Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis最新文献

{"title":"Individualized Treatment for Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia.","authors":"Hayato Tada,&nbsp;Masayuki Takamura,&nbsp;Masa-Aki Kawashiri","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most common and, therefore, important inherited disorders in preventive cardiology. This disease is mainly caused by a single pathogenic mutation in the low-density lipoprotein receptor or its associated genes. Moreover, it is correlated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the phenotype severity even in this monogenic disease significantly varies. Thus, the current study aimed to describe FH and its importance and the factors (inherited and acquired) contributing to differences in phenotype severity. Different lipid-modification therapies according to these factors can lead to individualized treatments, which are also essential in the general populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"39-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b8/41/jla-11-39.PMC8792816.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: \"Cardiovascular Outcomes Comparison of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylurea as Add-on Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis\".","authors":"Won Kyeong Jeon,&nbsp;Jeehoon Kang,&nbsp;Hyo-Soo Kim,&nbsp;Kyung Woo Park","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.89","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Recent studies have raised concerns about the cardiovascular safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the cardiovascular outcomes of sulfonylureas (SUs) versus DPP4 inhibitors in combination with metformin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After searching for trials using combination therapy of metformin with an SU or DPP4 inhibitor in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase, 1 prospective observational study and 15 randomized controlled studies were selected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding the primary analysis endpoint, no significant differences were found in the risk of all-cause mortality between SUs and DPP4 inhibitors as add-on therapies to metformin (random-effect relative risk [RR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-1.33; I²=0%; <i>p</i>=0.097). Cardiovascular death was also similar between SUs and DPP4 inhibitors in the 5 studies that reported outcomes (random-effect RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.83-1.27; I²=0%; <i>p</i>=0.817). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in major adverse cardiac events, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, the SU group showed a higher risk of ischemic stroke, more hypoglycemic events, and more weight gain than the DPP4 inhibitor group (ischemic stroke, random-effect RR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.06-7.30; I²=51.9%; <i>p</i>=0.039; hypoglycemia, random-effect RR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.53-9.39; I²=98.2; <i>p</i>=0.004; weight gain, weighted mean difference, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.07-2.29; I²=94.7; <i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As add-on therapies to metformin, SUs and DPP4 inhibitors showed no significant differences in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. However, some of the favorable results of DPP4 inhibitors suggest good safety and feasibility of the drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"89-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/10/31/jla-11-89.PMC8792822.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Validity of the Criteria for the Extreme Risk Category of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.","authors":"Kyung-Soo Kim,&nbsp;Sangmo Hong,&nbsp;Kyungdo Han,&nbsp;Cheol-Young Park","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.73","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To validate the criteria for the extreme risk category for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational cohort study of 35,464 individuals with established ASCVD was performed using the National Health Information Database. Incident myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, and death in patients with established ASCVD was investigated to validate the criteria for the extreme risk category of ASCVD defined as the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and history of premature ASCVD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 35,464 patients, 77.97% of them were classified into the extreme risk group of ASCVD. A total of 28.10%, 39.61%, and 32.12% had DM, CKD, and a history of premature ASCVD, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 8.39 years, MI, ischemic stroke, and all-cause death were found in 3.87%, 8.51%, and 23.98% of participants, respectively. In multivariate analysis, patients with DM had higher risk for MI (hazard ratio [HR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-1.81), ischemic stroke (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.29-1.50), and all-cause death (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.45-1.59) than those without DM. Patients with CKD had 1.56 times higher risk for MI, 1.12 times higher risk for ischemic stroke, and 1.34 times higher risk for death than those without CKD. However, the risk for MI, ischemic stroke, and all-cause death was not different between patients with and without a history of premature ASCVD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DM and CKD, but not a history of premature ASCVD, could be considered as reasonable criteria of an extreme risk for ASCVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"73-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ee/cb/jla-11-73.PMC8792820.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Letter Regarding Article, \"Cardiovascular Outcomes Comparison of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylurea as Add-on Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Meta-Analysis\".","authors":"Kyung Woo Park","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.87","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article on p. 210 in vol. 10, PMID: 34095013.].</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"87-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1c/fe/jla-11-87.PMC8792815.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolism and Health Impacts of Dietary Sugars.","authors":"Yasmine Henna Alam, Raymond Kim, Cholsoon Jang","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.20","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Consumption of excessive amounts of added sugars and their effects on human health has been a major concern in the last several decades. Epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, has increased due to chronic surplus consumption of these sugars. While many of these sugars have been isolated and studied for centuries, their health impacts and exact underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological role of 6 major simple sugars present in the human diet and the biochemical and molecular pathways related to their metabolism by different organs and gut microbiota, with a focus on the most recent investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"20-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c2/f4/jla-11-20.PMC8792817.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39887879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiling of RNA-binding Proteins Interacting With Glucagon and Adipokinetic Hormone mRNAs.","authors":"Seungbeom Ko, Eunbyul Yeom, Yoo Lim Chun, Hyejin Mun, Marina Howard-McGuire, Nathan T Millison, Junyang Jung, Kwang-Pyo Lee, Changhan Lee, Kyu-Sun Lee, Joe R Delaney, Je-Hyun Yoon","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.55","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Glucagon in mammals and its homolog (adipokinetic hormone [AKH] in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>) are peptide hormones which regulate lipid metabolism by breaking down triglycerides. Although regulatory mechanisms of glucagon and AKH expression have been widely studied, post-transcriptional gene expression of glucagon has not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, we aimed to profile proteins binding with <i>Gcg</i> messenger RNA (mRNA) in mouse and <i>Akh</i> mRNA in Drosophila.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) and mouse 3T3-L1 cell lysates were utilized for affinity pull down of <i>Akh</i> and <i>Gcg</i> mRNA respectively using biotinylated anti-sense DNA oligoes against target mRNAs. Mass spectrometry and computational network analysis revealed mRNA-interacting proteins residing in functional proximity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that 1) 91 proteins interact with <i>Akh</i> mRNA from S2 cell lysates, 2) 34 proteins interact with <i>Gcg</i> mRNA from 3T3-L1 cell lysates. 3) <i>Akh</i> mRNA interactome revealed clusters of ribosomes and known RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). 4) <i>Gcg</i> mRNA interactome revealed mRNA-binding proteins including Plekha7, zinc finger protein, carboxylase, lipase, histone proteins and a cytochrome, Cyp2c44. 5) Levels of <i>Gcg</i> mRNA and its interacting proteins are elevated in skeletal muscles isolated from old mice compared to ones from young mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Akh</i> mRNA in S2 cells are under active translation in a complex of RBPs and ribosomes. <i>Gcg</i> mRNA in mouse precursor adipocyte is in a condition distinct from <i>Akh</i> mRNA due to biochemical interactions with a subset of RBPs and histones. We anticipate that our study contributes to investigating regulatory mechanisms of <i>Gcg</i> and <i>Akh</i> mRNA decay, translation, and localization.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"55-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b8/9d/jla-11-55.PMC8792818.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter by Awadhesh Kumar Singh Regarding Article, \"Cardiovascular Outcomes Comparison of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylurea as Add-on Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis\".","authors":"Awadhesh Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Ritu Singh","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.84","url":null,"abstract":"We read the manuscript by Jeon et al.1 on “Cardiovascular Outcomes Comparison of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors versus Sulfonylurea as Add-on Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Meta-Analysis” published in your esteemed journal with great interest and applaud the authors for conducting such a high-quality meta-analysis. However, we noticed few major errors in this meta-analysis that need correction, in order to assist the conclusion. First, regarding the interpretation of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) outcome between DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is) and sulfonylureas (SUs)—while authors have reported that DPP-4Is were associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke or TIA (random-effect risk ratio [RR], 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–7.30; p=0.065; I2=51.9%) when compared to SUs from the analysis of 6 studies (5 randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and 1 prospective study), after the adjustment through the trim and fill method (excluding one small study that showed bias in ischemic stroke analysis) there was no significant difference in ischemic stroke between SUs and DPP4-Is (random-effect RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.50–3.29; p=0.612). Intriguingly, while title of this meta-analysis suggests a comparison of cardiovascular outcomes with DPP-4Is vs. SUs as an add-on therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus, all analysis were done in reverse order i.e., SUs vs. DPP-4Is. In fact, the forest plot made by the authors itself suggests a rather 2.8-fold increase in relative risk of ischemic stroke or TIA in SUs recipients compared to DPP-4Is not the vice versa, as interpreted by the authors. Although reversing the order may not change the final results of any outcome, interpretations would be mistaken and funnel plot could be misleading, as in this case. Indeed, when we re-analyzed the ischemic stroke or TIA data from the same selected six studies (having exactly the same number of events and patients) using Comprehensive metaanalysis software version 3, Biostat Inc. Englewood, NJ, USA, we found a significantly 63% lesser relative risk amongst DPP-4Is recipients (random-effect RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14–0.95; p=0.039) compared to SUs, with a similar insignificant albeit moderate heterogeneity (I2= 51.4%; p=0.068) (Fig. 1). Interestingly, in our analysis, funnel plot found no publication bias, and the Trim and Fill method computed the same result (Supplementary Fig. 1). These findings do suggest J Lipid Atheroscler. 2022 Jan;11(1):84-86 https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.84 pISSN 2287-2892·eISSN 2288-2561","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"84-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6a/de/jla-11-84.PMC8792819.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39888343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors and Ketone Metabolism in Heart Failure.","authors":"Huitzilihuitl Saucedo-Orozco, Suzanne N Voorrips, Salva R Yurista, Rudolf A de Boer, B Daan Westenbrink","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.1","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have emerged as powerful drugs that can be used to treat heart failure (HF) patients, both with preserved and reduced ejection fraction and in the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes. While the mechanisms underlying the salutary effects of SGLT2 inhibitors have not been fully elucidated, there is clear evidence for a beneficial metabolic effect of these drugs. In this review, we discuss the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiac energy provision secondary to ketone bodies, pathological ventricular remodeling, and inflammation in patients with HF. While the specific contribution of ketone bodies to the pleiotropic cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors requires further clarification, ketone bodies themselves may also be used as a therapy for HF.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3f/19/jla-11-1.PMC8792821.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39887878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Value of Baseline Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Combined With Anemia in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study","authors":"K. Cho, M. Shin, Min Chul Kim, D. Sim, Y. Hong, Ju Han Kim, Youngkeun Ahn, S. Chae, I. Seong, Jongseon Park, C. Yoon, S. Hur, Sang Rok Lee, M. Jeong","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.2.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.2.147","url":null,"abstract":"Objective Data pertaining to the prognostic value of the combination of high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and anemia on admission in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical value of baseline NLR in combination with anemia in predicting clinical outcomes after STEMI. Methods A total of 5,194 consecutive patients with STEMI within 12 hours of symptom onset from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institute of Health database between 2011 and 2015 were categorized into 4 groups according to their NLR and hemoglobin levels: low NLR (<4) without anemia (n=2,722; reference group); high NLR (≥4) without anemia (n=1,527); low NLR with anemia (n=508); and high NLR with anemia (n=437). The co-primary outcomes were 180-day and 3-year all-cause mortality. Results Mortality rates significantly increased at the 3-year follow-up across the groups (3.3% vs. 5.4% vs. 16.5% vs. 21.7% for 180-day mortality and 5.3% vs. 9.0% vs. 23.8% vs. 33.4% for 3-year mortality; all p-trends <0.001). After adjusting for baseline covariates, the combination of high NLR and anemia was a significant predictor of 180-day mortality after STEMI with low NLR and no anemia as the reference (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.58–2.95; p<0.001). Similar findings were observed for the 3-year mortality. Conclusions This nationwide prospective cohort study showed that the combination of high NLR (≥4) and anemia is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality after STEMI.","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"147 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45130931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding and Utilizing Claim Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and Health Insurance Review & Assessment (HIRA) Database for Research","authors":"Dae-Sung Kyoung, Hun‐Sung Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2022.11.2.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.2.103","url":null,"abstract":"Almost every Korean (97%) is enrolled in the National Health Insurance program, and most receive medical treatment at least once a year. Data are collected by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA), and the results of the review are sent to the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). The data handled by NHIS and HIRA cover almost the entire population and can be used for various research purposes. NHIS and HIRA support research by making these data available to researchers. The greatest advantage of these data is that they are the only data which include virtually the entire population. Both HIRA and NHIS data are provided in the form of sample data and all (customized) data. NHIS and HIRA data are similar but exhibit minor differences. HIRA data consists of five tables, including general specification details, in-hospital treatment details, disease details, out-of-hospital prescription details, and nursing institution information. NHIS data include death records (including cause of death), some medical examination records, and the socio-economic variables of the subject, such as income, in addition to all the HIRA data. Clinical results of treatments are not recorded in NHIS or HIRA. However, because public data are used for billing purposes, actual research has thus far been limited. Therefore, researchers must develop a study design that can minimize the errors or bias occurring during the course of the study. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly understand the structure and characteristics of NHIS and HIRA data when initiating research.","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"11 1","pages":"103 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42651461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}