Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis最新文献

{"title":"Autophagy Enhancers Regulate Cholesterol-Induced Cytokine Secretion and Cytotoxicity in Macrophages.","authors":"Su Kyoung Lee,&nbsp;Eun Hee Kam,&nbsp;So Yeong Cheon","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Hypercholesterolaemia transforms macrophages into lipid-laden foam cells in circulation, which can activate the immune response. Compromised autophagy and inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the role of autophagy as a modulator of the inflammatory response and cytotoxicity in macrophages under hypercholesterolaemic conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>High cholesterol-induced cytokine secretion and alteration of autophagy-associated molecules were confirmed by cytokine array and western blot analysis, respectively. To confirm whether autophagic regulation affects high cholesterol-induced cytokine release and cytotoxicity, protein levels of autophagic molecules, cell viability, and cytotoxicity were measured in cultured macrophages treated autophagy enhancers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cholesterol treatment increased cytokine secretion, cellular toxicity, and lactate dehydrogenase release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed macrophages. Concomitantly, altered levels of autophagy-related molecules were detected in LPS-primed macrophages under hypercholesterolaemic conditions. Treatment with autophagy enhancers reversed the secretion of cytokines, abnormally expressed autophagy-associated molecules, and cytotoxicity of LPS-primed macrophages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Autophagy enhancers inhibit inflammatory cytokine secretion and reduce cytotoxicity under metabolic disturbances, such as hypercholesterolaemia. Modulation of autophagy may be a novel approach to control the inflammatory response observed in metabolic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"189-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c2/a5/jla-12-189.PMC10232223.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Comparison of the Associations of Lipoprotein(a) and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma With Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients Without High LDL-C: A Comparative Analysis.","authors":"Seung-Pyo Hong, Chang-Yeon Kim, Hae Won Jung","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.152","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) have been reported as predictive markers of coronary artery calcium (CAC). However, previous studies demonstrated that the cardiovascular risk associations with Lp(a) are attenuated in patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ≤135 mg/dL. However, few articles have identified the risk factors of CAC in patients without high LDL-C. Therefore, we performed this study to investigate the association of Lp(a) and AIP with CAC in patients with LDL-C levels ≤135 mg/dL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 625 lipid-lowering agent naive patients with LDL-C levels ≤135 mg/dL who underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the risk factors for a coronary artery calcium score (CACS) >0, CACS ≥400, and CAC ≥90th percentile.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the patients was 55.0±7.9 years and their mean LDL-C level was 94.7 ±23.3 mg/dL. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age, male sex, diabetes, hypertension, Lp(a), and AIP were independent predictors of CAS>0. Age, male sex, and diabetes were independent predictors of CACS≥400. Diabetes, hypertension, and AIP were independent predictors of CAC ≥90th percentile (all <i>p</i><0.05). Unlike Lp(a), higher AIP tertiles were associated with significantly higher CAC percentiles and greater proportions of patients with CACS ≥400 and CAC ≥90th percentile.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In patients without high LDL-C, AIP could be a more reliable predictor of CAC than Lp(a).</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"152-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e6/a7/jla-12-152.PMC10232225.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9923672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia and Related Factors in Korean Adults: A Serial Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Kye-Yeung Park, Sangmo Hong, Kyung-Soo Kim, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.201","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to investigate the longitudinal trends in prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia in Korean adults and hypertriglyceridemia-associated lifestyle habits, socioeconomic factors and comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the 2007-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used in this study. Two cutoff values (≥150 mg/dL and ≥200 mg/dL) for fasting serum triglyceride levels were used to estimate the age- and sex-specific prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia. Use of lipid-lowering medications, lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular exercise, socioeconomic variables such as educational attainment and household income, and comorbidities such as obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were also investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia among Koreans based on KNHANES 2007-2020 was 29.6% at ≥150 mg/dL and 16.1% at ≥200 mg/dL. While the rate of using lipid-lowering medications increased steadily from 2007 to 2020, changes in annual prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia were subtle. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia in men peaked in middle age (47.7% and 30.0% for ≥150 mg/dL and ≥200 mg/dL, respectively, in their 40s), but its prevalence in women increased throughout their lifetime (32.6% and 14.7% for ≥150 mg/dL and ≥200 mg/dL, respectively, in their 70s). Smoking and high-risk drinking exacerbated peak prevalence in both sexes. Young adults with any comorbidities had prominently increased prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia. The lowest levels of education and income were both associated with the higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia in both sexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is important to understand the age- and sex-specific epidemiology of hypertriglyceridemia to establish its appropriate management plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"201-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fc/08/jla-12-201.PMC10232222.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9940021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Are Associated With Subsequent Stented-Territory Ischemic Stroke After Carotid Artery Stenting: A Single Center Retrospective Study.","authors":"Seung Min Kim,&nbsp;Jae Chan Ryu,&nbsp;Sujin Koo,&nbsp;Jong S Kim,&nbsp;Bum Joon Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The role of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) after carotid artery stenting (CAS) is not well known with respect to stented-territory infarction (STI) and in-stent restenosis (ISR). We hypothesized that LDL-C levels after CAS might be independently associated with STI and ISR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective study for patients with significant extracranial carotid stenosis who were subjected to CAS between September 2013 and May 2021. LDL-C levels were measured after 6 and 12 months following CAS. The association between STI and ISR, and LDL-C was explored using Cox proportional-hazard model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 244 patients enrolled, STI and ISR were observed in 11 (4.5%) and 10 (4.1%) patients, respectively. In multivariable analysis, higher white blood cell count (hazard ratio [HR], 1.408 per 10³/mm³; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.085-1.828; <i>p</i>=0.010), higher LDL-C levels after 12 months (HR, 1.037 per 1 mg/dL; 95% CI, 1.011-1.063; <i>p</i>=0.005), and ISR (HR, 13.526; 95% CI, 3.405-53.725; <i>p</i><0.001) were independent predictors of STI. Diabetes (HR, 4.746; 95% CI, 1.026-21.948; <i>p</i>=0.046), smaller stent diameter (HR, 0.725 per 1 mm; 95% CI, 0.537-0.980; <i>p</i>=0.036), and higher LDL-C levels after 12 months (HR, 1.031 per 1 mg/dL; 95% CI, 1.007-1.055; <i>p</i>=0.011) were independent predictors of ISR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We showed that LDL-C levels after 12 months independently predict STI and ISR after CAS. It is necessary to investigate the optimal target LDL-C level for STI prevention through well designed research in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"175-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3b/ca/jla-12-175.PMC10232219.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Was Higher Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Comparing Higher LDL-C in Nine Years Follow Up: Cohort Study.","authors":"Sangmo Hong,&nbsp;Kyungdo Han,&nbsp;Jung Hwan Park,&nbsp;Sung Hoon Yu,&nbsp;Chang Beom Lee,&nbsp;Dong Sun Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.164","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) may be equivalent to or superior to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for the prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, studies comparing the predictive values of LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels for CVD have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and CVD using a large-scale population dataset from the National Health Information Database (NHID).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of 3,866,366 individuals ≥ 20 years, from 2009 to 2018, using the NHID. The participants were divided into LDL-C and non-HDL-C quartiles. The outcome variables included stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and both. All outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis while controlling for baseline covariates (age, sex, smoking, drinking, regular exercise, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and statin use).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 9.1 years of mean follow-up, stroke was diagnosed in 60,081 (1.55%), MI in 31,234 (0.81%), and both stroke and MI in 88,513 (2.29%) participants. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for patients in the highest non-HDL-C quartile demonstrated that these patients had a higher risk of stroke (HR, 1.254; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.224-1.285), MI (HR, 1.918; 95% CI, 1.853-1.986), and both (HR, 1.456; 95% CI, 1.427-1.486) compared with participants in the lowest quartile. These were higher than the HRs for patients in the highest LDL-C quartile for stroke (HR, 1.134; 95% CI, 1.108-1.160), MI (HR, 1.601; 95% CI, 1.551-1.653), and both (HR, 1.281; 95% CI, 1.257-1.306).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our large population study, higher non-HDL-C levels were associated with CVD than LDL-C levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"164-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3d/3b/jla-12-164.PMC10232221.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unbalanced Redox With Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Se-Jin Jeong,&nbsp;Goo Taeg Oh","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precise redox balance is essential for the optimum health and physiological function of the human body. Furthermore, an unbalanced redox state is widely believed to be part of numerous diseases, ultimately resulting in death. In this review, we discuss the relationship between redox balance and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In various animal models, excessive oxidative stress has been associated with increased atherosclerotic plaque formation, which is linked to the inflammation status of several cell types. However, various antioxidants can defend against reactive oxidative stress, which is associated with an increased risk of CVD and mortality. The different cardiovascular effects of these antioxidants are presumably due to alterations in the multiple pathways that have been mechanistically linked to accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation, macrophage activation, and endothelial dysfunction in animal models of CVD, as well as in <i>in vitro</i> cell culture systems. Autophagy is a regulated cell survival mechanism that removes dysfunctional or damaged cellular organelles and recycles the nutrients for the generation of energy. Furthermore, in response to atherogenic stress, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidized lipids, and inflammatory signaling between cells, autophagy protects against plaque formation. In this review, we characterize the broad spectrum of oxidative stress that influences CVD, summarize the role of autophagy in the content of redox balance-associated pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to target CVD by stimulating autophagy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"132-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dd/0b/jla-12-132.PMC10232220.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Calcification.","authors":"Sang-Ho Woo,&nbsp;Dae-Yong Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Hoon Choi","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accumulation of calcium in atherosclerotic plaques is a prominent feature of advanced atherosclerosis, and it has a strong positive correlation with the total burden of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic calcification usually appears first at the necrotic core, indicating that cell death and inflammatory processes are involved in calcification. During atherosclerotic inflammation, various cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, nascent resident pericytes, circulating stem cells, or adventitial cells, have been assumed to differentiate into osteoblastic cells, which lead to vascular calcification. Among these cell types, vascular smooth muscle cells are considered a major contributor to osteochondrogenic cells in the atherosclerotic milieu. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the osteochondrogenic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaques.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"106-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ed/85/jla-12-106.PMC10232217.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9923674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Stratification of Cardiovascular Disease according to Age Groups in New Prevention Guidelines: A Review.","authors":"Kwang-Il Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.96","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.96","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, most cardiovascular risk prediction models have included age as an independent risk factor. There is much evidence that effective management of cardiovascular risk factors improves clinical outcomes even in older adults. However, there are concerns that intensive treatment for older adults increases the risk of adverse events. For hypertensive patients, intensive blood pressure reduction with combination therapy increases the risk of syncope, acute kidney injury, and falls. Intensive glucose-lowering therapy among older patients with diabetes increases the risk of hypoglycemia or cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that a balanced approach for older adults is required to increase the benefits and decrease the risk of side effects. In contrast to older people, the estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk in young and healthy individuals is low. However, the lifetime cardiovascular risk in these patients is actually high. The 2021 European Society of Cardiology guideline on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice has been published. It proposed a different risk stratification and recommendation for treatment according to age group, based on the concept of avoiding undertreatment in young people and overtreatment in older persons. Although the guideline recommends age-dependent risk stratification, risk categories should not be applied to the mandatory initiation of drug treatment. In all age groups, other factors such as lifetime cardiovascular risk, treatment benefit and harm, comorbidities, frailty, and patient preferences should be considered when managing patients for primary prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f9/31/jla-12-96.PMC10232216.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9923669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Chung-Yen Chen,&nbsp;Ta-Chen Su","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) who contract coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tend to have a worse prognosis and more severe cardiovascular side effects. COVID-19 vaccines, which are intended to prevent COVID-19, may also potentially reduce the severity and complications (including cardiovascular sequelae) of COVID-19, especially in patients with a history of CVD. However, there have also been reports of cardiovascular side effects from COVID-19 vaccines of various brands and types. The purpose of this study is to review the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines in relation to CVD. In this thorough review of the most current evidence on the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines, we present information about the characteristics of cardiovascular complications. Most of the evidence focuses on myocarditis or pericarditis, which are most strongly associated with mRNA vaccines and predominantly occur in young males within days of receiving the second dose. Meanwhile, post-vaccination myocardial infarction is more common in older males, and the first dose of adenoviral vector vaccines appears to play a greater role in this complication. This information may guide us in formulating alternative options and implementing targeted surveillance. Gaining more knowledge about the potential benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines will improve our ability to make informed decisions and judgments about the balance of these factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/4c/jla-12-119.PMC10232218.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Molecule Imaging of Membrane Proteins on Vascular Endothelial Cells.","authors":"Jiseong Park,&nbsp;Siwoo Jin,&nbsp;Juhee Jang,&nbsp;Daeha Seo","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.58","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transporting substances such as gases, nutrients, waste, and cells is the primary function of blood vessels. Vascular cells use membrane proteins to perform crucial endothelial functions, including molecular transport, immune cell infiltration, and angiogenesis. A thorough understanding of these membrane receptors from a clinical perspective is warranted to gain insights into the pathogenesis of vascular diseases and to develop effective methods for drug delivery through the vascular endothelium. This review summarizes state-of-the-art single-molecule imaging techniques, such as super-resolution microscopy, single-molecule tracking, and protein-protein interaction analysis, for observing and studying membrane proteins. Furthermore, recent single-molecule studies of membrane proteins such as cadherins, integrins, caveolins, transferrin receptors, vesicle-associated protein-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 1","pages":"58-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6d/08/jla-12-58.PMC9884557.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10679262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}