Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Screening and confirmation of recombinant human follistatin in equine plasma for doping control purposes","authors":"Kin-Sing Wong,&nbsp;Hiu Wing Cheung,&nbsp;Yung-Ching Choi,&nbsp;Ning-Sum To,&nbsp;Terence S. M. Wan,&nbsp;Emmie N. M. Ho","doi":"10.1002/dta.3540","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3540","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recombinant human follistatin (rhFST) is a potential performance-enhancing agent owing to its stimulating effect on muscle growth. Administration of rhFST to athletes is prohibited in human sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and in horseracing according to Article 6 of the International Agreement on Breeding, Racing and Wagering published by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). For effective control of the potential misuse of rhFST in flat racing, methods for screening and confirmatory analysis are required. This paper describes the development and validation of a complete solution for detecting rhFST and confirming its presence in plasma samples collected from racehorses. A high-throughput analysis of rhFST with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for the screening of equine plasma samples. Any suspicious finding would then be subjected to a confirmatory analysis using immunocapture, followed by nano-liquid chromatography/high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/HRMS). The confirmation of rhFST by nanoLC-MS/HRMS was achieved by comparing the retention times and relative abundances of three characteristic product-ions with those from the reference standard in accordance with the industry criteria published by the Association of Official Racing Chemists. The two methods achieved comparable limit of detection (~2.5–5 ng/mL) and limit of confirmation (2.5 ng/mL or below), as well as adequate specificity, precision and reproducibility. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the screening and confirmation methods for rhFST in equine samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"16 3","pages":"259-267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9746816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UHPLC–MS/MS method for the quantification of ultra-traces of irinotecan and its metabolites in red blood cells and plasma to detect caregivers' contamination","authors":"Simon Rodier,&nbsp;Guillaume Saint-Lorant,&nbsp;Marc Since,&nbsp;Stéphanie Lagadu,&nbsp;Hubert Benoist,&nbsp;Agnès Palix,&nbsp;Jean-Marc Guilloit,&nbsp;Audrey Faveyrial,&nbsp;Fabienne Divanon,&nbsp;Raphaël Delépée","doi":"10.1002/dta.3539","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The occupational exposure of caregivers to antineoplastic agents has been demonstrated since 1979. Since the early 1990s, numerous studies from several countries have demonstrated the contamination of care facilities by antineoplastic drugs. As it is easier to sample, most contamination measurements in workers are carried out in urine sample. The distribution and elimination half-lives of irinotecan suggest that blood can be considered as better than urine for the biomonitoring of a potential contamination of healthcare workers. We describe here the development and the validation of a UHPLC–MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify irinotecan, and two of its main metabolites, APC and SN-38, at ultra-trace levels in plasma and red blood cells (RBC). This method has been applied to blood samples collected from several healthcare services in a French comprehensive cancer center. The results demonstrate that the method is sensitive enough to identify a contamination of healthcare workers by irinotecan and SN-38 at very low concentrations. Moreover, the results show that analysis of RBC is of great interest and complementary to that of serum.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"16 2","pages":"236-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9693795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human metabolism and basic pharmacokinetic evaluation of AP-238: A recently emerged acylpiperazine opioid","authors":"Pietro Brunetti,&nbsp;Diletta Berardinelli,&nbsp;Arianna Giorgetti,&nbsp;Hannes Max Schwelm,&nbsp;Belal Haschimi,&nbsp;Susi Pelotti,&nbsp;Francesco Paolo Busardò,&nbsp;Volker Auwärter","doi":"10.1002/dta.3535","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a consequence of recently implemented legal restrictions on fentanyl analogs, a new generation of acylpiperazine opioids appeared on the illicit drug market. AP-238 was the latest opioid in this series to be notified by the European Early Warning System in 2020 and was involved in an increasing number of acute intoxications. AP-238 metabolism was investigated to provide useful markers of consumption. For the tentative identification of the main phase I metabolites, a pooled human liver microsome assay was performed. Further, four whole blood and two urine samples collected during post-mortem examinations and samples from a controlled oral self-administration study were screened for anticipated metabolites. In total, 12 AP-238 phase I metabolites were identified through liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the in vitro assay. All of these were confirmed in vivo, and additionally, 15 phase I and five phase II metabolites were detected in the human urine samples, adding up to a total of 32 metabolites. Most of these metabolites were also detected in the blood samples, although mostly with lower abundances. The main in vivo metabolites were built by hydroxylation combined with further metabolic reactions such as <i>O</i>-methylation or <i>N-</i>deacylation. The controlled oral self-administration allowed us to confirm the usefulness of these metabolites as proof of intake in abstinence control. The detection of metabolites is often crucial to documenting consumption, especially when small traces of the parent drug can be found in real samples. The in vitro assay proved to be suitable for the prediction of valid biomarkers of novel synthetic opioid intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"16 2","pages":"221-235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dta.3535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9695936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unauthorized ingredients in “nootropic” dietary supplements: A review of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, international regulations, and potential as doping agents","authors":"Karol Jędrejko,&nbsp;Oliver Catlin,&nbsp;Timothy Stewart,&nbsp;Ashley Anderson,&nbsp;Bożena Muszyńska,&nbsp;Don H. Catlin","doi":"10.1002/dta.3529","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3529","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The first nootropic prohibited in sport was fonturacetam (4-phenylpiracetam, carphedon) in 1998. Presented here 25 years later is a broad-scale consideration of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, regulations, and doping potential of nootropics viewed through a lens of 50 selected dietary supplements (DS) marketed as “cognitive enhancement,” “brain health,” “brain boosters,” or “nootropics,” with a focus on unauthorized ingredients. Nootropic DS have risen to prominence over the last decade often as multicomponent formulations of bioactive ingredients presenting compelling pharmacological questions and potential public health concerns. Many popular nootropics are unauthorized food or DS ingredients according to the European Commission including huperzine A, yohimbine, and dimethylaminoethanol; unapproved pharmaceuticals like phenibut or emoxypine (mexidol); previously registered drugs like meclofenoxate or reserpine; EU authorized pharmaceuticals like piracetam or vinpocetine; infamous doping agents like methylhexaneamine or dimethylbutylamine; and other investigational substances and peptides. Several are authorized DS ingredients in the United States resulting in significant global variability as to what qualifies as a legal nootropic. Prohibited stimulants or ß2-agonists commonly used in “pre-workout,” “weight loss,” or “thermogenic” DS such as octodrine, hordenine, or higenamine are often stacked with nootropic substances. While stimulants and ß2-agonists are defined as doping agents by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), many nootropics are not, although some may qualify as non-approved substances or related substances under catch-all language in the WADA Prohibited List. Synergistic combinations, excessive dosing, or recently researched pharmacology may justify listing certain nootropics as doping agents or warrant additional attention in future regulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"15 8","pages":"803-839"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5714032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of cannabinoids in 50 μL whole blood samples by online extraction using turbulent flow chromatography and LC-HRAM-Orbitrap-MS: Application on driving under the influence of drugs cases","authors":"Flavio Zancanaro,&nbsp;Gianpaola Tedeschi,&nbsp;Luca Zamengo,&nbsp;Samuela Frasson,&nbsp;Giampietro Frison","doi":"10.1002/dta.3532","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3532","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The analysis of cannabinoids in whole blood is usually done by traditional mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, after offline cleanup or derivatization steps which can be lengthy, laborious, and expensive. We present a simple, fast, highly specific, and sensitive method for the determination of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), 11-hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in 50 μL whole blood samples. After the addition of deuterated internal standards (IS) and a simple protein precipitation step, an online extraction of sample supernatants using turbulent flow chromatography (TurboFlow—Thermo Scientific) was carried out. Analytes were separated on a C18 analytical column and detected by LC-HRAM-Orbitrap-MS using a Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Focus MS system. MS detection was performed in polarity switching and selected ion monitoring (SIM) modes using five specific acquisition windows, at a resolution of 70,000 (FWHM). Total run time was about 10 min including preanalytical steps. Method validation was carried out by determining limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), linearity range, analytical accuracy, intra-assay and interassay precision, carry-over, matrix effect, extraction recovery, and selectivity, for all analytes. Measurement uncertainties were also evaluated, and a decision rule was set with confidence for forensic purposes. The method may become suitable for clinical and forensic toxicology applications, taking advantage of the small matrix volume required, the simple and cost-effective sample preparation procedure, and the fast analytical run time. Performances were monitored over a long-term period and tested on 7620 driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) samples, including 641 positive samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"16 2","pages":"210-220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9671389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of thyroid hormones administration on urinary endogenous steroid profile of the athlete biological passport","authors":"Dayamin Martínez_Brito,&nbsp;Xavier de la Torre,&nbsp;Francesco Botrè","doi":"10.1002/dta.3534","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3534","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work focused on the possible alterations of the markers of the steroidal module of the athlete biological passport, considering samples of athletes declaring and not-declaring the supplementation of thyroid hormones (TH) in the Doping Control Form (DCF). Concentrations of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-Adiol), 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5β-Adiol), testosterone (T), androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (Etio), epitestosterone (E), pregnanediol (PD), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and 11β-hydroxy-androsterone (OHA) were calculated using internal standards and external calibration by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Also, ratios between the above biomarkers were also estimated. The data set was composed of samples from females and males declaring and not-declaring TH supplementation in the DCF. To corroborate these observations, a controlled urinary excretion study was carried out with multiple doses of sodium liothyronine (T3). Female data showed significant differences for the concentrations of 5α-Adiol, A, DHEA, E, OHA, and T and the ratio A/Etio between FD and FND groups, whereas the male groups only showed significant differences in OHA concentration. In both cases, males and females declaring the consumption of levothyroxine showed narrower data distribution and diminished percentiles from 17% to 67% with respect to the not-declaring corresponding groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Concentrations of 5α-metabolites showed a higher depression for the FND, and both FD and MD groups showed a peculiar behavior for the PD concentrations. The controlled study agreed with the observations, mainly for the female group with significant differences for concentrations of E, Etio, 5α-Adiol, and 5β-Adiol after TH administration. The interpretation of the steroid markers of the ABP should consider TH administrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"15 11-12","pages":"1361-1370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9723030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput untargeted screening of biotherapeutic macromolecules in equine plasma by UHPLC-HRMS/MS: Application to monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins for doping control","authors":"Justine Pinetre,&nbsp;Vivian Delcourt,&nbsp;François Becher,&nbsp;Patrice Garcia,&nbsp;Agnès Barnabé,&nbsp;Benoit Loup,&nbsp;Marie-Agnès Popot,&nbsp;François Fenaille,&nbsp;Ludovic Bailly-Chouriberry","doi":"10.1002/dta.3525","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3525","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many innovative biotherapeutics have been marketed in the last decade. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins (Fc-proteins) have been developed for the treatment of diverse diseases (cancer, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory disorders) and now represent an important part of targeted therapies. However, the ready availability of such biomolecules, sometimes characterized by their anabolic, anti-inflammatory, or erythropoiesis-stimulating properties, raises concerns about their potential misuse as performance enhancers for human and animal athletes. In equine doping control laboratories, a method has been reported to detect the administration of a specific human biotherapeutic in equine plasma; but no high-throughput method has been described for the screening without any a priori knowledge of human or murine biotherapeutic. In this context, a new broad-spectrum screening method involving UHPLC-HRMS/MS has been developed for the untargeted analysis of murine or human mAbs and related macromolecules in equine plasma. This approach, consisting of a “pellet digestion” strategy performed in a 96-well plate, demonstrates reliable performances at low concentrations (pmol/mL range) with high-throughput capability (≈100 samples/day). Targeting species-specific proteotypic peptides located within the constant parts of mAbs enables the “universal” detection of human biotherapeutics only by monitoring 10 peptides. As proof of principle, this strategy successfully detected different biotherapeutics in spiked plasma samples, and allowed, for the first time, the detection of a human mAb up to 10 days after a 0.12 mg/kg administration to a horse. This development will expand the analytical capabilities of horse doping control laboratories towards protein-based biotherapeutics with adequate sensitivity, throughput, and cost-effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"16 2","pages":"199-209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9663476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of new psychoactive substances in hair and urine samples of individuals subject to drug testing in driving license regranting—A toxicological perspective","authors":"Helena Fels,&nbsp;Frank Musshoff,&nbsp;Matthias Graw,&nbsp;Don DeVol,&nbsp;Thomas Wagner,&nbsp;Anna Holzer","doi":"10.1002/dta.3533","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3533","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, numerous new psychoactive substances (NPS) have emerged on the illicit drug market. The assumed non-detectability of these drugs is often a key motivation for individuals subject to drug testing, such as those in driving license regranting programs. In these programs, NPS are not routinely tested for, and thus, subjects who have to prove abstinence from common drugs of abuse might switch to NPS to avoid positive drug tests. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of these substances in the hair and urine samples of individuals undergoing drug testing in driving license regranting. A total of 1037 samples (577 hair and 460 urine samples) collected from 949 subjects between February 2017 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed for designer drugs and synthetic cannabinoids by liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight–mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). For a more sensitive analysis of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites, additional testing was performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Overall, 42 hair and two urine samples, which were obtained from 40 subjects, tested positive for NPS resulting in a frequency of 4.2%. While synthetic cannabinoids were detected in all cases, designer drugs were only found in three of these cases. With regard to the 577 hair samples analyzed, 7.3% screened positive, whereas only 0.4% of the 460 tested urine samples contained NPS. The results of this study indicate that synthetic cannabinoid use seems to be popular among this population, and therefore, testing for synthetic cannabinoids should be requested more often preferably using hair analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"15 8","pages":"919-926"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5691088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Society of Hair Testing consensus on general recommendations for hair testing and drugs of abuse testing in hair","authors":"Donata Favretto,&nbsp;Gail Cooper,&nbsp;Maristela Andraus,&nbsp;Frank Sporkert,&nbsp;Ronald Agius,&nbsp;Brice Appenzeller,&nbsp;Markus Baumgartner,&nbsp;Tina Binz,&nbsp;Vincent Cirimele,&nbsp;Robert Kronstrand,&nbsp;Maria del Mar Ramirez,&nbsp;Sabina Strano-Rossi,&nbsp;Michael Uhl,&nbsp;Marco Vincenti,&nbsp;Michel Yegles","doi":"10.1002/dta.3526","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"15 9","pages":"1042-1046"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41083714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical and behavioral characterization of N-ethyl-N-isopropyllysergamide (EIPLA), an isomer of N6–ethylnorlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide (ETH-LAD)","authors":"Simon D. Brandt,&nbsp;Pierce V. Kavanagh,&nbsp;Folker Westphal,&nbsp;Benedikt Pulver,&nbsp;Hannes M. Schwelm,&nbsp;Alexander Stratford,&nbsp;Volker Auwärter,&nbsp;Adam L. Halberstadt","doi":"10.1002/dta.3530","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Preclinical investigations have shown that <i>N</i>-ethyl-<i>N</i>-isopropyllysergamide (EIPLA) exhibits lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-like properties, which suggests that it might show psychoactive effects in humans. EIPLA is also an isomer of <i>N</i>⁶-ethylnorlysergic acid <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethylamide (ETH-LAD), a lysergamide known to produce psychedelic effects in humans that emerged as a research chemical. EIPLA was subjected to analysis by various forms of mass spectrometry, chromatography (GC, LC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and GC condensed-phase infrared spectroscopy. The most straightforward differentiation between EIPLA and ETH-LAD included the evaluation of mass spectral features that reflected the structural differences (EIPLA: <i>N</i>⁶-methyl and <i>N</i>-ethyl-<i>N</i>-isopropylamide group; ETH-LAD: <i>N</i>⁶-ethyl and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethylamide group). Proton NMR analysis of blotter extracts suggested that EIPLA was detected as the base instead of a salt, and two blotter extracts suspected to contain EIPLA revealed the detection of 96.9 ± 0.5 μg (RSD: 0.6%) and 85.8 ± 2.8 μg base equivalents based on LC–MS analysis. The in vivo activity of EIPLA was evaluated using the mouse head-twitch response (HTR) assay. Similar to LSD and other serotonergic psychedelics, EIPLA induced the HTR (ED₅₀ = 234.6 nmol/kg), which was about half the potency of LSD (ED₅₀ = 132.8 nmol/kg). These findings are consistent with the results of previous studies demonstrating that EIPLA can mimic the effects of known psychedelic drugs in rodent behavioral models. The dissemination of analytical data for EIPLA was deemed justifiable to aid future forensic and clinical investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"16 2","pages":"187-198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dta.3530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9637126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}