Journal of Lipids最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Females with Subclinical Hypothyroidism","authors":"A. Lamichhane, Pabitra Bista, Sushant Pokhrel, Kalasha Bolakhe, G. Joshi, Suraj Aryal, M. Chhusyabaga, Jyotsna Shakya, M. Bhatt","doi":"10.1155/2023/4440275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4440275","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common endocrine disorder prevalent in the Nepalese female population. Dyslipidemia, a prerequisite to the development of cardiovascular disease, links the thyroid profile and cardiovascular disease risk. This study is aimed at assessing the cardiovascular disease risk in females with SCH. Methods. This laboratory-based cross-sectional study was carried out at Manmohan Memorial Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, where 100 females with SCH and 100 euthyroid controls were included. Estimates of thyroid and lipid profiles were made, and lipid variables were used to calculate lipid indices. Results. In comparison to controls, females with SCH had significantly higher lipid profiles, thyroid profiles, and lipid indices but significantly lower HDL-C. The TSH (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ), TG (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 0.039\u0000 \u0000 ), VLDL (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 0.039\u0000 \u0000 ), and AIP (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 0.031\u0000 \u0000 ) were significantly associated with mild and severe SCH. AIP was significantly correlated with TSH (\u0000 \u0000 r\u0000 =\u0000 0.256\u0000 \u0000 , \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 0.010\u0000 \u0000 ) among SCH females. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that women with SCH are more likely to get CVD. Hence, timely monitoring of cardiovascular status among females with SCH is crucial, and it can be performed using simple lipid indices like AIP, AI, and LCI.","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91328003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetics, Safety, Cost-Effectiveness, and Accessibility of Injectable Lipid-Lowering Agents: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Abdulmajeed Abdulghani A Sindi","doi":"10.1155/2023/2025490","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/2025490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease causes significant personal, financial, and societal burden and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Dyslipidemia has proven to be a major factor that contributes to its increased incidence; thus, since a long time, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering therapies have been employed to reduce coronary artery disease-associated mortality. The first-line therapy for hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia is statins. Evidence showed that statins decrease the level of LDL-C resulting in a lower risk of CVD (20-25% for every decrease of 1 mmol/L). However, due to statin intolerance in some patients and despite using maximal doses, they have not been successful in lowering cardiovascular-associated mortality. Moreover, bococizumab was recently suspended due to its higher immunogenicity with time, resulting in less efficacy with long-term use. Alternatives to statins are PCSK9 inhibitors which are administered subcutaneously every two or four weeks. They are injectables with considerable lipid-lowering properties. This narrative review discusses their genetics, safety, tolerability, and cost-effectiveness. It also quantifies their benefit in certain subgroups by analyzing the findings from recent randomized clinical trials. Current data from phase 2 and 3 trials (ORION, ODYSSEY, and FOURIER) suggest a favorable profile for evolocumab, alirocumab, and inclisiran with minimal tolerable side effects and superior efficacy in statin-intolerant patients. Their cost-effectiveness has not yet been established clearly, but future outcomes seem promising.</p>","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2023 ","pages":"2025490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10017216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and Pathological Functions of TMEM30A: An Essential Subunit of P4-ATPase Phospholipid Flippases.","authors":"Jingyi Li,&nbsp;Yue Zhao,&nbsp;Na Wang","doi":"10.1155/2023/4625567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4625567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed across mammalian plasma membrane. The function of P4-ATPases is to maintain the abundance of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the inner leaflet as lipid flippases. Transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A, also named CDC50A), as an essential <i>β</i> subunit of most P4-ATPases, facilitates their transport and functions. With TMEM30A knockout mice or cell lines, it is found that the loss of TMEM30A has huge influences on the survival of mice and cells because of PS exposure-triggered apoptosis signaling. TMEM30A is a promising target for drug discovery due to its significant roles in various systems and diseases. In this review, we summarize the functions of TMEM30A in different systems, present current understanding of the protein structures and mechanisms of TMEM30A-P4-ATPase complexes, and discuss how these fundamental aspects of TMEM30A may be applied to disease treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4625567"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10188266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9491001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Lipid Profile and Its Relative Ratios (Cholesterol/HDL-C, Triglyceride/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, WBC/HDL-C, and FBG/HDL-C) on Admission Predicts In-Hospital Mortality COVID-19.","authors":"Jafar Mohammadshahi,&nbsp;Hassan Ghobadi,&nbsp;Golchin Matinfar,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Boskabady,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Aslani","doi":"10.1155/2023/6329873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6329873","url":null,"abstract":"Background Lipid profile and its related ratios such as total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), TG/HDL-C ratio, TC/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, white blood cell (WBC)/HDL-C ratio, and fasting blood glucose (FBG)/HDL-C ratio are valuable indicators that have been studied in various disorders to predict mortality. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of lipid profile ratios in predicting mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods At the beginning of hospitalization, laboratory tests were taken from all patients (n = 300). The ability of lipid profile ratios to determine the COVID-19 severity was evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). In addition, survival probability was determined with the average of Kaplan-Meier curves, so that the end point was death. Results In deceased patients, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C parameters were significantly lower than those of surviving patients, while WBC/HDL-C and FBG/HDL-C were significantly higher. TC (HR = 3.178, 95%CI = 1.064 to 9.491, P < 0.05), TG (HR = 3.276, 95%CI = 1.111 to 9.655, P < 0.05), LDL-C (HR = 3.207, 95%CI = 1.104 to 9.316, P < 0.05), and HDL-C (HR = 3.690, 95%CI = 1.290 to 10.554, P < 0.05), as well as TC/HDL-C (HR = 3.860, 95%CI = 1.289 to 11.558, P < 0.05), TG/HDL-C (HR = 3.860, 95%CI = 1.289 to 11.558, P < 0.05), LDL-C/HDL-C (HR = 3.915, 95%CI = 1.305 to 11.739, P < 0.05), WBC/HDL-C (HR = 3.232, 95%CI = 1.176 to 8.885, P < 0.05), and FBG/HDL-C ratios (HR = 4.474, 95%CI = 1.567 to 12.777, P < 0.01), were detectably related to survival. The multivariate Cox regression models showed that only FBG/HDL-C ratio (HR = 5.477, 95%CI = 1.488 to 20.153, P < 0.01) was significantly related to survival. Conclusion The results suggested that FBG/HDL-C ratio in hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients was a reliable predictor of mortality.","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2023 ","pages":"6329873"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10010876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9122031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age- and Diet-Dependent Changes in Hepatic Lipidomic Profiles of Phospholipids in Male Mice: Age Acceleration in Cyp2b-Null Mice","authors":"M. Heintz, Ramiya Kumar, Kristal M. Maner-Smith, E. Ortlund, W. S. Baldwin","doi":"10.1155/2022/7122738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7122738","url":null,"abstract":"Increases in traditional serum lipid profiles are associated with obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Recent lipidomic analysis has indicated changes in serum lipidome profiles, especially in regard to specific phosphatidylcholines, associated with obesity. However, little work has evaluated murine hepatic liver lipidomic profiles nor compared these profiles across age, high-fat diet, or specific genotypes, in this case the lack of hepatic Cyp2b enzymes. In this study, the effects of age (9 months old), high-fat diet (4.5 months old), and the loss of three primarily hepatic xeno- and endobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450 (Cyp) enzymes, Cyp2b9, Cyp2b10, and Cyp2b13 (Cyp2b-null mice), on the male murine hepatic lipidome were compared. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis show that age perturbs hepatic phospholipid profiles and serum lipid markers the most compared to young mice, followed by a high-fat diet and then loss of Cyp2b. Several lipid biomarkers such as PC/PE ratios, PE 38 : 6, and LPC concentrations indicate greater potential for NAFLD and hypertension with mixed effects in Cyp2b-null mice(less NAFLD and greater hypertension-associated markers). Lipid profiles from older mice contain greater total and n-6 fatty acids than normal diet (ND)-fed young mice; however, surprisingly, young Cyp2b-null mice contain high n-6 : n-3 ratios. Overall, the lack of Cyp2b typically enhanced adverse physiological parameters observed in the older (9 mo) mice with increased weight gain combined with a deteriorating cholesterol profile, but not necessarily all phospholipid profiles were adversely perturbed.","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"255 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79499723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipoproteins as Markers for Monitoring Cancer Progression.","authors":"Logeswaran Maran,&nbsp;Auni Hamid,&nbsp;Shahrul Bariyah Sahul Hamid","doi":"10.1155/2021/8180424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8180424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipoproteins are among the contributors of energy for the survival of cancer cells. Studies indicate there are complex functions and metabolism of lipoproteins in cancer. The current review is aimed at providing updates from studies related to the monitoring of lipoproteins in different types of cancer. This had led to numerous clinical and experimental studies. The review covers the major lipoproteins such as LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (oxLDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). This is mainly due to increasing evidence from clinical and experimental studies that relate association of lipoproteins with cancer. Generally, a significant association exists between LDL-C with carcinogenesis and high oxLDL with metastasis. This warrants further investigations to include Mendelian randomization design and to be conducted in a larger population to confirm the significance of LDL-C and its oxidized form as prognostic markers of cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2021 ","pages":"8180424"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8452421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39439989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Management Guidelines on Hyperlipidemia: The Silent Killer.","authors":"Lilly Su,&nbsp;Rea Mittal,&nbsp;Devyani Ramgobin,&nbsp;Rahul Jain,&nbsp;Rohit Jain","doi":"10.1155/2021/9883352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9883352","url":null,"abstract":"Given the high incidence of cardiovascular events in the United States, strict control of modifiable risk factors is important. Pharmacotherapy is helpful in maintaining control of modifiable risk factors such as elevated lipids or hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia can lead to atherosclerotic disease which may increase the risk of acute coronary events. Statin therapy has long been a mainstay in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, but while highly regarded, statin therapy also has side effects that may lead to patient noncompliance. Therefore, various medicines are being developed to manage hypercholesterolemia. This paper will discuss the role that lipids play in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic disease, review the current lipid management guidelines, and discuss new treatment options that are alternatives to statin therapy.","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2021 ","pages":"9883352"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8363437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39325115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) in Iran: Findings from the Four-Year FH Registry.","authors":"Golnaz Vaseghi, Marzieh Taheri, Kiyan Heshmat-Ghahdarijani, Mohammad Rayati, Sonia Zarfeshani, Ali Pourmoghaddas, Alireza Khosravi, Ehsan Zarepour, Parsa Keshavarzrad, Sina Arabi, Mohammadreza Azizi, Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard, Jamshid Najafian, Nizal Sarrafzadegan","doi":"10.1155/2021/9913969","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/9913969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common autosomal dominant disease. Its diagnosis in Iran was uncommon. Iran registry of FH (IRFH) has been started from 2017 from Isfahan. In this study, we report the four-year FH registry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Iran FH registry is an ongoing study which is followed by a dynamic cohort. It has been started from 2017. The patients are selected from laboratories due to high cholesterol level and who have history of premature cardiovascular disease. The Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria are used for the detection of FH. Cascade screening is performed for detection of first-degree relative of patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 997 individuals included in this registry, they were 522 (mean age 51.41 ± 12.91 year), 141 (mean age 51.66 ± 8.3 year), and 129 (mean age 41 ± 16.5 year) patients from laboratories, premature cardiovascular disease, and relatives, respectively. In total, 263 patients were diagnosed with probable or definite FH, and others were in the possible group. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level was 141.42 ± 45.27 mg/dl in the laboratory group and 54.9% of patients were on LLT treatment. In patients with premature cardiovascular disease and FH, the LDL level was 91.93 ± 32.58 and was on LLT treatment. The LDL concentration in the first relative of FH patients was 152.88 ± 70.77 and 45.7% of them are on LLT therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most of FH patients were underdiagnosed and undertreated before their inclusion in the IRFH. Cascade screening helps in the improvement of diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2021 ","pages":"9913969"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8213494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39147773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Ipomea batatas</i> Leaf Powder from Cameroon: Antioxidant Activity and Antihyperlipidemic Effect in Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet.","authors":"Marcéline Joëlle Mbouche Fanmoe,&nbsp;Léopold Tatsadjieu Ngoune,&nbsp;Robert Ndjouenkeu","doi":"10.1155/2021/5539878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5539878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study consists of analyzing the phytochemical composition of <i>Ipomoea batatas</i> leaf powders and evaluating their antihyperlipidemic effect on rats receiving a high-fat diet. <i>Ipomoea batatas</i> leaves were collected from four agroecological areas of Cameroon, and powders were obtained after washing, drying, grinding, and sieving. Standard analytical methods were used to determine the phytochemical composition of two varieties (IRAD-tib1yellow-V1 and IRAD-1112white-V2) from North Z1, Adamawa Z2, West Z3, Center Z4. The effect of <i>I. batatas</i> leaf powder on lipid metabolism was assessed <i>in vivo</i> by feeding different groups of rats with a high-fat diet supplemented with 5 and 10% of <i>I. batatas</i> leaf powder during 30 days. At the end of the experimentation, total cholesterols, triglycerides, LDL- (low-density lipoprotein-) cholesterol, HDL- (High-density lipoprotein-) cholesterol, ASAT (aspartate aminotransferase), ALAT (alanine aminotransferase), and creatinine were measured using commercial enzymatic kits (Spinreact, Spain). The results of phytochemical analysis of <i>I. batatas</i> leaf powders revealed that the total phenol content ranged from 660.173 mg GAE/100 gDW (Z1V2) to 657.76 mg GAE/100 gDW (Z3V2), the flavonoids content ranged from 282.25 mgEC/100 gDW (Z3V1) to 325.05 mgEC/100 gDW (Z4V2), and the anthraquinone content ranged from 324.05 mg/100 gDW (Z3V2) to 326.72 mg/100 gDW (Z4V2). The total antioxidant capacity ranged from 19.00 (Z1V1) to 23.48 mg AAE/gDW (Z3V2), while the IC₅₀ ranged from 1.58 mg/mL (Z1V1) to 3.08 mg/mL (Z3V2). Rats fed a high-fat diet and supplemented with 5 and 10% of <i>I. batatas</i> leaf powder showed a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduction in body weight compared to the control with a reduction rate ranging from 6 to 10%. The consumption of <i>I. batatas</i> leaf powder for 30 days significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduced serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, ALAT, and creatinine level. These results suggest the use of <i>I. batatas</i> leaves as a phytomedicine in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2021 ","pages":"5539878"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8213499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39081949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing Perspectives on HDL: From Simple Quantity Measurements to Functional Quality Assessment.","authors":"Himani Thakkar, Vinnyfred Vincent, Atanu Sen, Archna Singh, Ambuj Roy","doi":"10.1155/2021/5585521","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/5585521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-density lipoprotein (HDL) comprises a heterogeneous group of particles differing in size, density, and composition. HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have long been suggested to indicate cardiovascular risk, inferred from multiple epidemiological studies. The failure of HDL-C targeted interventions and genetic studies has raised doubts on the atheroprotective role of HDL-C. The current consensus is that HDL-C is neither a biomarker nor a causative agent of cardiovascular disorders. With better understanding of the complex nature of HDL which comprises a large number of proteins and lipids with unique functions, recent focus has shifted from HDL quantity to HDL quality in terms of atheroprotective functions. The current research is focused on developing laboratory assays to assess HDL functions for cardiovascular risk prediction. Also, HDL mimetics designed based on the key determinants of HDL functions are being investigated to modify cardiovascular risk. Improving HDL functions by altering its composition is the key area of future research in HDL biology to reduce cardiovascular risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":16274,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipids","volume":"2021 ","pages":"5585521"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8096543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38999576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}