Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology最新文献

{"title":"Body Composition Benefits Diminish One Year After a Resistance Training Regimen in Breast Cancer Patients, Although Improvements in Strength, Balance, and Mobility Persist.","authors":"Colin E Champ, Jared Rosenberg, Chris Peluso, Christie Hilton, Rhyeli Krause, Alexander K Diaz, David J Carpenter","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020165","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Resistance training can improve body composition and physical function during and after breast cancer treatment and improve quality of life. It is unclear whether these changes persist once a person is no longer actively enrolled in a structured exercise regimen. Thus, we analyzed participants from the EXERT-BC protocol, assessing an intense exercise regimen in women with breast cancer at one year.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All the participants were asked to undergo reassessment at one year. Current exercise habits, injuries, changes in medical history, body composition, handgrip strength, functional mobility and balance, and patient-reported quality of life were assessed. Pairwise comparison was performed via the paired t test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 40 initial participants, 33 returned for reevaluation, with 6 lost to follow-up and 1 with unrelated hospitalization. The median age was 57.8 years, and stage at diagnosis was 1. Weekly exercise was reported by 16 participants (48.5%), with 14 of the 16 following structured resistance training. Between completion of the EXERT-BC and one year follow-up, five women (15.2%) experienced musculoskeletal injuries, which inhibited their ability to exercise. Three women (9%), who were no longer exercising experienced orthopedic injuries requiring medical intervention. The significant reduction in percent body fat, total body fat, excess fat, and increases in muscle mass, resting metabolic rate, and whole-body phase angle dissipated at 1 year. Activity levels and quality of life were no longer significantly improved. However, strength, mobility, and balance remained significantly improved versus pre-exercise measurements, whether a participant was still engaged in exercise or not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After a 3-month dose-escalated resistance training regimen, exercise compliance was poor at one year. The anthropomorphic benefits of the regimen regressed by one year; however, the improvements in strength, balance, and mobility persisted.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity Levels and Recreational Participation Among Physiotherapists: A Cross-Sectional Correlational Study.","authors":"Constantin Ciucurel, George Mihail Man, Marilena Monica Tantu, Mariana Ionela Tudor, Georgeta Ionescu, Ana Catalina Tantu, Elena Ioana Iconaru","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020164","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Healthcare professions impose high physical and mental demands, potentially affecting health. Despite advocating for active lifestyles, many physiotherapists do not meet recommended physical activity levels (PALs). This study explores physical activity patterns and recreational engagement among practicing physiotherapists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional correlational design examined the relationship between physical activity and recreational participation among 60 physiotherapists (38 females, 22 males, mean age 38.62 ± 9.78 years). Data were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Pittsburgh Enjoyable Activities Test (PEAT). The analysis focused on bivariate correlations between PAL, energy expenditure (MET), recreational habits (PEAT score), and sociodemographic and anthropometric variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IPAQ-SF results indicated that 38.3% of participants had a low PAL, 40.0% a moderate level, and 21.7% a high level. Average energy expenditure was 1927.62 ± 1479.73 MET-minutes/week. PEAT data indicated moderate engagement in recreational activities (mean score: 22.63 ± 7.76), with participants predominantly involved in low-intensity, passive leisure. Significant positive correlations were observed between PEAT scores and both MET values (Kendall's tau-b = 0.669, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) and PALs (Kendall's tau-b = 0.804, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), indicating that higher engagement in recreational activities is associated with greater energy expenditure and overall physical activity levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the physical demands of their profession, many physiotherapists report low activity levels. The positive correlations between physical activity, energy expenditure, and recreational engagement highlight the need for structured exercise to support both personal health and professional integrity. Future research should include larger samples and objective assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of a Multidimensional Physical Activity Intervention on Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Olga Papale, Emanuel Festino, Francesca Di Rocco, Carl Foster, Iris Prestanti, Sofia Serafini, Pascal Izzicupo, Cristina Cortis, Andrea Fusco","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020163","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemic episodes influenced by diet, sleep quality, chronotype, and physical activity, among others. While aerobic exercise is known to improve glycemic control, its effect on blood glucose regulation remains underexplored. Thus, this case study aimed to evaluate the effects of a prolonged and differentiated indoor and outdoor exercise intervention on glycemic control in an individual with type 1 diabetes. <b>Methods</b>: The participant (age: 23 years; weight: 95 kg; height: 1.90 m; Body Mass Index: 26.3 kg/m²; waist to hip ratio: 0.98; basal metabolic rate: 2015 kcal; Heart Rate Maximum (HRmax): 197 beats·min^-1) completed two outdoor (~3800 m) and two indoor sessions with self-selected speed, in the initial 2 min stage, at a 0% grade slope. The grade increased by 2% at each stage during the uphill phase until reaching volitional fatigue, followed by a 2% decrease at each stage during the downhill phase until returning to a 0% grade. Blood pressure was assessed before and after each session. Daily nutrition intake, insulin intake, and blood glucose were continuously monitored. Dietary adherence (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire), and physical activity levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) were assessed before each session. The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale was used to measure enjoyment after each session. <b>Results</b>: The sessions were completed in ~44 and ~39 min with the participant achieving 84% (outdoor) and 96% (indoor) of their theoretical HRmax. The intervention resulted in glycemic improvements, with time spent in hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL) decreasing from 56.46% to 0%, while time in the normal range (70-180 mg/dL) increased to 63.96%. A 47% reduction in insulin units showed that insulin sensitivity also improved. <b>Conclusions</b>: Despite differences in intensity, indoor and outdoor activities yielded comparable benefits, with outdoor activities being perceived as more enjoyable (outdoor: 28.5 ± 0.7; indoor: 24.0 ± 5.6) and positively impacting glycemic control, thus supporting the need for tailored strategies in diabetes management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Supervised Strength Training on Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"José M Moreno-Torres, Juan Alfonso García-Roca, Oriol Abellan-Aynes, Alvaro Diaz-Aroca","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020162","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Strength training has gained recognition as an effective method to enhance physical fitness in children and adolescents. Its benefits include improvements in muscular strength, aerobic capacity (VO₂max), and motor performance. However, the diversity in training protocols and participant characteristics across studies necessitates a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence. The aim of this paper was to analyse the influence of a strength training programme in young people aged 6 to 16 years on different aspects of physical fitness. <b>Methods:</b> A search was carried out in the EBSCO, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases. A total of 634 articles were reviewed, and 22 were finally included in the meta-analysis of articles published between 2013 and 2023 in English or Spanish. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed using the AXIS and PEDro tools. Standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The variables that were most frequently repeated as criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of strength training were the following: (1) strength of the lower/upper body muscles; (2) VO₂max; (3) sprint performance. <b>Results:</b> Strength training interventions produced statistically significant improvements in all analysed variables. Most effective programmes lasted between 6 and 12 weeks, with 2-3 sessions per week. VO₂max showed the greatest improvement, followed by upper and lower limb strength, and sprint performance. Heterogeneity ranged from low to moderate. <b>Conclusions:</b> Supervised strength training programmes can significantly enhance physical fitness in school-aged children and adolescents. While the included studies varied in design and duration, measurable improvements were commonly observed in interventions lasting at least 6-8 weeks. Future research should explore age- and maturity-related responses through subgroup analyses. Limitations include the exclusion of studies published after 2023 and the wide age range of participants without biological stratification.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNOE¯ for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise.","authors":"Manny M Y Kwok, Shamay S M Ng, Jonathan Myers, Billy C L So","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020159","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The accuracy of measurement of cardiometabolic outcomes in terms of gaseous exchange and energy expenditure of individuals is crucial. The objective of this study was to compare the validity and reliability of the PNOE¯ in measuring cardiometabolic outcomes from the respiratory gaseous exchange of healthy individuals during treadmill walking exercise. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 21 healthy subjects (15 male and 6 female) aged 22.76 ± 3.85 years took part in this study. Oxygen uptake (VO₂), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), metabolic equivalents (METs), tidal volume (VT), and energy expenditure (EE) were measured using the PNOE¯ and COSMED K5 portable systems during a twenty-eight-minute, four-stage incremental protocol, where speed increased from 1.7 mph to 4.2 mph with a 2% incline on a treadmill. Test-retest reliability was tested on separate days with trail repetition. Validity was evaluated by Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and mean percentage difference. <b>Results:</b> ICCs showed that VCO₂ was in the good range (0.75-0.90). The ICC of the RER from stages 1 to 3 of the incremental protocol and the VT from stages 2 to 4 of the incremental protocol showed good to excellent reliability. No clear trend was seen for VO₂, VCO₂, and EE datapoints with variations in speed. Pearson's correlation coefficients were moderately high (r = 0.60-0.79) between VO₂, VCO₂, RER, METs, VT, and EE measured by the PNOE¯ and K5 systems. All subjects, except for a few cases in VT, were within the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the acceptable range of the Bland-Altman plots. <b>Conclusions:</b> The PNOE¯ system is a valid and reliable measure of cardiometabolic outcomes and is comparable to the COSMED K5 system.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"May Patients with Chronic Stroke Benefit from Robotic Gait Training with an End-Effector? A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Mirjam Bonanno, Paolo De Pasquale, Antonino Lombardo Facciale, Biagio Dauccio, Rosaria De Luca, Angelo Quartarone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020161","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Gait and balance alterations in post-stroke patients are one of the most disabling symptoms that can persist in chronic stages of the disease. In this context, rehabilitation has the fundamental role of promoting functional recovery, mitigating gait and balance deficits, and preventing falling risk. Robotic end-effector devices, like the G-EO system (e.g., G-EO system, Reha Technology, Olten, Switzerland), can be a useful device to promote gait recovery in patients with chronic stroke. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twelve chronic stroke patients were enrolled and evaluated at baseline (T0) and at post-treatment (T1). These patients received forty sessions of robotic gait training (RGT) with the G-EO system (experimental group, EG), for eight weeks consecutively, in addition to standard rehabilitation therapy. The data of these subjects were compared with those coming from a sample of twelve individuals (control group, CG) matched for clinical and demographic features who underwent the same amount of conventional gait training (CGT), in addition to standard rehabilitation therapy. <b>Results:</b> All patients completed the trial, and none reported any side effects either during or following the training. The EG showed significant improvements in balance (<i>p</i> = 0.012) and gait (<i>p</i> = 0.004) functions measured with the Tinetti Scale (TS) after RGT. Both groups (EG and CG) showed significant improvement in functional independence (FIM, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremity (FMA-LE) showed significant improvements in motor function (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.031) and passive range of motion (<i>p</i> = 0.031) in EG. In EG, gait and balance improvements were influenced by session, age, gender, time since injury (TSI), cadence, and velocity (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while CG showed fewer significant effects, mainly for age, TSI, and session. EG showed significantly greater improvements than CG in balance (<i>p</i> = 0.003) and gait (<i>p</i> = 0.05) based on the TS. <b>Conclusions:</b> RGT with end-effectors, like the G-EO system, can be a valuable complementary treatment in neurorehabilitation, even for chronic stroke patients. Our findings suggest that RGT may improve gait, balance, and lower limb motor functions, enhancing motor control and coordination.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-Session Reliability and Predictive Value of Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction for Estimating One-Repetition Maximum in Older Women: A Randomised Split-Sample Study.","authors":"José Aldo Hernández-Murúa, Ena Monserrat Romero-Pérez, Jorge Luis Guajardo-Cruztitla, Blas Sinahí Madrigal Olivares, Ángel Gallego-Selles, Diego González-Martín, Francisca Reyes-Merino, Nidia Sánchez-García, José Antonio de Paz","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020160","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in muscle strength, particularly in the lower limbs, which compromises functional independence. While both maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) are widely employed to assess muscle strength, the intra-session reliability and predictive capacity of MVIC for estimating 1RM in older women remain insufficiently explored. <b>Objectives:</b> This study aims to evaluate the intra-session reliability of MVIC in knee extensors, analyse its correlation with 1RM, and develop a predictive model for estimating 1RM from MVIC in older women. <b>Methods:</b> Using a randomised split-sample design, 82 women aged 60-69 years performed two MVIC trials and one 1RM test using a leg extension machine. Intra-session reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the minimal detectable change (MDC). Furthermore, a linear regression model was developed to predict 1RM based on MVIC. <b>Results:</b> MVIC demonstrated excellent intra-session reliability (ICC = 0.96, SEM = 4.3%, MDC = 11.9%), and a strong correlation between MVIC and 1RM was observed (R² = 0.618). Although the predictive equation 1RM = [(0.932 × MVIC) - 3.852] did not yield statistically significant differences between the estimated and actual 1RM values (<i>p</i> = 0.791), it exhibited a prediction error of 13.4%. <b>Conclusions</b>: MVIC is a highly reliable measure in older women and represents a practical tool for estimating 1RM. Nonetheless, its predictive accuracy is limited, highlighting the need for further studies to refine predictive models by incorporating additional variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Velocity-Based Curve Differential Repeated Sprinting Training: A Novel Approach to Shape Physical Performance in Young Basketball Players.","authors":"Jorge Arede, Jack Wells, Mark Williams, Franc Garcia, Wolfgang Schöllhorn","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020157","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Basketball necessitates high-intensity, intermittent efforts with multidirectional and unpredictable movements, requiring training strategies that enhance players' physical capacity to meet these demands efficiently. This study aimed to examine the effects of a velocity-based curve differential sprinting training on the overall performance of young male basketball players. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 24 participants were tested for single- and double-legged counter-movement jump (CMJ) height, 10 m linear sprint time, and agility performance in a pre-post-retention test design. The 12-week intervention consisted of two weekly sessions with differential sprint training in addition to normal basketball training. Sessions consisted of two sets of ten 20 m sprints whereby participants were instructed to perform additional fluctuations in joints velocity for each repetition. <b>Results:</b> Results show strong evidence for H₁ (significant effect) for the experimental group in CMJ height (right leg) (BF₁₀ = 19.24) between pre-, post-, and retention test values (BF₁₀ = 10.24-17.85). For the remaining variables, no significant differences were observed. In contrast, the control group showed no significant effects including sprinting variables, indicating limited training effects. <b>Conclusions:</b> In conclusion, this research found that the 12-week differential curve sprinting training improved physical performance in the CMJ for the experimental group. Therefore, adding velocity-based random fluctuations during curve sprint training could be an effective training strategy for enhancing jumping performance in youth basketball players, which should encourage practitioners to implement different variations of the differential training approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Countermovement and Horizontal Jump Asymmetry in Female Football Players: Differences Across Age Categories.","authors":"Elena Mainer-Pardos, Rafael Albalad-Aiguabella, Víctor Emilio Villavicencio Álvarez, Santiago Calero-Morales, Demetrio Lozano, Alberto Roso-Moliner","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020158","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Lower limb asymmetry is a critical factor influencing performance and injury risk in football players. Despite the increasing popularity of women's football, limited research has examined how asymmetry varies across different age categories. This study aimed to investigate countermovement jump (CMJ) and horizontal jump (HJ) asymmetry in female football players across four age categories (U14, U16, U18, and +18). <b>Methods</b>: Seventy-six female football players from the same club participated in the study. Players performed unilateral CMJ and HJ tests to assess inter-limb asymmetry. A one-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were conducted to examine age-related differences in asymmetry levels. <b>Results</b>: CMJ asymmetry significantly varied across age groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with the highest asymmetry observed in U14 and the lowest in +18. In contrast, HJ asymmetry remained consistently low across all age groups (<i>p</i> = 0.113). No significant correlation was found between CMJ and HJ asymmetry. Additionally, asymmetry levels in CMJ were significantly associated with age (<i>p</i> = 0.003), whereas no such association was observed for HJ. <b>Conclusions</b>: CMJ asymmetry is more prevalent in younger female football players and tends to decrease with age, suggesting that neuromuscular development plays a role in reducing asymmetry over time. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring asymmetry levels across different age groups to optimize training interventions and injury prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships Between Effort, Rate of Perceived Exertion, and Readiness During a Warm-Up for High-Speed Sprinting.","authors":"Roland van den Tillaar, Nick Ball, Per Øyvind Torvik","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020155","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: The aim of this study was to investigate how a sprint warm-up with increasing prescribed effort relates to actual effort and how this influences RPE and readiness for a maximal 50 m sprint performance. <b>Methods</b>: A total of 19 subjects (17 men and 2 women age: 43.8 ± 12.6 yrs., height: 1.78 ± 0.08 m, body mass: 78.7 ± 9.5, 100 m PB: 13.07 ± 1.0) undertook a short specific warm-up of 8 × 50 m runs with 60 s rest in between (10 min in total) where a dynamic exercise was performed. The first 50 m run was performed at a self-estimated effort of around 60% of estimated maximal sprint speed. Each subsequent 50 m repetition required a 5% increase in sprint speed until it reached 95% of maximal self-estimated intensity, followed by a maximal 50 m sprint performance. Every 50 m time was measured together with the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and readiness to perform a maximal 50 m sprint. <b>Results</b>: The main findings were that actual percentage of effort was generally higher than prescribed efforts, especially in the initial test, while alignment improved in the retest, except at higher intensities (80-90%). Furthermore, both RPE and readiness had a significant positive correlation with the percentage of effort, though RPE was consistently lower, and readiness was slightly reduced at lower efforts in the retest. In addition, test-retest reliability indicated consistent sprint performance and perceptual measures across sessions. <b>Conclusions</b>: It was concluded that this short, structured warm-up is suitable for maximal sprint performance as shown by the readiness and RPE.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}