vitro</i> characterization of new liposomal formulations loaded with carnosine are described. Nanoliposomes, produced through Thin-Layer Hydration followed by Extrusion method, were first investigated for their physicochemical stability. Photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic light scattering, assessing the stability of the formulations, showed a strong homogeneity-oriented tendency for up to two months. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were determined through dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering, demonstrating an almost neutral charge of the formulation and an effective encapsulation of carnosine. The morphology assessment performed via scanning electron microscopy showed good conformity and polydispersity. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggest the ability of carnosine to stabilize the large unilamellar vesicles. Lastly, the newly developed carnosine-loaded liposomal formulations also showed a good safety profile in human microglia.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"117-124"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142467665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The future of lactoferrin: A closer look at LipoDuo technology.","authors":"K N Prasad, Chaithra C, Yalpi Karthik, G V Girish, Sandhya A","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2451235","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2451235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional glycoprotein known for its roles in immune modulation, iron metabolism, and antimicrobial activity, has limited therapeutic efficacy due to poor bioavailability. Liposomal encapsulation of lactoferrin (LLf) offers a potential solution by improving its stability, absorption, and sustained release, making it a promising candidate for various clinical applications. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of LLf and plain Lf in cellular uptake, proliferation, and wound healing using HEK-293T and Caco-2 cell lines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cell uptake, proliferation, and wound healing assays were conducted using HEK-293T and Caco-2 cells to evaluate the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of LLf compared to plain Lf. The cellular uptake was assessed over a 24-h period using an indirect ELISA method. Cell proliferation was measured using the MTT assay, while wound healing was evaluated using a scratch assay to observe cell migration over 48 h.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LLf demonstrated significantly higher cellular uptake in both HEK-293T and Caco-2 cells, with peak internalization at 4 h, compared to plain Lf. In proliferation studies, LLf showed a dose-dependent increase in cell growth, achieving a 71% proliferation rate at 75 µg/mL, while plain Lf reached only 53%. LLf also accelerated wound healing, with nearly complete closure by 48 h, compared to 51.3% closure with plain Lf.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results indicate that liposomal encapsulation significantly enhances lactoferrin's bioavailability, proliferation-inducing capacity, and wound healing efficacy. LLf's superior performance in these key areas suggests its potential for broader therapeutic applications, particularly in wound care, immune modulation, and tissue regeneration. Future clinical studies are warranted to validate the therapeutic benefits of LLf <i>in vivo</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"153-158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computed tomographic mesenteric lymphography by oral iohexol liposomes.","authors":"Huai-de Jiang, Wen-Qing Guo, Xiao-Zhu Chen, Ling-Xu Li, Wei-Ye Tan, Wei-Ling Qi, Yi-Wen Guo, Yun Liao, Jun-Cai Xu, Da-Wei Yao","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2473327","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2473327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymphography is a useful technique in the diagnosis of lymphatic diseases. Conventional lymph node imaging methods, such as subcutaneous and footpad injections, are invasive and unable to visualize mesenteric lymph nodes. Liposomes have the potential to increase the oral bioavailability of poorly bioavailable hydrophilic drugs and promote their lymphatic transport in the intestinal lymph. In this study, the iohexol liposome was prepared using cholesterol, soybean lecithin, and iohexol by the reverse-phase evaporation method. It had an encapsulation efficiency of 70.26%, an average particle size diameter of 185.7 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.275, and a zeta potential of -7.697 mV. The iohexol liposomes were stable for five days at 4 °C under static conditions. The iohexol content in the lymph nodes of mice after oral iohexol liposomes initially increased and then gradually decreased over time, with the absorption peak occurring around 50-70 minutes and a peak iohexol content of 5.09 mg/g. After oral administration of iohexol liposomes, mild enhancement (12.46-12.92 HU) was observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs through CT scanning after a certain period. These results indicate that iohexol liposomes, when administered orally, can effectively achieve imaging of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Overall, we provide a novel noninvasive imaging modality based on liposomes for evaluating mesenteric lymph nodes via lymphography.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"206-211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposomal formulation of a vitamin C derivative: a promising strategy to increase skin permeability.","authors":"Alejandro Llamedo, Pablo Rodríguez, Carolina de Passos, Sandra Freitas-Rodriguez, Ana M Coto, Raquel G Soengas, Rebeca Alonso-Bartolomé","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2466449","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08982104.2025.2466449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes the development of a novel liposomal formulation incorporating 3-<i>O</i>-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid (EAA), a derivative of vitamin C. The EAA-loaded liposomes were fully characterized, particle size and zeta potential values suitable for drug delivery. The skin penetration studies revealed that liposomal formulation enhanced EAA retention in the skin compared to free EAA. Additionally, the impact of topical treatments with liposomal EAA on photo-aging markers in skin explants was investigated. EAA charged liposomes display a protective or stimulatory effect on cellular metabolism. Finally, liposomal EAA have a significant effect on the inflamatory markers, reducing the extracellular matrix degradation associated with UV-induced damage of skin. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of liposomal formulations for the development of advanced cosmetic products.</p>","PeriodicalId":16286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liposome Research","volume":" ","pages":"197-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}