{"title":"Heterogeneous plastic deformation of stainless steel‑copper composites during multi-step micro deep drawing: experiment and modeling","authors":"Yanyang Qi , Xiaoguang Ma , Zhengyi Jiang , Jingwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, laminated 316 L stainless steel - T2 copper composites (50 μm) were initially annealed at 800, 900 and 1000 °C for 5 min, respectively, to achieve diverse microstructural characteristics. Then the formability of stainless steel‑copper composites was investigated through numerical simulation and multi-step micro deep drawing (MMDD) tests, and the deformation law and forming mechanism during MMDD was analyzed. The finite element model, which incorporates material inhomogeneity and surface morphology, exhibits excellent consistency with the experiment results obtained from MMDD tests. The stainless steel‑copper composites annealed at 900 °C exhibit the best plasticity owing to the homogeneous and refined microstructure and texture structure in both stainless steel and copper matrixes, and the micro composite cup with specimen annealed at 900 °C exhibits a uniformly distributed and symmetrical height profile, uniform wall thickness as well as high drawing ratio and superior surface quality with the fewest wrinkles. Additionally, the formability of stainless steel‑copper composites during MMDD is significantly influenced by size effects, and the barrel-shaped micro composite cups manufactured by the second step of MMDD exhibit a considerably deteriorated forming quality compared with bowl-shaped products obtained by the first step of MMDD. The stainless steel exhibits uniform wall thickness distribution comparing to copper during MMDD, and the maximum thickening and the maximum thinning occur at the cup mouth region where the compressive stress is the highest and nose radius region where the tensile stress is the highest, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 151-176"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metal bridging characteristics and button-hole suppression mechanisms in pulse waveform-integrated oscillation laser beam welding (OLBW) of Ti6Al4V sheets under an air gap condition: A hydrodynamic perspective","authors":"Jicheng Chen , Xiong Fen , Qianyun Zhang , Zheming Qi , Zipeng Ouyang , Xiaohong Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the aerospace manufacturing industry, conventional laser welding often fails due to assembly errors, resulting in discontinuous long-straight welds in titanium cabin skin structures. This study introduced a novel oscillation laser beam welding (OLBW) approach, combined with a low-frequency, medium-duty cycle pulse waveform. We applied this method to fabricate tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) of Ti6Al4V alloy under reserved air gap conditions. Experiments involved various combinations of beam trajectory and pulse waveform parameters. Keyhole and weld pool dynamics were numerically simulated by developing a validated multi-phase thermo-fluid coupling model. Key findings include: At an oscillation frequency of 100 Hz, the process enhances metal bridge formation between workpieces, with the keyhole maintaining a normal shape and an opening area of 0.196 mm<sup>2</sup>—smaller than the focused beam spot—enabling continuous weld beads. At 200 Hz, however, the average metal bridge area drops by 23.2 % indicating a weakened gap bridging capacity, and the keyhole opening expands to over 0.8 mm<sup>2</sup> after several cycles, creating a button-hole geometry. This is primarily due to insufficient hydrostatic pressure response on the keyhole's posterior wall under the rapid anterior wall's movement, along with a surface tension coefficient increasing from 1.1 N/m to 1.2 N/m. Introducing a 50 Hz square pulse waveform addresses this by promoting periodic keyhole collapse and weld pool cooling, keeping the keyhole in a semi- or full-penetration state and therefore suppressing the button-hole effect. Additionally, increasing beam oscillation frequency or incorporating pulse reduced α′-martensite grain size, primarily driven by an average cooling rate over 2.6 × 10<sup>5</sup> K/s or cyclic remelting in overlap regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"148 ","pages":"Pages 24-44"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Finite element modeling of machining with interactive friction model based evolutionary friction","authors":"Mozammel Mia , Saqib Anwar , Xiao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents the finite element modeling and simulation of machining with evolutionary friction, which was obtained from the interactive friction model (IFM). An empirical-numerical approach was used for IFM calibration, and the simulated annealing optimization was used to determine the IFM parameters. As the first step, the validated FEA simulations with constant friction coefficients were used to extract the interfacial parameters (i.e., pressure, sliding velocity, and temperature). Afterward, the interfacial parameters of the marginal nodes were fed into the IFM to optimize the model parameters. The evolution of the coefficient of friction obtained from the calibrated IFM was afterward used to generate the FEA model, which was validated with experimental cutting force. Finally, the performance of the IFM-based FEA model was compared with that of the constant friction coefficient. It was found that the inclusion of the evolution of friction with cutting time caused a shift in the FEA-simulation-based cutting force, feed force, thrust force, and temperature to move in the projected direction of friction. The adopted approach of IFM calibration can be helpful as an alternative to the friction data for machining interfaces, which are challenging to achieve through tribology tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"148 ","pages":"Pages 61-74"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Lu , Hannes Fröck , Benjamin Milkereit , Tim Radel
{"title":"Tensile properties of flanged NiTi pin fabricated by laser rod end melting and immediate flange processing","authors":"Yang Lu , Hannes Fröck , Benjamin Milkereit , Tim Radel","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve a joining of Nickel-Titanium alloys to components that are resistant to heat, stress and corrosion, a process chain called laser rod end melting with immediate flange processing has been proved as a promising alternative to conventional joining and laser welding. A laser beam melts the end of a NiTi wire to a melt droplet, immediately reshaped to a flange, connected to the rest wire as a flanged pin. Considering that tensile properties of laser-welded NiTi alloys can be improved by appropriate process parameters and post-weld heat treatment, this approach has potential to be applied on the flanged pins, which was systematically investigated in this study. Despite the earlier fracture of the flanged pin than the base material, the laser process had a negligible influence on the tensile behavior of the pin under the different parameter combinations. However, the relative position of the pin in the flange had to be carefully concerned during the fabrication. Except the laser power, laser-scan speed and delay time, the flange height led to an apparent change of the tensile strength. Besides the laser process, the post heat treatment improved the tensile strength of the flanged pin. It modified not only the hardness distribution in the flanged pin but also the tensile behavior under loading. This study revealed the mechanism determining the tensile behavior of the flanged pin for superelastic application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 191-207"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Jonaet Ansari , Anthony Roccisano , Elias J.G. Arcondoulis , Christiane Schulz , Thomas Schläfer , Colin Hall
{"title":"Relationship between associated acoustic emission and crack position during directed energy deposition of a metal matrix composite","authors":"Md Jonaet Ansari , Anthony Roccisano , Elias J.G. Arcondoulis , Christiane Schulz , Thomas Schläfer , Colin Hall","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser-based directed energy deposition (DED) is a versatile additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of depositing high-quality coatings, repairing components, and fabricating complex metal matrix composite structures. The DED process, however, is prone to defects, particularly cracking, due to dynamic thermal gradients and residual stresses inherent in the process. Conventional monitoring methods, such as optical and thermal imaging, primarily focus on surface defects and often fail to detect subsurface cracks, that can significantly affect the structural integrity of fabricated structures. This study presents a novel acoustic emission (AE)-based monitoring method capable of detecting and quantifying both surface and subsurface cracks during the DED process. By exploiting the exponential decay of the unique acoustic emissions due to DED, the second-order derivative of the acoustic signal is invariant, thereby filtering extraneous noise sources and hence yielding a robust methodology for relating DED-based cracking initiation times and their associated positions. The results reveal that crack formation timing and location vary significantly with energy density. The novel techniques were used to show that higher energy density leads to slower cooling and solidification rates, resulting in delayed crack formation and detection further behind the laser beam's position.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 177-190"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Ye , Xianjun Pei , Xiaochao Liu , Wentao Li , Xincheng Wang , Yongzhe Li , Zhonghua Ni , Lei Shi , Chuansong Wu
{"title":"Depth prediction of plastic vortex toward vortex flow-based friction stir additive manufacturing","authors":"Tao Ye , Xianjun Pei , Xiaochao Liu , Wentao Li , Xincheng Wang , Yongzhe Li , Zhonghua Ni , Lei Shi , Chuansong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vortex flow-based friction stir additive manufacturing (VFSAM) advances conventional FSAM by replacing the stir tool with a plastic vortex, eliminating tool wear in high-melting-point metals. However, the precise control of the vortex depth (which directly affects the deposition layer thickness and bonding quality) still faces the challenge of selecting process parameters. This study used the Order of Magnitude Scaling (OMS) method to establish a one-dimensional (1D) vortex depth analytical model, which enables rapid parameter selection for desired layer thickness. The core of the OMS method is to ignore the influence of secondary physical quantities and only retain the magnitude relationship of dominant factors, thereby achieving efficient parameter screening within the allowable error range. The 1D analytical model was applied to Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, with an objective function <em>f</em> (<em>N</em>, <em>R</em>) = <em>NR</em> identifying optimal parameters for maximum vortex depth. For Ti-6Al-4V, the optimal solution is <em>f</em> (<em>N</em>, <em>R</em>) = 6000, providing ideal parameters for achieving maximum depth. This streamlines the process optimization, enhancing VFSAM efficiency for high-performance applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 127-132"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haihang Wang , Chenguang Wang , Jiaqiang Dang , Guoqiang Guo , Qinglong An , Weiwei Ming , Ming Chen
{"title":"Microscale mechanism of material removal process on burr defect formation in grinding superalloy honeycomb composites","authors":"Haihang Wang , Chenguang Wang , Jiaqiang Dang , Guoqiang Guo , Qinglong An , Weiwei Ming , Ming Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-based superalloy honeycomb composite (NBSHC) is indispensable in the extreme fields such as missile, hypersonic vehicles and aeroengine due to the high temperature resistance and light weight. However, the NBSHC is difficult to be machined, and microscale mechanism of material removal process on burr of NBSHC is not clarified, resulting in burrs that are particularly to be formed during conventional processing and clamping methods. To solve these problems, the NBSHC was ground with ice fixation. The simulation models of grinding depth, speed and cutting angle (process parameters) were established considering the grinding path and ice freezing condition for the first time. Based on the simulations, the microscale material removal and process parameters action mechanisms of NBSHC grinding were comprehensively revealed by coupling stress, plastic strain and temperature fields. To verify the mechanisms and obtain the machined quality of NBSHC, the NBSHC grinding experiments were designed by the novel cutting angle analytical model and ice clamp. The results showed the material removal volume and plastic strain increased with the increment of grinding depth, leading to a subsequent increase in burrs. The increasing volume of material removal per time, decreasing force and fracture strength, and thermal softening effects induced by temperature factors dominated in sequence with the increment of grinding speed, resulting that the burr increased initially, decreased subsequently and ultimately increased as the grinding speed incrementally adjusted. Cutting angle affected burr size by influencing the fracture difficulty of burr and thermal softening effects, and the optimal cutting angle intervals were [0°, 30°] and [150°, 180°].</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 133-150"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of interfacial bonding behavior in multilayer injection molding of optical products","authors":"Ruoxiang Gao , Chengqian Zhang , Jianguo Zheng , Hongwei Zhou , Jianzhong Fu , Peng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multilayer injection molded transparent polymers are widely used in a variety of commercial and industrial applications, as key optical component. In multilayer injection molding, as the most typical feature of the process, the fusion interfaces and bonding behaviors between layers is a critical factor influencing the performance of the final product, while the characteristics has not been fully revealed in existing studies. Here, through theoretical and experimental perspectives, we thoroughly investigated the fusion interface characteristics of transparent polymers produced by multilayer injection molding. The fusion interface strength is used as the evaluation index of interface performance, and a theoretical strength model considering the characteristics of the multilayer injection molding process was established based on the molecular diffusion theory. Experimental studies on the fusion interface were conducted using a specially designed multilayer injection mold. Mechanical and microscopic characterizations show that increasing process temperatures, such as insert, melt, and mold temperatures, can significantly improve interface bonding strength. The proposed bonding strength theory can accurately predict experimental results, with the RMS error does not exceed 4 %. Moreover, the correlation between fusion interface properties and optical performance such as transmittance and haze were verified. Based on the above research, ultra-thick-walled optical products with a thickness of up to 30 mm were molded, achieving transmittance and haze values of 82.77 % and 0.05, respectively. The results reveal the properties of multilayer injection molding fusion interfaces of transparent polymers and will aid in the improvement of quality of thick-walled polymer optical products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 112-126"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiahui Ye , John Coleman , Gerald L. Knapp , Amra Peles , Chase Joslin , Sarah Graham , Alex Plotkowski , Alaa Elwany
{"title":"A high-throughput approach for statistical process optimization in Laser Powder Bed Fusion","authors":"Jiahui Ye , John Coleman , Gerald L. Knapp , Amra Peles , Chase Joslin , Sarah Graham , Alex Plotkowski , Alaa Elwany","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Process variability is inherent in metal additive manufacturing (AM). However, it is often overlooked in process optimization frameworks, constraining the understanding of process uncertainties and their influence on parameter selection. To address this, we present an integrated framework that combines high-throughput single-track experiments, GAN-based melt pool geometry extraction, robust statistical and machine learning modeling, and uncertainty-quantified process mapping. Process variability is characterized through single-track melt pool behaviors, and its influence on defect formation is systematically quantified to enable statistically guided process parameter optimization. This approach is demonstrated on Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of stainless steel 316L, effectively capturing the interplay between process parameters, melt pool variability, and defect probability. By integrating uncertainty quantification into process optimization, this study provides a structured methodology for addressing variability challenges in AM quality control, ultimately contributing to enhanced manufacturing reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 88-99"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenchao Du, Tianchen Hu, Quinn MacKenzie , Dileep Singh
{"title":"Optimization of overhang printing in ceramic binder jetting additive manufacturing","authors":"Wenchao Du, Tianchen Hu, Quinn MacKenzie , Dileep Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cylindrical-shaped horizontally-hanging overhangs with different heights on a solid cubic body were printed via binder jetting additive manufacturing with sililcon carbide powder feedstock. Cracking on the overhang neck and sagging on the overhang body were observed both pre- and post-curing, especially on printed design with a smaller particle size of 10 μm. It was found that the width of cracking and depth of sagging were dependent on the height relative to the solid body in the powder bed, and elevated position of overhang with large volume of underneath loose powder led to increased extend of cracking and sagging. Overhang diameter and weight were varied, which were found with no apparent effects on its deformation extend. To mitigate cracking and sagging, contactless support was designed and tested, which could significantly improve the overhang stability and avoid any overhang deformations. Support gap and support distance were studied for their effects on support capability. The printing processes with and without contactless support were simulated by a finite element modeling approach to understand the stress distribution and evolution of the overhang structures, which revealed stress concentrations on the upper neck point of the designed overhang.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","volume":"147 ","pages":"Pages 100-111"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}