Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Identification of Acetyl, Propionyl, and Butanoyl Derivatives of THC and Its Analogs, and Their Synthetic By-Products in Oils and a Herbal Product","authors":"Rie Tanaka,&nbsp;Michiho Ito,&nbsp;Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri","doi":"10.1002/dta.3883","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3883","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Since 2021, products claiming to contain Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) analogs have been distributed online and in physical stores, including liquid cartridges for electronic cigarettes, herbal products, and gummy products. This study identified the ingredients in products claiming to contain THC analogs distributed online. Seven oil products and one herbal product were analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–photodiode array–mass spectrometry (LC–PDA–MS). After isolating and purifying the unknown components from the products, structural analysis was performed by measuring ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and various two-dimensional NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY). The analysis revealed the presence of Δ⁸-tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (Δ⁸-THC-O), Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (Δ⁹-THC-O), Δ⁴⁽⁸⁾-<i>iso</i>-THC-<i>O</i>-acetate, Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabihexol acetate (Δ⁹-THCH-O), Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabiphorol acetate (Δ⁹-THCP-O), Δ⁸-THC-<i>O</i>-propionate, Δ⁹-THC-<i>O</i>-propionate, Δ⁴⁽⁸⁾-<i>iso</i>-THC-<i>O</i>-propionate, Δ⁹-THCB-<i>O</i>-butanoate, and Δ⁹-THCP-<i>O</i>-butanoate in these products.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1795-1802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143613001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematological ABP: Interest of New Generation Sequencing Methods (NGS) to Study Suspicious Fluctuations in Erythropoiesis","authors":"G. Dine,&nbsp;A. Lamzouri,&nbsp;E. Guibert,&nbsp;J.-C. Alvarez","doi":"10.1002/dta.3880","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3880","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We present a case report of an adverse analytical finding (AAF) with suspected doping in an athlete following consumption of a supplement contaminated with Roxadustat, an oral inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIP-PH), which increases erythropoietin production under normoxic conditions. Simultaneously, the athlete biological passport (ABP) profile was reviewed by experts of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) ABP review panel and considered to be atypical and suspect of blood doping. A particular genetic testing was performed, which determined that this athlete had various reasons for fluctuations in her hematological parameters, such as the C677T and 1298C MTHFR mutations leading to chronic folate deficiency which can participate in the development of multiple hormonal and metabolic disturbances, heterozygous missense variant EPAS1 c.1292T&gt;C, p. (Ile431Thr) and a heterozygous missense variant PIEZO1 c.7478T&gt;G, p. (Leu2493Arg), both of which are variants of uncertain significance. This example illustrates the caution required when interpreting an ABP.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1768-1771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 23rd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians","authors":"Emmie N. M. Ho","doi":"10.1002/dta.3882","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3882","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The 23rd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians (ICRAV) was held in Hong Kong from September 17–23, 2023, under the theme of “Sustaining the Integrity of Racing.” ICRAV is a biennial event that brings together analysts, veterinarians, and administrators in the racing industry to share expertise and address crucial veterinary, scientific, regulatory, and welfare issues essential for upholding the integrity of racing and ensuring the welfare of animal athletes. The conference attracted over 200 participants from 30 nations, featuring a record-breaking total of more than 150 presentations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the first time, ICRAV has curated a selection of articles in a special issue of &lt;i&gt;Drug Testing and Analysis&lt;/i&gt;, highlighting the key research topics presented at the 23rd conference. This issue also honors the memory of esteemed experts who passed away between 2018 and 2024, including Dr. David Lloyd Crone [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;], Dr. Walter Hyde [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;], Dr. Peter Haywood [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;], Dr. John Vine [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;], Dr. Dennis Hill [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], and Dr. Alan Malcolm Duffield [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. Their significant contributions to equine anti-doping have laid a strong foundation for future developments. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Editor-in-Chief Professor Mario Thevis for the opportunity to guest edit this special issue dedicated to the conference.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This issue opens with a comprehensive review by Gray et al. of the analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd ICRAV in 2018 [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;]. These encompass advancements in the detection of both the “small” and “large” molecule drugs, sample preparation methodologies, utilization of alternative matrices, advances in instrumentation, studies on drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of endogenous compounds, as well as the exploration of biomarkers and OMICs approaches. Research on equine gene doping control is also featured. Toutain contributed a mini-review on population pharmacokinetics (POP PK), a valuable tool for measuring and explaining the variability in drug exposure among individuals, with thorough discussions on its applications within the horseracing and equestrian industry [&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Following this, this special issue presents an impressive collection of nine original research articles, five short communications, one application note, two case reports, two tutorials, and two perspectives, showcasing recent technological advancements, discoveries, and emerging challenges within the equine anti-doping industry. Recent progress includes advancements in detection capabilities for small molecules. Dorakumbura et al. reported a simple LC–MS method for screening over 150 compounds, including pregabalin and metformin, in equine and canine urine [&lt;span&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;], monitoring the prevalence of these substances in race-day urine samples in Western Australia. Steel et al. contributed a","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1759-1761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dta.3882","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and Accurate Identification of Fentanyl and Buprenorphine in Transdermal Patches Using QuickProbe GC–MS","authors":"Moshe Burshtein,&nbsp;Simcha Shimron","doi":"10.1002/dta.3884","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3884","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The use of transdermal patches, primarily for pain relief, has grown significantly in recent years. This increase in legitimate use has been accompanied by a rise in their illegal use. Consequently, forensic laboratories are facing a growing number of these complex samples requiring analysis. These systems often involve complex sample matrices, demanding analytical techniques that are both efficient and highly sensitive. This study introduces the application of QuickProbe GC–MS for the rapid identification of fentanyl and buprenorphine in transdermal patches. Utilizing in situ extraction, the method eliminates the need for time-consuming sample preparation, achieving a full analysis cycle time of under 2 min. QP GC–MS successfully detected fentanyl and buprenorphine at concentrations as low as 4.125 and 5 mg, respectively, while adhering to the highest selectivity guidelines. This rapid and streamlined approach has broader implications for forensic investigations, enabling high-throughput screening of seized drug samples and potentially extending to the analysis of emerging drugs of abuse. The speed and efficiency of QP GC–MS make it a valuable tool for law enforcement, public health agencies, and toxicology labs facing the challenge of keeping pace with evolving drug trends.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1762-1767"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Dimenhydrinate on Motor Behavior and Vascular Function: Possible Implications for the Field of Sports","authors":"Jazmín Flores-Monroy,&nbsp;Diana Ramírez-Hernández,&nbsp;Diego Lezama-Martínez,&nbsp;Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano","doi":"10.1002/dta.3875","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3875","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several studies have described the sedative effects of dimenhydrinate (DMH), although others report a stimulant effect on psychomotor functions. Because the first generation of antihistamines was shown to seriously impair cognitive psychomotor and driving performance in healthy volunteers, the aim of our research was to determine the effect of DMH by testing physical activity and cognitive and cardiovascular functions using an animal model to identify a possible stimulatory effect. The study protocol consisted of two phases. The first was designed to analyze the stimulating motor effect of DMH. Four study groups were formed: (1) vehicle (Veh), (2) modafinil (MOD), (3) DMH at 50 mg/kg (DMH-50), and (4) DMH at 200 mg/kg (DMH-200). Motor coordination and balance, physical activity, hemodynamics, and nitrous oxide (NO) quantification were performed. In the second phase, we sought to discriminate the compound in DMH that generates the stimulating effect. In this case, the study groups were (1) Veh, (2) MOD, (3) DMH, (4) diphenhydramine (DPH), (5) 8-chlorotheophylline (8-Cl-T), and (6) theophylline (TEO). In this phase, we quantified glucose and insulin levels, behavior, physical activity, blood pressure, and vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine. Findings showed that DMH might improve a motor and physical stimulating effect but also increased NO levels in the lungs. DPH promoted a compulsive-like behavior that diminished with 8-Cl-T. Regarding cardiovascular effects, DMH decreased vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine. Finally, in the DMH formulation, 8-Cl-T was identified as the compound responsible for increasing blood pressure and heart rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1750-1758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dta.3875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the Dietary Supplement 5α-Hydroxy-Laxogenin in the Orchiectomized Rat Model","authors":"Daniel Derwand,&nbsp;Oliver Zierau,&nbsp;Clemens Alexander Wolf,&nbsp;Gerhard Wolber,&nbsp;Annekathrin Martina Keiler","doi":"10.1002/dta.3881","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3881","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dietary supplements used by recreational and elite athletes for performance enhancement might contain undeclared, unlawfully added ingredients. One of those ingredients is 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin, which is sold in dietary supplements marketed as a natural compound with anabolic effects. It has been shown that 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin is not naturally occurring, but rather of synthetic origin. Previously, we observed that 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin can bind to and activate the androgen receptor in a cell-based bioassay. To investigate its androgenic potential in vivo, we treated orchiectomized rats with three different dosages of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin for 2 weeks. Effects were neither observed on the wet weights of the androgen target tissues prostate, seminal vesicle or penis nor on the wet weights of the anabolic target tissue <i>musculus levator ani</i> or on skeletal hindlimb muscles. Au contraire, significantly higher atrophy was seen for some of the target tissues in the animals treated with the highest 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin dosage (36 mg/kg bw). While in silico docking supports the androgen receptor binding previously observed in vitro, we observed neither androgenic nor anabolic effects of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin in vivo in castrated male rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1743-1749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dta.3881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Generic Detection Method for the Doping Control Analysis of Fc-Fusion Proteins and Monoclonal Antibodies in Equine Plasma","authors":"Hiu Wing Cheung,&nbsp;Kin-Sing Wong,&nbsp;Yung-Ching Choi,&nbsp;Wai Him Kwok,&nbsp;Yat-Ming So,&nbsp;Adrian F. Farrington,&nbsp;Amanda J. Bond,&nbsp;Terence S. M. Wan,&nbsp;Emmie N. M. Ho","doi":"10.1002/dta.3878","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3878","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An increasing number of novel Fc-fusion proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being developed as therapeutic agents for treating various diseases. Among these, there are inhibitors of the activin Type II receptor (ActRIIA and ActRIIB) signaling pathways and mAbs against nerve growth factor (NGF), which may be misused for performance enhancement in horseracing and equestrian sports. This study is aimed at developing a generic detection method for doping control analysis of nine targeted proteins, each containing the Fc domain of human IgG or IgG from other species in equine plasma, namely, three recombinant Fc-fusion proteins (sotatercept, follistatin-Fc (FST-Fc), and erythropoietin-Fc (EPO-Fc)) and six mAbs (bimagrumab, domagrozumab, garetosmab, landogrozumab, bedinvetmab (Librela), and frunevetmab (Solensia)). A generic workflow has been developed, involving affinity purification with commercially available Protein A magnetic beads followed by tryptic digestion and detection of 20 targeted peptides (with 2–3 diagnostic peptides for each targeted protein) using capillary flow high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The method identified all nine targeted proteins in spiked equine plasma with adequate sensitivity and precision, and for the first time, bedinvetmab (Librela) was detected and identified in plasma for at least 34 days after a single subcutaneous administration (0.5 mg/kg) to a Thoroughbred horse. The results have demonstrated the method's applicability to equine doping control. This generic method involving affinity purification by Protein A has provided a pragmatic and effective approach to cope with the doping control of novel Fc domain–containing proteins.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1726-1742"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemoglobin Mass Determination: Exploring Carboxyhemoglobin Stability and Analyzer Interchangeability","authors":"Janne Bouten,&nbsp;Johan Garcia,&nbsp;Romain Carin,&nbsp;Elie Nader,&nbsp;Aurélien Pichon,&nbsp;Paul Robach,&nbsp;Philippe Connes,&nbsp;Franck Brocherie","doi":"10.1002/dta.3877","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3877","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing is frequently used to determine hemoglobin mass (Hb_mass) during hypoxic or heat training and high-altitude research. Accurate and reliable carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) determination is crucial for reliable Hb_mass measurements. The aim was therefore to explore the stability of HbCO and interchangeability of two Radiometer analyzers in the determination of Hb_mass. Twelve subjects performed a CO rebreathing test. Five capillary blood samples were taken before and after the CO rebreathing test and either analyzed immediately on site (three capillary tubes, Day 1, ABL 90) or stored at room temperature and sent to another laboratory for analysis 4–8 days later (two capillary tubes, ABL 825). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and relative typical error (TE) were calculated to compare both measurements. A paired sample <i>t</i> test was performed to detect potential differences between Day 1 (ABL 90) and Days 4–8 (ABL 825). A trivial mean difference was observed between the two measurements for ΔHbCO (0.05%, <i>p</i> = 0.01, <i>d</i> = −0.12) and Hb_mass (7.7 g, <i>p</i> = 0.01, <i>d</i> = 0.10). High reliability (ICC &gt; 0.98) and low TE (&lt; 0.91%) were found for ΔHbCO and Hb_mass. Immediate analysis with the same analyzer remains recommended despite trivial differences between measurements. However, when logistical issues (analyzer breakdown, extreme, and/or remote locations) do not allow optimal procedures, delayed analysis, potentially with a different analyzer, might be used as a viable alternative.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1721-1725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Trends and Methodological Challenges in Hair Toxicology: A Survey-Based Analysis","authors":"María del Mar del Ramírez Fernández,&nbsp;Mário Barroso,&nbsp;Maristela Andraus","doi":"10.1002/dta.3879","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3879","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1715-1720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biology and Management of Male-Bodied Athletes in Elite Female Sports","authors":"David J. Handelsman,&nbsp;Stéphane Bermon","doi":"10.1002/dta.3876","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3876","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The physical advantages in elite power sports that allow men to surpass women are derived from the experience of male puberty. By creating testicular testosterone production 20–30-fold over women at any age, sustained exposure over years to adult male testosterone concentrations produces larger and stronger muscles, bones, and the cardiorespiratory system with a higher blood hemoglobin explaining those advantages. While genetic advantages in exercise performance unrelated to sex are accepted in elite sports, adults who have experienced male puberty but have female gender identity, such as male-to-female transgender or intersex (XY Disorders of Sexual Development, DSD), create a category-defeating conflict if they compete in female power sports. Transgender women seek feminization using estrogen treatment, which can suppress postpubertal endogenous testosterone but even sustained complete testosterone suppression leaves an unfair legacy of physical advantages. By contrast, XY DSDs do not seek hormonal feminization and recognize that testosterone suppression impedes their performance. Hence, understanding the biology of male-bodied athletes with female gender identity is crucial to effective management, which is geared toward maintaining fairness and safety for typical women competing in elite female events. Such sex-based restrictions are not required in recreational, junior, or nonprofessional sports or where physical advantages are not operative. After the IOC's controversial 2021 Framework document, a growing consensus among major international sports federations is establishing a working definition of male and female sports sex to facilitate fairness and safety in elite sports, which depend on power, strength, speed, or endurance.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":"17 9","pages":"1703-1714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dta.3876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}