Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Moderate-Intensity Statin and Ezetimibe Combination Therapy Versus High-Intensity Statin Monotherapy in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Farah Yasmin, Abdul Moeed, Muhammad Umar, Farwa Zaidi, Maryam Sarwar Khan, M Chadi Alraies","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.145","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Statins represent the first-line therapy for cholesterol management. However, for patients prone to statin side effects, unable to tolerate higher doses, or requiring additional low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction, ezetimibe alone or in combination with statins is recommended. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining low- or moderate-intensity statins with ezetimibe compared to high-intensity statin monotherapy, yielding reliable evidence to guide clinical decision-making and personalize treatment strategies. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were systematically searched from inception until May 2023. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a high-intensity statin with a low/moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe were included. The outcomes of interest comprised changes in concentrations of lipids-LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TGs)-and apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, Apo B, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), along with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). All data were analyzed using Review Manager version 5.4. <i>p</i>-values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Overall, 20 RCTs, with 5,412 participants, were included. A low/moderate-intensity statin combined with ezetimibe yielded a significantly greater reduction in LDL-C levels than high-intensity statin monotherapy (mean difference [MD], -6.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], -10.95, -2.24; <i>p</i>=0.003; I²=84%). No significant differences were observed between combination and high-intensity statin monotherapy regarding TC, TG, or HDL-C levels. However, hs-CRP levels were significantly higher with combination therapy (MD, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.01, 0.64; <i>p</i>=0.04; I²=0%). Combination therapy involving a low/moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe was significantly associated with lower LDL-C levels than high-intensity statin monotherapy. No significant differences were observed for TC, TGs, HDL-C, alanine transaminase, or MACE. However, creatine phosphokinase levels significantly increased with monotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"145-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatty Acids in Childhood Obesity: A Link Between Nutrition, Metabolic Alterations and Cardiovascular Risk.","authors":"Belen Davico, Maximiliano Martin, Anabel Impa Condori, Ezequiel Lozano Chiappe, Laura Gaete, Walter F Tetzlaff, Amanda Yanez, Viviana Osta, María S Sáez, Augusto Bava, María F Godoy, Patricia Palenque, María G Ballerini, Liliana Trifone, Leonardo Gómez Rosso, María S Feliu, Fernando Brites","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.200","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Childhood obesity, affected by dietary choices, increases cardiovascular risk. Obesity is associated with inflammation and altered glucose, iron and lipid metabolism. This study explores connections between dietary habits, plasma fatty acid profile, cardiovascular risk factors and childhood obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a case-control study including 20 children and adolescents with obesity and 20 controls. Anthropometric parameters and food frequency questionnaires were registered. Glucose metabolism, iron parameters, lipid profile, fatty acids profile, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂), cholesteryl ester transfer protein and paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activities were evaluated. Correlation, regression and mediation analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The group with obesity consumed more bakery products and less cereals, and presented higher myristic, palmitoleic, margaric and gamma-linolenic acids, along with lower linoleic, arachidic, gadoleic, eicosatrienoic and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids (<i>p</i><0.05). They also exhibited altered glucose metabolism, a more atherogenic lipid profile, higher Lp-PLA₂ and lower PON 1 activities (<i>p</i><0.05). Consumption of several food groups correlated with metabolic alterations. Different correlations between pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and obesity-related fatty acids, and cardiometabolic biomarkers were found, including: myristic acid with Lp-PLA₂ (<i>r</i>=0.32, <i>p</i><0.05), EPA acid with hs-CRP (<i>r</i>=-0.36, <i>p</i><0.05) and gadoleic acid with PON1 (<i>r</i>=0.39, <i>p</i><0.05). Mediation analyses revealed fatty acids and cardiometabolic markers as mediators of the association between dietary habits and obesity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Children and adolescents with obesity presented disrupted glucose and lipid metabolism, vascular inflammation, attenuated antioxidant function and altered fatty acid composition. Direct and indirect associations between dietary habits, fatty acids, cardiometabolic markers and the presence of obesity were found.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"200-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Risk in Asian Populations: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Jung A Kim, Nam Hoon Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.174","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a genetically determined lipoprotein particle that plays a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), ischemic stroke, and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Structurally similar to low-density lipoprotein, Lp(a) contains apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], which imparts unique atherogenic properties. Although Lp(a) levels vary significantly by ethnicity, East Asians generally have lower median concentrations, attributed to a higher frequency of large apo(a) isoforms and fewer high-risk <i>LPA</i> gene variants. However, even modest elevations in Lp(a) are associated with increased ASCVD risk in Asians, especially among high-risk populations. Observational studies from Asian populations have shown that elevated Lp(a) levels are linked to coronary artery calcification, myocardial infarction, stroke, and recurrent cardiovascular events. Novel therapeutic agents, including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, inclisiran, and antisense oligonucleotides such as pelacarsen, have demonstrated promising effects in lowering Lp(a). These therapies are currently under investigation in outcome trials, including Asian subgroups. Given the high burden of cardiovascular disease and ethnic variability in Lp(a) distribution and genetic determinants, routine measurement of Lp(a) could improve risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the epidemiology, genetic background, clinical relevance, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting Lp(a) in Asian populations, highlighting the need for population-specific thresholds and further research to guide clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"174-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HDL-C and Hematologic Malignancies: A Commentary on Cohort Study.","authors":"Seung Min Chung","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.188","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"188-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Influence of Lipoprotein(a) and Oxidized Lipoprotein(a) on Plasminogen Activation and Fibrinolysis.","authors":"Matthew Yao, S Kent Dickeson, Karthik Dhanabalan, Sergey Solomevich, Connor Dennewitz, David Gailani, Wen-Liang Song","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.229","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In the present study, we compare the influence of oxidized lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and unoxidized Lp(a) on plasminogen activation in the process of fibrinolysis and elucidate the potential atherogenic mechanisms of oxidized Lp(a), focusing on its role in thrombosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Chromogenic substrate assays were conducted to study the kinetics of plasminogen activation. Fibrin clots were generated by incubating fibrinogen with thrombin, and plasminogen activation was triggered with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Experiments were performed in low and high concentrations of Lp(a) or oxidized Lp(a) to evaluate their respective effects on plasmin generation. Oxidized Lp(a) was prepared by chemical oxidation of isolated Lp(a) samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Low concentrations of Lp(a) enhanced plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis, reflecting its physiological role. However, at higher concentrations, oxidized Lp(a) exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on plasminogen activation. Compared to unoxidized Lp(a), oxidized Lp(a) led to earlier plateauing of plasmin generation and reduced overall plasmin levels. The inhibitory effects of oxidized Lp(a) are likely due to its structural similarity to plasminogen and higher oxidized phospholipid content, which competes with plasminogen for fibrin binding-the enhanced competition with fibrin fragments and tPA by oxidized Lp(a) further impaired fibrinolysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that while low levels of Lp(a) may support fibrinolysis, oxidized Lp(a) impairs this process by inhibiting plasminogen activation through structural and functional competition. These findings highlight the atherogenic potential of oxidized Lp(a) and its contribution to thrombotic cardiovascular risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"229-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Thyrotropin Levels Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Euthyroid Individuals: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015.","authors":"Jin-Woo Kim, Han-Joon Bae, Jun Sung Moon, Sung-Woo Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.236","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine whether thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) levels within the physiologic range influence the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in euthyroid individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015). After excluding participants with abnormal thyroid function or a history of thyroid disease or ASCVD, 2,995 euthyroid individuals aged 40-79 years were included. ASCVD risk was estimated using the 2013 and 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cardiovascular risk assessments (10-year risk, %).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants were divided into tertiles based on TSH concentration. After adjusting for confounding factors, the lowest tertile (T1) exhibited the highest ASCVD risk. This association remained significant in both male and female participants after multiple adjustments. Multiple regression analysis, controlling for confounders, indicated that the odds ratio (OR) for high ASCVD risk in T1 was significantly higher than in T2 among men, while the OR for intermediate ASCVD risk was significantly elevated in T1 compared to T2 among women.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower TSH levels within the physiologic range were associated with an increased risk of ASCVD in euthyroid individuals. These findings suggest that even individuals with normal thyroid function but low-normal TSH levels might benefit from interventions to reduce ASCVD risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"236-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 KSoLA Update on New Lipid-Lowering Agents: Inclisiran and Bempedoic Acid.","authors":"Hack-Lyoung Kim, Jung-Joon Cha, Sang-Hak Lee","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.135","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inclisiran and bempedoic acid (BA) are non-statin lipid-lowering agents that have been approved for use in the US and Europe. Inclisiran, a subcutaneously administered small interfering RNA targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 messenger RNA, is effectively delivered to the liver via lipid nanoparticles and conjugation. In several phase 3 trials, it has successfully reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 50% and has an acceptable safety profile. Currently, the results of clinical outcome studies are awaited. While it is indicated for both primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, it is selectively recommended after statin-based regimens. BA, an oral inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, decreases cholesterol production and enhances LDL uptake by hepatocytes. This enzyme is absent in muscle cells, and BA has fewer muscle-related adverse events. In clinical trials, it lowered LDL-C by 17%-21% compared to placebo and showed a clinical outcome benefit in patients with statin intolerance. This agent modestly increases the incidence of gout and cholelithiasis. For primary and secondary prevention, it may be recommended as a non-first-line agent, either alone or in combination therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"135-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Nut Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults.","authors":"Sunhye Shin","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.219","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although nuts have been reported to lower the risk of multiple diseases, evidence regarding their effect on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Asian populations is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the association between nut consumption and the risk of MetS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018). MetS was defined according to the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Responses to a single 24-hour dietary recall from 4,365 younger adults (19-39 years), 7,498 middle-aged adults (40-64 years), and 4,378 older adults (≥65 years) were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, based on the culinary definition, nuts included tree nuts and peanuts. Approximately 25% of Korean adults were found to consume nuts. After adjusting for confounding variables, including age, body mass index, total energy intake, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking, aerobic exercise, and energy from carbohydrates, nut consumption was associated with a lower risk of MetS among middle-aged men (40-64 years; odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.88), older men (≥65 years; OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.98), and older women (≥65 years; OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.89).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that consuming nuts may exert protective effects against MetS in middle-aged Korean men and older Korean adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"219-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies to Optimize Recovery in Frail Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Through Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation.","authors":"Kyuwan Lee","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.159","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a critical global health challenge, with frailty in older adults further exacerbating the risk of adverse outcomes. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (EBCR) offers a promising approach to improving cardiovascular function, reducing mortality, and enhancing quality of life in individuals with CVD. However, frail patients often encounter unique barriers, including reduced muscle strength, impaired mobility, and logistical challenges, which hinder their participation in traditional EBCR programs. Resistance training has been shown to improve muscle strength, balance, and functional independence while reducing fall risk, making it a key intervention for frail individuals. Aerobic exercise, when introduced gradually, further enhances cardiovascular endurance and overall resilience. Telehealth exercise strategies can provide an effective means of overcoming logistical barriers by fostering adherence and enabling real-time adjustments to exercise regimens, despite challenges such as digital literacy. This narrative review highlights innovative strategies integrating personalized exercise regimens and telehealth solutions to address the unique needs of frail patients. By prioritizing adaptable, accessible, and evidence-based strategies, an evolved EBCR approach holds the potential to significantly improve long-term health outcomes and quality of life for this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"159-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Kidney Function.","authors":"Ji-Hyun Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.190","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2025.14.2.190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The association of lipid parameters with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the impact of kidney function on this association have not been thoroughly evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service Cohort database, we identified 2,343,882 subjects with T2DM in 2015-2016. Baseline lipid levels and kidney function were evaluated and followed up until December 2020. Subjects were classified into three groups according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): ≥60, 30-59, or <30 mL/min/1.73 m². We analyzed the diabetes group with eGFR ≥60 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <70 mg/dL as a reference group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The risk of CVD began to increase at LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL in the eGFR ≥60 mL/min/m² group. The risk of CVD in the eGFR 30-59 mL/min/m² group was increased by 43%, even in the LDL-C <70 mg/dL, and the risk increased progressively with LDL-C category. Among subjects with eGFR 30-59 mL/min/m², LDL-C 70-99, 100-129, 130-159, and ≥160 mg/dL were significantly associated with the risk of CVD, with hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.48 (1.43-1.53), 1.54 (1.49-1.60), 1.55 (1.48-1.63), and 1.88 (1.77-2.00), respectively. In the eGFR <30 mL/min/m² group, a 3.3-fold increased risk of CVD was seen, even at LDL-C <70 mg/dL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The cutoff levels of LDL-C that increase CVD risk in patients with T2DM depend on kidney function, which influences the relationship between LDL-C and CVD risk in patients with T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"14 2","pages":"190-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}