Journal of Ginseng Research最新文献

{"title":"Ginseng-derived compounds as potential anticancer agents targeting cancer stem cells","authors":"Ji-Sun Lee ,&nbsp;Ho-Young Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells that exhibit stem cell-like characteristics, including self-renewal and differentiation in a multi-stage lineage state via symmetric or asymmetric division, causing tumor initiation, heterogeneity, progression, and recurrence and posing a major challenge to current anticancer therapy. Despite the importance of CSCs in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, currently available anticancer therapeutics have limitations for eradicating CSCs. Moreover, the efficacy and therapeutic windows of currently available anti-CSC agents are limited, suggesting the necessity to optimize and develop a novel anticancer agent targeting CSCs. Ginseng has been traditionally used for enhancing immunity and relieving fatigue. As ginseng's long history of use has demonstrated its safety, it has gained attention for its potential pharmacological properties, including anticancer effects. Several studies have identified the bioactive principles of ginseng, such as ginseng saponin (ginsenosides) and non-saponin compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, and phenolic compounds), and their pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifatigue, and neuroprotective effects. Notably, recent reports have shown the potential of ginseng-derived compounds as anti-CSC agents. This review investigates the biology of CSCs and efforts to utilize ginseng-derived components for cancer treatment targeting CSCs, highlighting their role in overcoming current therapeutic limitations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 3","pages":"Pages 266-275"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000381/pdfft?md5=89c780eb7fcd4d36500906dd78ac7fd5&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000381-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension mice through the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway","authors":"Chenyang Ran ,&nbsp;Meili Lu ,&nbsp;Fang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yi Hao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Guo ,&nbsp;Yunhan Li ,&nbsp;Yuhong Su ,&nbsp;Hongxin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is the main pathological change in vascular remodeling, a complex cardiopulmonary disease caused by hypoxia. Some research results have shown that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) can improve vascular remodeling, but the effect and mechanism of Rg1 on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension are not clear. The purpose of this study was to discuss the potential mechanism of action of Rg1 on HPH.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>C57BL/6 mice, calpain-1 knockout mice and Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were exposed to a low oxygen environment with or without different treatments. The effect of Rg1 and calpain-1 silencing on inflammation, fibrosis, proliferation and the protein expression levels of calpain-1, STAT3 and p-STAT3 were determined at the animal and cellular levels.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>At the mouse and cellular levels, hypoxia promotes inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation, and the expression of calpain-1 and p-STAT3 is also increased. Ginsenoside Rg1 administration and calpain-1 knockdown, MDL-28170, and HY-13818 treatment showed protective effects on hypoxia-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation, which may be associated with the downregulation of calpain-1 and p-STAT3 expression in mice and cells. In addition, overexpression of calpain 1 increased p-STAT3 expression, accelerating the onset of inflammation, fibrosis and cell proliferation in hypoxic PASMCs.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Ginsenoside Rg1 may ameliorate hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling by suppressing the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 405-416"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000368/pdfft?md5=5c8375528982f82bfdbdf52fa0197a72&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000368-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolism and drug interactions of Korean ginseng based on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides: Current status and future perspectives","authors":"Jong Dae Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Orally administered ginsenosides, the major active components of ginseng, have been shown to be biotransformed into a number of metabolites by gastric juice, digestive and bacterial enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and also in the liver. Attention is brought to pharmacokinetic studies of ginseng that need further clarification to better understand the safety and possible active mechanism for clinical application. Experimental results demonstrated that ginsenoside metabolites play an important role in the pharmacokinetic properties such as drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, thereby can be applied as a metabolic modulator. Very few are known on the possibility of the consistency of detected ginsenosides with real active metabolites if taken the recommended dose of ginseng, but they have been found to act on the pharmacokinetic key factors in any clinical trial, affecting oral bioavailability. Since ginseng is increasingly being taken in a manner more often associated with prescription medicines, ginseng and drug interactions have been also reviewed. Considering the extensive oral administration of ginseng, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and perspectives of recent studies on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides such as deglycosylation, absorption, metabolizing enzymes and transporters, together with ginsenoside and drug interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 3","pages":"Pages 253-265"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000356/pdfft?md5=31ca53f765d1833321bcae765cb47ad4&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000356-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of virtual screening and proteomics reveals potential targets and pathways for ginsenoside Rg1 against myocardial ischemia","authors":"Rongfang Xie ,&nbsp;Chenlu Li ,&nbsp;Chenhui Zhong ,&nbsp;Zuan Lin ,&nbsp;Shaoguang Li ,&nbsp;Bing Chen ,&nbsp;Youjia Wu ,&nbsp;Fen Hu ,&nbsp;Peiying Shi ,&nbsp;Hong Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginsenoside Rg₁ (Rg₁) is one of the main active components in Chinese medicines, <em>Panax ginseng</em> and <em>Panax notoginseng</em>. Research has shown that Rg₁ has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, including anti-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-apoptosis, and promotion of myocardial angiogenesis, suggesting it a potential cardiovascular agent. However, the protective mechanism involved is still not fully understood.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Based on network pharmacology, ligand-based protein docking, proteomics, Western blot, protein recombination and spectroscopic analysis (UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra) techniques, potential targets and pathways for Rg₁ against myocardial ischemia (MI) were screened and explored.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>An important target set containing 19 proteins was constructed. Two target proteins with more favorable binding activity for Rg₁ against MI were further identified by molecular docking, including mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and adenosine kinase (ADK). Meanwhile, Rg₁ intervention on H9c2 cells injured by H₂O₂ showed an inhibitory oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. The inhibition of Rg₁ on MAPK1 and OXPHOS pathway was confirmed by Western blot assay. By protein recombination and spectroscopic analysis, the binding reaction between ADK and Rg₁ was also evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Rg₁ can effectively alleviate cardiomyocytes oxidative stress injury via targeting MAPK1 and ADK, and inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. The present study provides scientific basis for the clinical application of the natural active ingredient, Rg₁, and also gives rise to a methodological reference to the searching of action targets and pathways of other natural active ingredients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 395-404"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000332/pdfft?md5=90e961845ce143bd4f1aa7ab841f3369&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000332-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging evidence that ginseng components improve cognition in subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer's disease dementia","authors":"Rami Lee ,&nbsp;Ji-Hun Kim ,&nbsp;Won-Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Sung-Hee Hwang ,&nbsp;Sun-Hye Choi ,&nbsp;Jong-Hoon Kim ,&nbsp;Ik-Hyun Cho ,&nbsp;Manho Kim ,&nbsp;Seung-Yeol Nah","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine used for prevention and treatment of various diseases as a tonic. Recent scientific cohort studies on life prolongation with ginseng consumption support this record, as those who consumed ginseng for more than 5 years had reduced mortality and cognitive decline compared to those who did not. Clinical studies have also shown that acute or long-term intake of ginseng total extract improves acute working memory performance or cognitive function in healthy individuals and those with subjective memory impairment (SMI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or early Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia who are taking AD medication(s). Ginseng contains various components ranging from classical ginsenosides and polysaccharides to more recently described gintonin. However, it is unclear which ginseng component(s) might be the main candidate that contribute to memory or cognitive improvements or prevent cognitive decline in older individuals. This review describes recent clinical contributors to ginseng components in clinical tests and introduces emerging evidence that ginseng components could be novel candidates for cognitive improvement in older individuals, as ginseng components improve SMI cognition and exhibits add-on effects when co-administered with early AD dementia drugs. The mechanism behind the beneficial effects of ginseng components and how it improves cognition are presented. Additionally, this review shows how ginseng components can contribute to SMI, MCI, or early AD dementia when used as a supplementary food and/or medicine, and proposes a novel combination therapy of current AD medicines with ginseng component(s).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 3","pages":"Pages 245-252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000344/pdfft?md5=d967153b82184a433414e519ae61d48d&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000344-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140076210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methanol-involved heterogeneous transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to rare ginsenosides using heteropolyacids embedded in mesoporous silica with HPLC-MS investigation","authors":"Mengya Zhao,&nbsp;Yusheng Xiao,&nbsp;Yanyan Chang,&nbsp;Lu Tian,&nbsp;Yujiang Zhou,&nbsp;Shuying Liu,&nbsp;Huanxi Zhao,&nbsp;Yang Xiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The biological activity and pharmacological effects of rare ginsenosides have been proven to be superior to those of the major ginsenosides, but they are rarely found in ginseng.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Ginsenoside Rb1 was chemically transformed with the involvement of methanol molecules by a synthesized heterogeneous catalyst 12-HPW@MeSi, which was obtained by the immobilization of 12-phosphotungstic acid on a mesoporous silica framework. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify the transformation products.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 18 transformation products were obtained and identified. Methanol was found to be involved in the formation of 8 products formed by the addition of methanol molecules to the C-24 (25), C-20 (21) or C-20 (22) double bonds of the aglycone. The transformation pathways of ginsenoside Rb1 involved deglycosylation, addition, elimination, cycloaddition, and epimerization reactions. These pathways could be elucidated in terms of the stability of the generated carbenium ion. In addition, 12-HPW@MeSi was able to maintain a 60.5% conversion rate of Rb1 after 5 cycles.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis allowed rapid and accurate identification of the transformation products through the characteristic fragment ions and neutral loss. Rare ginsenosides with methoxyl groups grafted at the C-25 and C-20 positions were obtained for the first time by chemical transformation using the composite catalyst 12-HPW@MeSi, which also enabled cyclic heterogeneous transformation and facile centrifugal separation of ginsenosides. This work provides an efficient and recyclable strategy for the preparation of rare ginsenosides with the involvement of organic molecules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 366-372"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000083/pdfft?md5=42726f910d0e23e11e917eb00586143b&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000083-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139879676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside Rg5, a potent agonist of Nrf2, inhibits HSV-1 infection-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting oxidative stress and NF-κB activation","authors":"Buyun Kim,&nbsp;Young Soo Kim,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Eun-Bin Kwon,&nbsp;Hwan-Suck Chung,&nbsp;Younghoon Go,&nbsp;Jang-Gi Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), known to latently infect the host’s trigeminal ganglion, can lead to severe herpes encephalitis or asymptomatic infection, potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. The virus generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that significantly impact viral replication and induce chronic inflammation through NF-κB activation. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an oxidative stress regulator, can prevent and treat HSV-1 infection by activating the passive defense response in the early stages of infection.</p></div><div><h3>Methods and results</h3><p>Our study investigated the antiviral effects of ginsenoside Rg5, an Nrf2 activator, on HSV-1 replication and several host cell signaling pathways. We found that HSV-1 infection inhibited Nrf2 activity in host cells, induced ROS/NF-κB signaling, and triggered inflammatory cytokines. However, treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 inhibited ROS/NF-κB signaling and reduced inflammatory cytokines through NRF2 induction. Interestingly, the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 suppressed the expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) and enhanced the expression of KEAP1 in HSV-1 infected cells. This led to the reversal of VP16 expression inhibition, a protein factor associated with HSV-1 infection, thereby promoting HSV-1 replication.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings suggest for the first time that ginsenoside Rg5 may serve as an antiviral against HSV-1 infection and could be a novel therapeutic agent for HSV-1-induced neuroinflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 384-394"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000071/pdfft?md5=6903c7dbf127fb7c38d96bdf21401401&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000071-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139689858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic exploration of therapeutic effects and key mechanisms of Panax ginseng using network-based approaches","authors":"Young Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Seon Been Bak ,&nbsp;Yu Rim Song ,&nbsp;Chang-Eop Kim ,&nbsp;Won-Yung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Network pharmacology has emerged as a powerful tool to understand the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of natural products. However, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluations of network-based approaches for natural products on identifying therapeutic effects and key mechanisms.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>We systematically explore the capabilities of network-based approaches on natural products, using <em>Panax ginseng</em> as a case study. <em>P. ginseng</em> is a widely used herb with a variety of therapeutic benefits, but its active ingredients and mechanisms of action on chronic diseases are not yet fully understood.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Our study compiled and constructed a network focusing on <em>P. ginseng</em> by collecting and integrating data on ingredients, protein targets, and known indications. We then evaluated the performance of different network-based methods for summarizing known and unknown disease associations. The predicted results were validated in the hepatic stellate cell model.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that our multiscale interaction-based approach achieved an AUROC of 0.697 and an AUPR of 0.026, which outperforms other network-based approaches. As a case study, we further tested the ability of multiscale interactome-based approaches to identify active ingredients and their plausible mechanisms for breast cancer and liver cirrhosis. We also validated the beneficial effects of unreported and top-predicted ingredients, in cases of liver cirrhosis and gastrointestinal neoplasms.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>our study provides a promising framework to systematically explore the therapeutic effects and key mechanisms of natural products, and highlights the potential of network-based approaches in natural product research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 373-383"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S122684532400006X/pdfft?md5=cb4fc9119cb97f49b44f07f954e87630&pid=1-s2.0-S122684532400006X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139560230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing systemic, developmental, and reproductive toxicity and estrogenicity of Korean red ginseng extract G1899 in juvenile Sprague-Dawley Rats","authors":"Sangyun Kim ,&nbsp;Ji-Seong Jeong ,&nbsp;Woojin Kim ,&nbsp;Onju Ham ,&nbsp;Yixian Quah ,&nbsp;Soontag Jung ,&nbsp;Dong-Ju Park ,&nbsp;Min Jae Kim ,&nbsp;Byung-Cheol Han ,&nbsp;Eunji Kim ,&nbsp;Seung-Jin Lee ,&nbsp;Wook-Joon Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a product from ginseng roots, which is enriched with ginsenosides and has been utilized for a long time as an adaptogen to alleviate various physiological or disease conditions. While KRG is generally considered safe, conducting a thorough toxicological assessment of the spray-dried powder G1899 during the juvenile period is essential to establish its safety profile. This study aimed to assess the safety of G1899 during the juvenile period using Sprague-Dawley rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two studies were conducted separately: a juvenile toxicity study and a uterotrophic bioassay. To assess the potential toxicity at systemic, postnatal developmental, and reproductive levels, G1899 was orally gavaged once a day in post-weaning juvenile Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 0, 1250, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg/day. Estrogenicity was assessed by orally gavaging G1899 in immature female SD rats at 0, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg/day on postnatal days (PND) 19–21, followed by a uterotrophic bioassay. These studies were conducted in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations and regulatory test guidelines.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Regarding juvenile toxicity, no abnormalities related to the G1899 treatment were observed in any group during the experiment. Moreover, no uterotrophic responses were observed in the dosed female group. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of G1899 was determined to be at least 5000 mg/kg/day for general systemic function, developmental/reproductive function, and estrogenic activity.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results suggest that G1899 is not toxic to juveniles at doses of up to 5000 mg/kg/day.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 3","pages":"Pages 333-340"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000022/pdfft?md5=176d07462c5811d307ddfb392438d89b&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000022-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139560394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass spectrometry-based ginsenoside profiling: Recent applications, limitations, and perspectives","authors":"Hyun Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Dae Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Byeol Ryu ,&nbsp;You Jin Chung ,&nbsp;Kyungha Lee ,&nbsp;Young Chang Kim ,&nbsp;Jung Woo Lee ,&nbsp;Dong Hwi Kim ,&nbsp;Woojong Jang ,&nbsp;Woohyeon Cho ,&nbsp;Hyeonah Shim ,&nbsp;Sang Hyun Sung ,&nbsp;Tae-Jin Yang ,&nbsp;Kyo Bin Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ginseng, the roots of <em>Panax</em> species, is an important medicinal herb used as a tonic. As ginsenosides are key bioactive components of ginseng, holistic chemical profiling of them has provided many insights into understanding ginseng. Mass spectrometry has been a major methodology for profiling, which has been applied to realize numerous goals in ginseng research, such as the discrimination of different species, geographical origins, and ages, and the monitoring of processing and biotransformation. This review summarizes the various applications of ginsenoside profiling in ginseng research over the last three decades that have contributed to expanding our understanding of ginseng. However, we also note that most of the studies overlooked a crucial factor that influences the levels of ginsenosides: genetic variation. To highlight the effects of genetic variation on the chemical contents, we present our results of untargeted and targeted ginsenoside profiling of different genotypes cultivated under identical conditions, in addition to data regarding genome-level genetic diversity. Additionally, we analyze the other limitations of previous studies, such as imperfect variable control, deficient metadata, and lack of additional effort to validate causation. We conclude that the values of ginsenoside profiling studies can be enhanced by overcoming such limitations, as well as by integrating with other -omics techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 2","pages":"Pages 149-162"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000058/pdfft?md5=af74f2592f01af337709532164afec95&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000058-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139506423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}