Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Task Constraint Manipulation on Physical, Physiological and Technical-Tactical Demands of Small-Sided Games in Soccer: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Pakorn Chootsungnoen, Wirat Sonchan, Phornpot Chainok, Pornchai Leenoi","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030354","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Small-sided games (SSGs) are widely used in soccer training to develop physical, physiological, and technical-tactical capacities under game-representative conditions. Although task constraints have been investigated individually, evidence integrating their effects across major categories remains limited. This systematic review synthesized the effects of six task-constraint domains on SSG demands in association football. <b>Methods:</b> Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus. Forty studies published between 2015 and 2025 met the eligibility criteria and were categorized into six task-constraint domains: pitch size or area per player (<i>n</i> = 13), player number (<i>n</i> = 8), goalkeeper inclusion (<i>n</i> = 6), goal type (<i>n</i> = 5), numerical imbalance and floater players (<i>n</i> = 8), and transition games (<i>n</i> = 6). The review protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. <b>Results:</b> Larger pitch areas consistently increased high-speed running but were insufficient to reproduce match-level sprint demands. Goalkeeper exclusion increased physiological intensity, particularly in smaller formats, whereas mini-goals reduced external locomotor load while maintaining comparable internal responses. Numerical disadvantage increased sprinting and high-intensity running demands for outnumbered players, while floaters experienced substantially lower physical loads than regular players. Transition games elicited the greatest locomotor demands, exceeding match values for high-speed running and sprinting across several playing positions. <b>Conclusions:</b> No single SSG format adequately addresses all match-relevant physical demands. Accordingly, practitioners should systematically manipulate and combine task constraints in accordance with specific training objectives. These findings provide evidence-informed guidance for optimizing SSG design to elicit targeted physical, physiological, and technical-tactical adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of Reference Values for Selected Spatiotemporal and Kinematic Running Parameters in Healthy Adult Recreational Runners from Barranquilla, Colombia.","authors":"Enso Jiménez, Leila Marin, Raul Polo-Gallardo, Daniela Márquez, Otto Sierra, Javier Sanjuan","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030350","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background and Objectives</b>: Running-related musculoskeletal injuries remain highly prevalent among recreational runners, and the absence of population-specific biomechanical reference values limits clinical and sports interpretation in Latin American populations. This study aimed to establish reference values for spatiotemporal and selected running kinematic/mechanical values (initial contact angle, vertical leg stiffness, and vertical oscillation) in healthy adult recreational runners from Barranquilla (Colombia) using three-dimensional motion capture. <b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 25 healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; mean age 32.7 ± 7.4 years, range 20-47 years). Running biomechanics were assessed using a BTS SMART-DX three-dimensional motion capture system and a Modified Helen Hayes marker model with 30 reflective markers. Participants completed treadmill running trials at 7, 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Key spatiotemporal parameters and global kinematic/mechanical metrics were processed using BTS Smart Clinic software. Reference values were defined using the 10th and 90th percentiles, stratified by sex and running speed, and accompanied by bootstrap 95% confidence intervals. Effects of sex and speed were tested by two-way ANOVA with partial eta squared and Holm-adjusted <i>p</i> values, with a linear mixed-effects model as a robustness check. <b>Results</b>: Motorized treadmill-specific biomechanical reference values (10th and 90th percentiles) were established and stratified strictly by running speed (7, 9, 11, and 13 km/h) and sex. Under the primary linear mixed-effects model, running speed significantly affected all ten evaluated biomechanical variables (all adjusted <i>p</i> < 0.001), including initial contact angle and vertical oscillation, confirming that speed-disaggregated estimates are mandatory for clinical interpretation. Conversely, sex effects were robust to multiplicity adjustment only for flight time and vertical leg stiffness. Compared with a European reference cohort, and after adjustment for sex, age, stature, body mass and speed through the published reference equations, this cohort showed a 6.6% shorter flight time, a 19.0% lower vertical oscillation, a 3.8% shorter stride length, and a 3.1% higher cadence. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study provides the preliminary regional reference database for running spatiotemporal and selected kinematic parameters in a cohort of healthy adult recreational runners from Barranquilla (Colombia). These preliminary values provide a baseline restricted to motorized treadmill running at fixed speeds; while they support standardized treadmill screening and rehabilitation tracking, their direct applicability to overground or self-paced running remains limited and warrants caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences Between Habitual Low and Normal Carbohydrate Intake in Body Composition and Maximal Isometric Strength in Resistance-Trained Men.","authors":"Sergio Añasco Saca, Lilia Soifer Velásquez, Alexander Javier Iman Torres, Michelle Lozada-Urbano, Delsi M Huaita Acha, Antonio Castillo-Paredes, José Antonio Pino Arango, Jose Jairo Narrea Vargas","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030351","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030351","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Most studies evaluating low-carbohydrate diets in resistance-trained individuals have focused on short-term ketogenic interventions. Whether habitual carbohydrate intake maintained under free-living conditions is associated with body composition and muscle strength remains unclear. Therefore, this study compared body composition and maximal isometric strength between recreationally resistance-trained men with a habitual low or normal carbohydrate intake. &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 53 recreationally resistance-trained men aged 18-35 years. Habitual dietary intake was assessed using three non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Participants were classified as having low (&lt;3 g/kg/day; &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 28) or normal (3-5 g/kg/day; &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 25) carbohydrate intake; participants also reported maintaining their respective dietary pattern for at least three months. Body composition was estimated using the Ross and Kerr anthropometric model, whereas fat mass was calculated using the Martin equation. Maximal isometric handgrip and knee extension strength were also assessed. Between-group comparisons were performed using Welch's &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple linear regression models were adjusted for age, height, and relative energy intake. Sensitivity analyses were additionally adjusted for relative protein intake. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Participants with a habitual low carbohydrate intake presented significantly lower adipose mass (β = -2.42 kg; 95% CI: -4.49 to -0.35; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.02), adipose percentage (β = -4.64%; 95% CI: -7.47 to -1.80; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01), fat mass (β = -2.33 kg; 95% CI: -4.08 to -0.57; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.01), and body fat percentage (β = -4.06%; 95% CI: -6.52 to -1.59; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) than participants with a normal carbohydrate intake. No significant differences were observed in muscle mass, handgrip strength, or absolute knee extension strength after adjustment. In sensitivity analyses additionally adjusted for relative protein intake, associations with adiposity were attenuated and no longer statistically significant, whereas low carbohydrate intake was associated with lower absolute and relative handgrip and knee extension strength (all &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). No significant associations with skeletal muscle mass were observed. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; In recreationally resistance-trained men, habitual carbohydrate intake below 3 g/kg/day was associated with lower adiposity in the primary analyses; however, these associations were attenuated after additional adjustment for relative protein intake. Conversely, associations with lower maximal isometric strength emerged after adjustment for protein intake, while no associations with skeletal muscle mass were observed. These findings suggest that the associations of habitual carbohydrate intake with adiposity and muscle strength may be influenced by overall dietary composition and should be interpreted cautiously given th","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149038971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absolute Aerobic Capacity Predominates over Body Composition and Regional Anthropometry in Explaining Maximal Fat Oxidation in National-Team Collegiate Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Carlos Abraham Herrera-Amante, Brenda Cecilia Jaime-González, Diego A Bonilla, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, José Raúl Hoyos-Flores, César Octavio Ramos-García, José Francisco López-Gil","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030349","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) is the highest rate of fat oxidation attained during incremental exercise, with cardiorespiratory fitness being its primary correlate. How body composition and regional anthropometry explain MFO variability remains poorly understood. While fat-free mass is a known correlate, regional morphology, such as skinfold-corrected girth, has been proposed to capture local muscle mass contributions. However, MFO is an absolute rate (g·min^-1) whereas peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak, typically mL·kg^-1·min^-1) is conventionally reported relative to body mass. The statistical consequences of this dimensional mismatch, and the question of whether regional girths independently account for MFO variance or merely reflect body size artefacts, remain unexamined. <b>Methods:</b> Forty-three national-team collegiate athletes (21 men, 22 women) underwent a maximal incremental treadmill test with breath-by-breath indirect calorimetry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis and a full International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) anthropometric profile including six skinfold-corrected girths. The primary model regressed absolute MFO on absolute peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak, L·min^-1). Sensitivity models added corrected girths, fat-free mass, sex, stature and body mass. Internal validity was assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation (<i>Q</i>²) and 5000-sample bootstrapping, with Benjamini-Hochberg control of the false discovery rate. <b>Results:</b> Absolute VO₂peak explained 60.4% of the variance in MFO (<i>Q</i>² = 0.563; <i>β</i> = 0.191 g·min^-1 per L·min^-1, 95% CI 0.142 to 0.240; bootstrap CI 0.133 to 0.227). Adding corrected calf girth changed the explained variance by 0.006 (<i>p</i> = 0.424) and reduced <i>Q</i>² to 0.541. No corrected girth survived the false-discovery-rate control, and fat-free mass added nothing (<i>p</i> = 0.268). When aerobic capacity was instead expressed per kilogram of body mass, model fit was substantially worse (<i>R</i>² = 0.415) and corrected calf girth appeared to be strongly and independently associated with MFO (<i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> In trained athletes, absolute aerobic capacity explains MFO variance, whereas regional anthropometry and body composition provide no incremental information. Normalising predictor variables by body mass creates statistical artefacts that falsely attribute explanatory power to structural girths. Future studies with larger sample sizes and diverse athletic populations are needed to confirm these findings across different training statuses and metabolic profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Post-Match Fatigue and Recovery Kinetics of Neuromuscular Performance and Muscle Damage After a Friendly Match in Elite Youth Football Players.","authors":"David Bernatík, Karel Hulka, Andrea Izakova","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030353","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background and Objectives</b>: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute fatigue response to a standardized friendly football match in elite adolescent players and to describe the subsequent recovery of neuromuscular performance, biochemical markers, and subjective perceptions over a 72-h period. <b>Methods</b>: Thirty-seven elite male youth football players (16.3 ± 0.7 years) participated in this repeated-measures study. Neuromuscular function was assessed using the countermovement jump (CMJ) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests. Muscle damage was evaluated by measuring blood creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, while subjective recovery was monitored using a visual analog scale (VAS) for muscle soreness and the Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ). Measurements were obtained before the match, immediately after the match, and again 24, 48, and 72 h later. <b>Results</b>: The friendly match induced significant neuromuscular, biochemical, and perceptual fatigue. CMJ height, reactive strength index, and repeated sprint performance decreased significantly immediately post-match (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Perceived muscle soreness increased markedly and remained elevated at 24 h. Neuromuscular performance largely recovered within 48 h, with 20-m sprint performance no longer significantly different from pre-match values at 48 h. In contrast, CK concentrations peaked at 24 h and remained significantly elevated throughout the 72-h recovery period. Significant correlations were observed between subjective soreness, CK concentrations, and neuromuscular performance during recovery. Recovery following match play differed depending on the marker used. Functional performance largely returned to baseline within 48 h, whereas CK concentrations remained elevated throughout the 72-h observation period. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings emphasize the value of combining objective performance tests with subjective measures when monitoring post-match recovery in elite youth football players.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of Joint Kinematics, Kinetics and Electromyography Activity over 50 m Sprints in Experienced Sprinters.","authors":"Roland van den Tillaar, Sam Gleadhill, Pedro Jiménez-Reyes, Ryu Nagahara","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030352","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The aim was to investigate the stride-by-stride development of spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics, kinetics, and electromyographic (EMG) activity during a 50 m sprint, providing a comprehensive analysis of the biomechanical and neuromuscular changes throughout the entire sprint. <b>Methods:</b> Fifteen male sprinters (age 20.5 ± 1.3 years, body mass 66.8 ± 4.5 kg, body height 1.74 ± 0.06 m, 100 m personal best: 11.24 ± 0.34 s) performed a 50 m sprint, while the spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics, kinetics, and EMG activity of nine muscles were measured. <b>Results:</b> The main findings were that the 50 m sprint could be divided into three phases: initial acceleration, transition and maximal velocity and involve tightly coordinated changes across multiple biomechanical domains. The initial acceleration (the first 3-5 strides) was dominated by rapid increases in stride frequency, rapid changes in joint angles, and rising EMG activity in key muscles. In the transition phase (up to ~30-35 m), continued increases in stride length, decreasing contact time, and stabilization of kinematics and EMG activity were the main characteristics. In the maximal-velocity phase, a plateau in velocity, increased flight time, greater reliance on vertical force (an increase in vertical force relative to the horizontal forces), and stabilized neuromuscular patterns were observed. <b>Conclusion:</b> The phased progression supports contemporary biomechanical models of sprinting and emphasizes the importance of both mechanical and neuromuscular efficiency in achieving optimal sprint performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personalization of Training and Weight Reduction Using Artificial Intelligence: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence and Practical Limitations.","authors":"Nebojša Čokorilo, Aleksa Čović, Branislav Kokeza, Marko Sadojević, Filip Marković","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030347","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030347","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background and Objectives:&lt;/b&gt; Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a promising tool for delivering personalized interventions in physical activity, exercise prescription, and weight management. AI technologies may facilitate individualized recommendations, behavioral support, and lifestyle modification through adaptive digital health solutions, although their effectiveness remains to be established across different populations and settings. However, the current evidence remains heterogeneous, and the practical implementation of AI in personalized training and weight management requires further evaluation. This scoping review aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the application of artificial intelligence for the personalization of training and weight reduction, with particular emphasis on the types of AI technologies used, their reported outcomes, practical applications, and current limitations. &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A scoping review was conducted following a structured literature search of studies investigating AI-supported interventions related to physical activity, exercise, dietary behavior, and weight management. Eight studies involving diverse populations, intervention designs, and AI technologies were included. Data were extracted on study characteristics, AI technologies, intervention characteristics, reported outcomes, and research gaps. The literature search was subject to access-based restrictions, including the use of \"Free full text\" in PubMed and \"Open Access\" in Web of Science, as well as language restrictions. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The included studies investigated a wide range of AI technologies, including conversational chatbots, natural language processing systems, machine learning algorithms, computer vision applications, knowledge-based systems, and large language models. Selected studies reported favorable or modest changes in exercise adherence, physical activity participation, dietary behaviors, user engagement, and weight-related outcomes; however, the magnitude and consistency of these findings varied across studies. Personalized coaching, real-time feedback, and continuous behavioral support were common features of interventions reporting favorable outcomes. However, considerable heterogeneity existed across study designs, participant populations, intervention protocols, AI technologies, and outcome measures, and evidence regarding long-term effectiveness remains limited. The findings should be interpreted in the context of the adopted search strategy, including access-based restrictions and the inability to retrieve eight of 57 reports sought for retrieval, which may have contributed to availability bias. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Current evidence suggests that artificial intelligence may have potential as a tool for supporting the personalization of training and weight management interventions, particularly through individualized behavioral support, feedback, and user engagement. However, the availa","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Night Jumps with Equipment and Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Problems in Military Parachutists: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Daniel Sanz-Blanco, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030346","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background and Objectives</b>: Military parachuting combines landing impact, carried load, and restricted visual information. This study examined the concurrent associations of two primary task exposures-recent jump volume and participation in at least one night jump with equipment-with self-reported parachuting-related musculoskeletal problems; individual characteristics were treated as adjustment variables or exploratory factors. <b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 105 parachutists from the Sapper Battalion of the Spanish Parachute Brigade. Exposure and outcome were both recalled for the same preceding 12 months, and their temporal sequence was not recorded. Prevalence was estimated with Wilson 95% confidence intervals, and the two primary exposures were entered simultaneously in Firth bias-reduced logistic regression adjusted for age and body mass index. A modified Poisson model with robust standard errors estimated adjusted prevalence ratios as a sensitivity analysis. <b>Results</b>: Forty-eight participants (45.7%) reported at least one parachuting-related musculoskeletal problem during the preceding year, most frequently at the knee, low back, and upper back or neck. Problems were reported by 79.4% of participants who had performed night jumps with equipment and by 29.6% of those who had not. Night jumps with equipment were associated with the outcome (odds ratio 7.13, 95% confidence interval 2.71-20.66), whereas recent jump volume was not. The adjusted prevalence ratio for the combined exposure was 2.44 (95% confidence interval 1.63-3.64). <b>Conclusions</b>: Night jumps with equipment showed a concurrent association with self-reported musculoskeletal problems, but the design cannot establish whether the exposure preceded the problem or separate the contributions of darkness and equipment. The findings should be treated as hypothesis-generating for prospective, jump-level surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise Loading Strategies for Patellar Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcomes.","authors":"Alejandro Bruna-Mejias, Rodrigo Cañas-Jamett, Juan José Valenzuela Fuenzalida, María P Moya-Daza, Gustavo Oyanedel, Gloria Cifuentes-Suazo, Lorena Villaroel, Mathias Orellana Donoso, Eduardo Mateluna-Valls, Juan Jose Cabeza-Salgado, José E León-Rojas, Juan Sanchis-Gimeno","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030348","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Patellar tendinopathy is a persistent load-related condition in athletes, and exercise is recommended as first-line care; however, the comparative value of specific tendon-loading prescriptions remains uncertain. This systematic review aimed to synthesize exercise-based interventions for adults with patellar tendinopathy, map reported loading prescription parameters, and estimate comparative effects when sufficiently comparable active-loading data were available. <b>Methods</b>: We conducted a PROSPERO-registered systematic review following PRISMA 2020. MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CENTRAL via Ovid/EBMR Reviews were searched. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. The primary outcome was VISA-P/VISA final score. Randomized active exercise/loading comparisons with extractable final-score data were pooled as mean differences on the original 0-100 scale using random-effects restricted maximum likelihood models with Hartung-Knapp adjustment. <b>Results</b>: The searches identified 942 records; 96 full-text reports were assessed and 40 reports were retained for qualitative synthesis. Six active exercise/loading comparisons contributed to the primary comparative synthesis. The pooled mean difference was 5.16 VISA-P/VISA points (95% CI 2.39 to 7.93) in favour of the first-listed intervention, with negligible statistical heterogeneity (tau2 = 0.000; I2 = 0.0%; Q = 3.50, <i>p</i> = 0.624). All contributing studies had some concerns in RoB 2, and GRADE certainty was low. <b>Conclusions</b>: Structured tendon-loading exercise remains central to rehabilitation. The pooled estimate should be interpreted as a small average comparative signal across clinically distinct active-loading contrasts, not as evidence that one specific loading strategy is universally superior.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Stability and Practical Applicability of Velocity and Velocity-Loss Perception in Back Squat over Eight Weeks.","authors":"Antonio Gramazio, Emanuele Dello Stritto, Ruggero Romagnoli, Maria Francesca Piacentini","doi":"10.3390/jfmk11030345","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk11030345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Subjective autoregulation methods are gaining interest among resistance-trained athletes. In particular, velocity perception (PV) and velocity loss perception (PVL) have shown promising practical applicability. This study aimed to investigate the temporal stability of PV and PVL across an eight-week period. <b>Methods</b>: Fifteen participants, after sessions of familiarization with PV and PVL, completed three test sessions: the first 48 h after the familiarization, and the others 4 and 8 weeks later. Each test session included five sets of back squats with light (55%-60%-65% 1RM) and heavy (75%-85% 1RM) loads. Light loads were executed with a 10-20-30%VL, while heavy loads with a 10-20%VL. PV accuracy was assessed using the |DeltaScore|, defined as the absolute difference between perceived velocity (Vp) and the velocity provided by the encoder (Vr): |DeltaScore| = |Vp - Vr|. PVL was measured by the |Vscore|, defined as the absolute difference between the number of repetitions perceived as correct relative to the target %VL (Np) and the repetitions that actually met it (Nr): |Vscore| = |Np - Nr|. <b>Results</b>: The results demonstrated that both PV and PVL are stable after 4 weeks at all loads and %VL (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In contrast, after 8 weeks, PV accuracy significantly decreased at all loads (<i>p</i> < 0.05; η²p = 0.04), whereas PVL accuracy decreased only at light loads (<i>p</i> < 0.05; η²p = 0.18). Moreover, PV error values remained below the previously suggested acceptability threshold of 0.09 m·s^-1 for up to 4 weeks. This error threshold corresponds to a load variation of ~10% 1RM in the back squat. <b>Conclusions</b>: The present results support the applicability of PV and PVL in real training contexts for a maximum of 4 weeks when monitoring devices are unavailable.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}