{"title":"Surface nanostructuring and functionalisation of magnesium-based biomaterials: Challenges and prospects","authors":"Wenhui Wang, Xiaonong Zhang, Xuanyong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.018","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium (Mg) alloys are promising candidates for biodegradable implants and medical devices due to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and ability to degrade in vivo, thereby eliminating the need for secondary removal surgeries <span><span>[1]</span></span>, <span><span>[2]</span></span>. However, their clinical adoption is hindered by rapid corrosion in physiological environments [<span><span>[3]</span></span>, <span><span>[4]</span></span>, <span><span>[5]</span></span>]. Due to the high chemical reactivity of magnesium substrates and the inability of primary corrosion degradation products to form ideal protective layers, no effective scientific guidance has yet been identified from fundamental material science to address the rapid degradation of bare Mg [<span><span>[6]</span></span>, <span><span>[7]</span></span>, <span><span>[8]</span></span>]. Surface modification strategies equivalently create new materials wrapped in a matrix, which can thus be extensively explored to enhance the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys while endowing them with tailored biological functionalities [<span><span>9</span></span>,<span><span>10</span></span>].","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metabolic behavior of the degradation products of magnesium alloys in bone tissue","authors":"Zhaotong Sun, Jie Wang, Jun Wang, Wenxiang Li, Qichao Zhao, Delin Ma, Wancheng Li, Yuan Zhang, Junfei Huang, Minghui Zhao, Yijing Chen, Shijie Zhu, Liguo Wang, Xiaochao Wu, Shaokang Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium alloys are potentially revolutionary bone implant materials owing to their favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Although the <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> degradation behavior of Mg alloys have been extensively explored, only a few <em>in vivo</em> studies on the metabolic behavior of the degradation products of different elements are available. In this study, a Mg-2 wt. % Zn-0.5 wt. % Y-1 wt. % Nd-0.5 wt. % Zr (ZE21C) alloy was used to prepare suture anchors, which were implanted into the patellar ligament proximal tibia of rats. The metabolic behavior of magnesium, zinc, and neodymium in the degradation products <em>in vivo</em> was analyzed through SEM, EDS, micro-XRF, and western blotting. These results indicate that Mg was rapidly metabolized and absorbed. However, Zn and Nd exhibited slow metabolic rates and accumulated as degradation products. This is mainly because the microenvironment generated by degradation inhibits metabolism by affecting the expression of cation-permeable channel proteins. This study analyzed the degradation and metabolic behavior of Mg alloys and provides a reference for the biological application of Zn as an alloying element.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144612928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Tang, Xun Gao, Anqi Chen, Boshu Liu, Hang Zhang, Shanshan Li, Gaowu Qin
{"title":"Deformation behavior and strengthening mechanism of a gradient nanostructured WE43 Mg alloy","authors":"Yan Tang, Xun Gao, Anqi Chen, Boshu Liu, Hang Zhang, Shanshan Li, Gaowu Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.017","url":null,"abstract":"A gradient nanostructured WE43 Mg alloy with a top layer grain size of approximately 50 nm was fabricated using sliding friction technique (SFT). The formation mechanism of this gradient nanostructure (GS), the deformation mode and the strengthening effect were investigated in detail using TEM, EBSD and XRD. The results showed that microstructure evolution primarily underwent three stage to form the GS. In the early stage, deformation was dominated by a combination of multiple slip systems and twinning. In the intermediate stage, twins and coarse grains broke down into fine lath structures and smaller grains due to dislocation pile-ups and stacking faults (SFs). In the final stage, these fine grains were further refined into nanograins with the help of SFs. Compared with the original alloy, the introduced GS significantly enhanced the mechanical properties, and had a good work hardening capabilities. The strengthening mechanisms are primarily attributed to dislocation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening. This study offers valuable insights for the development of Mg alloy, aimed at enhancing performance and optimizing microstructure in engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144612970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lin Wang, Kai Sun, Zengyan Wei, Wenshu Yang, Qiang Zhang, Huasong Gou, Gaohui Wu
{"title":"Self-supporting composite anodes with three-dimensional network by wood-derived hard carbon in rechargeable metallic magnesium batteries","authors":"Lin Wang, Kai Sun, Zengyan Wei, Wenshu Yang, Qiang Zhang, Huasong Gou, Gaohui Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.019","url":null,"abstract":"Rechargeable metallic magnesium batteries (RMBs) are expected to be a potential replacement for lithium counterparts. Yet, exotic electrolyte components forming passing layers on magnesium (Mg) surfaces usually leads to ultrahigh overpotential for reversible Mg chemistry. Here a novel self-supporting composite was constructed to address this issue by using chemically activated natural jujube wood-derived hard carbons (a-JHCs) with a three-dimensional (3D) network like skeleton as the artificial Mg-ions (Mg<sup>2+</sup>)-conducting interphase, achieving selective Mg<sup>2+</sup> transport. Different from the traditional artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), the porous a-JHCs allows for 3D ion-conduction, thereby improving ion transport efficiency. Meanwhile, interfacial characteristics of a-JHCs have been demonstrated to suppress the intrusion of Mg deposits into micro-porous separators, allowing the Mg plating/stripping reaction beneath the interface. The artificial interface with low electronic conductivity significantly stabilizes the Mg electrode in conventional organic electrolytes. We show this proof-of-concept enables the reversible cycling of a Mg||V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> full-cell in the water-containing, and also opens the door to electrolytes previously considered as non-compatible with Mg.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Macroscopic environmental heterogeneity and corrosion behavior derived from in vitro degradation of pure magnesium and their in vivo investigation","authors":"Lulu Zhang, Kotaro Hanada, Kazuhiro Kumagai","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium (Mg) alloys have attracted considerable attention as promising implant materials for biodegradable medical devices. In this study, we focused on investigating the effect of macroscopic environmental heterogeneity due to the degradation of Mg on its corrosion behavior. The immersion experiments using pure Mg plates, which were placed vertically in a culture medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DEME) + 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS)) for 1, 5, and 10 days, were conducted. Surface analyses for the corrosion product layers and the measurements of the pH values and concentrations of eluted ions in the immersion medium around the upper and lower areas of the Mg plate were performed. The significant effect of the macroscopic environmental heterogeneity derived from Mg degradation on the corrosion behavior was demonstrated by in vitro tests. Additionally, the in vivo tests were carried out by implanting the pure Mg plates in the femur of rabbits. The in vivo results exhibited macroscopically heterogeneous Mg degradation, with areas of more severe corrosion compared to the in vitro test; it is especially noticeable during the early stage of degradation, even though the average corrosion rate was lower.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rare-earth containing magnesium alloys: A review of precipitation behavior and its impact on fatigue performance","authors":"Fanjin Yao, Bo Hu, Zixin Li, Jiaxuan Han, Dejiang Li, Qianxi Zhang, Daolun Chen, Xiaoqin Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium (Mg) alloys have attracted considerable attention in the automotive and aerospace industries due to their exceptional lightness, high specific strength, and excellent castability. However, their susceptibility to fatigue failure poses significant challenges for the long-term service under cyclic loading. This review systematically explores the precipitation behavior in the representative rare-earth containing magnesium (Mg-RE) alloys and examines the critical role of precipitates in influencing fatigue behavior. The alloying elements and heat treatment play a pivotal role in affecting the precipitation behavior of the Mg-RE alloys. Notably, the β', β'', and 14H long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases serve as primary strengthening precipitates in the Mg-Gd (Y), Mg-Nd, and Mg-RE-Zn based alloys, respectively. The size, quantity, and distribution of these precipitates can be finely controlled through the optimization of aging treatment parameters. Based on the fundamental principles for enhancing fatigue resistance, this review offers a detailed analysis of the effects of precipitates on fatigue behavior, addressing key aspects such as crack initiation, propagation, and fatigue failure under high-cycle fatigue (HCF) conditions. Besides, the effects of precipitates on the cyclic stress response, cyclic deformation characteristics, and fatigue life under low-cycle fatigue (LCF) conditions are systematically summarized. The influence of precipitates on fatigue behavior of Mg-RE alloys is primarily attributed to the mechanisms such as dislocation pinning, crack path deflection, precipitation strengthening, and the suppression of twinning. This review highlights the significance of precipitation behavior in optimizing fatigue resistance and provides valuable insights into future research directions for advancing Mg-RE alloys in the fatigue-critical structural applications.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on M2-type macrophage exosomes coated with S-HA to modify magnesium alloy surface for vascular scaffolds","authors":"Fei Wang, Qichao Zhao, Liujie Qi, Yachen Hou, Jingan Li, Shaokang Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"Around the world, acute ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of mortality and acquired disability, one of the most popular and clinically successful treatments for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders is stent intervention. The Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy (ZE21B magnesium alloy), which is biodegradable, offers good mechanical and biocompatibility qualities and a promising future in vascular stents. However, the magnesium alloy stent degrades too quickly after implantation, and issues with restenosis and inadequate endothelialization have made it impossible to use it further. In this study, the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy samples was firstly enhanced by fluorination, followed by self-assembled polydopamine coating, and finally, Exo@S-HA core-shell structured nanoparticles were immobilized on the surface of the coating by ultrasonic spraying. First, exosome fluorescence labeling, AFM, XPS, and FT-IR were used to show that the MgF<sub>2</sub>/PDA/Exo@S-HA composite coating was successfully prepared, and the good hydrophilicity of the composite coating was proved by the WCA, which is favorable for cell adhesion and proliferation. Subsequent tests on blood and cells demonstrated the beneficial biological properties of the composite coating, including anticoagulation, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferation, and endothelial cell proliferation. In conclusion, the composite coating has potential applications in surface modification of cardiovascular biomaterials.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and molecular dynamics investigation of Mg/SiCP composites with high thermal conductivity and low expansion","authors":"Lu Chen, Mingzi Wang, Wenbo Guo, Jianyu Li, Shulin Lü, Wei Guo, Shusen Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.04.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.04.032","url":null,"abstract":"The critical challenge of chip thermal dissipation fundamentally constrains both power consumption and operational longevity, underscoring the imperative demand for advanced packaging materials exhibiting superior thermal conductivity coupled with ultralow thermal expansion. Magnesium-based packaging systems demonstrate considerable promise in this strategic domain; however, current research efforts remain notably sparse, particularly regarding SiC particulate (SiC<sub>P</sub>)-reinforced magnesium matrix composites. In this investigation, we prepared SiC<sub>P</sub>-reinforced magnesium matrix composites through optimized stir casting methodology and systematically investigated their thermophysical characteristics. Remarkably, the composite incorporating merely 25 vol.% SiC<sub>P</sub> exhibited exceptional thermal performance metrics: a thermal conductivity of 178.5 W/(m·K) and a coefficient of thermal expansion as low as 16.8 × 10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to elucidate thermal transport mechanisms at Mg/SiC interfaces, revealing that chromium interlayer implementation substantially enhances interfacial thermal conductance compared to direct bonding configurations. This comprehensive study not only validates the efficacy of SiC<sub>P</sub> reinforcement in optimizing magnesium matrix composites’ thermophysical properties but also establishes Mg/SiC<sub>P</sub> composites as a cost-competitive solution for next-generation thermal management applications.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Xie, Tingting Zhang, Jirui Jiang, Wen Xue, Wenhui Wang, Jiahua Ni, Xiaonong Zhang, Xuanyong Liu
{"title":"Advances in magnesium-based implants for biomedical applications: A comprehensive review and future perspectives","authors":"Juan Xie, Tingting Zhang, Jirui Jiang, Wen Xue, Wenhui Wang, Jiahua Ni, Xiaonong Zhang, Xuanyong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"Biodegradable magnesium (Mg)-based metals can undergo spontaneous corrosion and full degradation in the human body, releasing magnesium ions, hydroxides, and hydrogen. Mg and its alloys have shown preliminary success as an implantable biomaterial. Current research on biodegradable Mg-based metals addresses clinical challenges, including material design and preparation, property enhancement, and exploring relevant biological functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biomedical applications of Mg-based implants across eight fields: cardiovascular, orthopedics, stomatology, general surgery, neurosurgery, fat metabolism, and other potential areas, building upon previously published work. The challenges and prospects of biodegradable Mg-based implants in these application fields are discussed.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Yang, Cheng Wang, Hong Ning, Xin-Yu Xu, Yipeng Gao, Zhangting Hu, Lu Xu, Shunbo Wang, Xianke Li, Hui-Yuan Wang
{"title":"Heterostructure control enabling outstanding strength-crack tolerance synergy in a dilute Mg-Al-Mn-Zn-Ce-Nd alloy","authors":"An Yang, Cheng Wang, Hong Ning, Xin-Yu Xu, Yipeng Gao, Zhangting Hu, Lu Xu, Shunbo Wang, Xianke Li, Hui-Yuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"There exists a severe strength-crack tolerance trade-off in dilute magnesium (Mg) alloys. Herein, a heterogeneous Mg-0.6Al-0.6Mn-0.5Zn-0.2Ce-0.2Nd (A200-10) alloy with a high density of dislocations was obtained through low-temperature extrusion and short-term annealing. The microstructure consists of recrystallized (RXed) and unrecrystallized (unRXed) regions, with a precisely controlled volume fraction ratio of 3:1. The heterogeneous A200-10 alloy exhibits a high tensile yield strength (TYS) of ∼306 MPa and a superior tensile elongation (TEL) of ∼18.4%. Based on <em>quasi-in-situ</em> electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)-digital image correlation (DIC) analysis, we find that plastic deformation occurs preferentially in the RXed regions, mediated by the mobile <<em>a</em>> dislocations. As strain increases, strain gradient gradually accumulates at the interface between RXed and unRXed regions, generating hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening and hardening. Besides, there is significant intergranular slip transfer in RXed regions, which can coordinate partial strain incompatibility. Furthermore, heterogeneous interfaces play a crucial role in enhancing crack tolerance. The heterogeneous interface functions as a bridging ligament to withstand stresses, and activates non-basal slips in the unRXed grains near the crack tip. Such activation of extra dislocations not only alleviates stress concentration but also dissipates the energy essential for microcrack propagation, thus effectively blunting the crack tip. Accordingly, the heterogeneous A200-10 alloy obtains an excellent strength and elongation combination. This work is anticipated to provide a valuable avenue for the development of Mg alloys with outstanding performance by regulating the appropriate heterostructure.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}