Journal of Ginseng Research最新文献

{"title":"Korean Red Ginseng attenuates glucocorticoid-induced skin barrier dysfunction via mineralocorticoid receptor modulation","authors":"Jin Woo Lee ,&nbsp;No-June Park ,&nbsp;Yujung Jung ,&nbsp;Prasannavenkatesh Durai ,&nbsp;Yong Kee Kim ,&nbsp;Keunwan Park ,&nbsp;Su-Nam Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.100980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.100980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The skin serves as a critical barrier that maintains physiological homeostasis while protecting the body from environmental insults. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are effective anti-inflammatory agents, but prolonged use can compromise skin barrier integrity. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) play a key role in GC-induced skin barrier dysfunction, although cross-talk with glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). This study investigates the potential of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and its active component, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3(R)), in modulating MR-associated signaling and attenuate GC-induced skin barrier impairment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>MR transcriptional activity was assessed using luciferase reporter assays. Expression of SIRT1 and filaggrin, key markers of skin barrier function, was evaluated by quantitative PCR and Western blotting. MR knockdown with siRNA was performed to confirm its regulatory role. Molecular docking simulations predicted potential interactions between Rg3(R) and the MR ligand-binding domain.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>GC treatment enhanced MR activation, reducing SIRT1 and filaggrin levels and compromising barrier integrity. KRG, particularly Rg3(R), attenuated GC-induced MR transactivation and nuclear localization, restoring SIRT1 and filaggrin expression and preserving keratinocyte differentiation. MR knockdown corroborated the protective effect of MR-associated pathway modulation. Molecular docking suggested a plausible interaction between Rg3(R) and the MR through direct binding.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study elucidates the pivotal role of MR in mediating GC-induced skin barrier dysfunction and identifies Rg3(R) from KRG as a promising therapeutic candidate for restoring skin barrier integrity. The findings provide a mechanistic basis for targeting MR signaling in the development of novel interventions for GC-associated skin disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100980"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current obstacles for continuous cropping of Panax species and mitigation strategies","authors":"Ergang Wang ,&nbsp;Changbao Chen,&nbsp;Qiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Panax</em> species—represented here by <em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer, <em>Panax quinquefolius</em> L., and <em>Panax notoginseng</em> (Burk.) F. H. Chen—are valued for their saponins and polysaccharides and thus have significant clinical and commercial value. Rising global demand has driven intensive, large-scale cultivation, but repeated monoculture has produced persistent continuous cropping obstacles that now threaten the sustainability of the industry. These obstacles are not attributable to a single factor. Rather, they arise from interacting processes including degradation of soil physical and chemical properties, accumulation of plant-derived toxins that inhibit growth (allelopathic autotoxicity), and shifts in the soil microbial community that impair soil health and plant resilience. Together, these changes lead to stunted growth, reduced yields, and increased disease incidence. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding continuous cropping obstacles in <em>Panax</em> species. It evaluates evidence for the primary causal factors, assesses current mitigation strategies, and highlights areas where findings are robust or still uncertain. By integrating soil science, plant physiology, and microbial ecology, the review identifies practical approaches already in use and emerging technologies with potential to improve outcomes. Finally, we identify critical knowledge gaps and outline priority directions for future research aimed at clarifying mechanisms and translating that knowledge into an effective management framework. The ultimate goal is to provide a theoretical basis to guide the development of scalable, evidence-based practices that alleviate continuous cropping obstacles in the cultivation of <em>Panax species.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100925"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes skin flap survival by alleviating mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis via the JNK/ERK/p38 pathway","authors":"Hebin Pan,&nbsp;Panshen Xu,&nbsp;Kaitao Wang,&nbsp;Jialong Yang,&nbsp;Weilong Song,&nbsp;An Wang,&nbsp;Jiapeng Deng,&nbsp;Dingsheng Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ischemic necrosis remains a critical challenge in flap transplantation, often leading to postoperative complications and surgical failure. Ginsenoside Rg1, a bioactive component of <em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer, has demonstrated protective effects against ischemia in various tissues. This study endeavors to explore whether Rg1 mitigates mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis to enhance flap survival, and investigates the underlying mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Male rats’ McFarlane flap models were established and randomly divided into sham, control, low-dose Rg1, medium-dose Rg1, and high-dose Rg1 groups. On the seventh day postoperative, flap necrosis rate and blood perfusion were evaluated. Western blotting was used to detect mitochondrial stress proteins, apoptosis and inflammation-related molecules, and angiogenesis pathway activity. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to simulate ischemia-reperfusion injury for analyzing oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and apoptosis rate.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Rg1 treatment dose-dependently enhanced flap survival, attenuated neutrophil infiltration and promoted angiogenesis. At the cellular level, Rg1 promoted viability and migration capacity of HUVECs while diminishing the accumulation of ROS. Furthermore, Rg1 regulated mitochondrial dynamics by upregulating fusion protein Mfn2 and downregulating fission protein Drp1, thereby inhibiting apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed that Rg1 bidirectionally modulated the JNK/ERK/p38 pathway, suppressing pro-apoptotic signals (p-JNK, p-p38) and activating pro-survival signals (p-ERK). Additionally, Rg1 promoted angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF, Ang-1, and PDGFR-β, and reduced inflammation by suppressing IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Ginsenoside Rg1 regulates the JNK/ERK/p38 signaling pathway, mitigates mitochondrial oxidative stress and suppresses apoptosis, establishing a novel therapeutic target for flap necrosis prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100934"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel black ginseng processing method for optimizing rare ginsenosides with bioactivity and sustainability","authors":"Jeong Hun Cho ,&nbsp;Seungjo Lee ,&nbsp;Joon Soo Chun ,&nbsp;Chan-Su Rha ,&nbsp;Sehyun Kim ,&nbsp;Hyung-Min Kim ,&nbsp;Donghyun Kim ,&nbsp;Min-Seuk Lee ,&nbsp;Hyoung-June Kim ,&nbsp;Eun Jin Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Traditional black ginseng (BG) production requires resource-intensive multiple steaming-drying cycles. This study aimed to develop an efficient, sustainable method for producing novel black ginseng (hereafter referred to as Dark Ginseng, DG) with optimized rare ginsenoside contents with biological efficacy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A sous vide-inspired enclosed system heating method was used, where sealed packaging retained water vapor to enable continuous moisture-mediated ginsenoside hydrolysis, fundamentally different from conventional open-system steam processing. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the production parameters. DG underwent comprehensive morphological, colorimetric, and phytochemical characterizations. Biological activities were assessed by quantifying collagen gene expression in fibroblasts and inflammatory marker levels in keratinocytes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Optimal parameters (3-fold water ratio, 100 °C, 120 h duration) demonstrated excellent agreement with the regression model. DG exhibited physical features comparable to conventional BG, while achieving reduced processing time (42 %), lower carbon dioxide emissions (64 %), and cost reduction (81 %), and contained rare ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rg₃, Rg₅, and Rk₁) with no detectable hazardous substances. The DG extract significantly upregulated collagen synthesis genes <em>COL4A1</em> (1.55-fold) and <em>COL7A1</em> (2.29-fold) expressions in fibroblasts and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through dose-dependent reduction by 50 %–80 % of cytokine <em>IL6, IL8</em>, and <em>COX2</em> expression levels in stimulated keratinocytes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This innovative process developed in this study replaces the nine sequential steaming-drying cycles required for conventional BG production, with a single sequence involving sous vide-like heating, offering sustainability and economic advantages, while suggesting potential for applications in cosmetics and functional foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100933"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ectopic olfactory receptor OR7A17 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes, and ginsenoside Rh3 acts as its antagonist","authors":"Su Bin Han ,&nbsp;Soyoon Baek ,&nbsp;Eunbi Yu ,&nbsp;Sae Woong Oh ,&nbsp;Hyeyoun Kim ,&nbsp;Seokhyeon Min ,&nbsp;Gyeonghyeon Kim ,&nbsp;Yeonsoo Kim ,&nbsp;Koo Chul Kwon ,&nbsp;Iseul Jo ,&nbsp;Jae Youl Cho ,&nbsp;In Ki Hong ,&nbsp;Jongsung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Olfactory receptors perform diverse functions in many cell types and are ectopically expressed in human epidermis.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to examine the role of OR7A17 in keratinocyte biology, its signaling pathway and the potential of ginsenosides as its antagonist.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>OR7A17 function was examined in stably OR7A17-overexpressing HaCaT cells using western blots, image analysis, flow cytometric and qPCR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that OR7A17 overexpression promoted keratinocyte proliferation through MAPK signaling pathway, accompanied by elevated cAMP and cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels, which activated AP-1 and CRE. Moreover, blockade experiments showed that CNG, TRPV1, and TRPA1 channels mediated these Ca²⁺ signals. OR7A17 also promoted the PI3K/AKT pathway, activating NF-κB and driving G1/S cell cycle progression via GSK-3β inhibition and P70S6K activation. Conversely, OR7A17 overexpression repressed differentiation, as evidenced by reduced expression of early and late differentiation markers. Molecular docking and functional assays confirmed that ginsenoside Rh3 bound OR7A17 and antagonized its signaling, thereby inhibiting proliferation and restoring differentiation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In summary, OR7A17 promoted keratinocyte proliferation by activating PKA/MAPK, Ca²⁺/CREB, and PI3K-AKT-NF-κB pathways, while repressing differentiation. In addition, ginsenoside Rh3 functioned as an antagonist of OR7A17, counteracting these effects. These findings suggest OR7A17 as a therapeutic target for proliferation- and differentiation-related skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, with ginsenoside Rh3 as a potential regulator for epidermal homeostasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100972"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical randomized controlled trial and network pharmacological analysis of blood glucose regulation by Korean red ginseng in patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation","authors":"Guijun Tan ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Zihan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;Jingrui Yan ,&nbsp;Ke Tang ,&nbsp;Yi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><strong>This study aimed</strong> to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Korean red ginseng through a randomized controlled trial and explore the potential targets and pathways for Korean red ginseng to exert clinical efficacy by combining network pharmacology and clinical trial results.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We included randomly allocated participants to a test group that received red ginseng or a placebo control group. Network pharmacology was used to analyze the targets of Korean red ginseng and the genes related to type II diabetes, with the core targets being inferred. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were conducted to explore the potential mechanisms of action of red ginseng.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Regarding safety, none of the participants showed adverse effects. The test group exhibited significant post-intervention reductions in fasting blood glucose (from 6.44 ± 1.17 to 6.19 ± 1.14 mmol/L), 2-h blood glucose (from 11.96 ± 4.40 to 10.48 ± 3.72 mmol/L), and HbA1c (from 6.27 ± 0.79 to 6.12 ± 0.81 %; all <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Immune markers, including CD4/CD8, IgG, IgA, and IgM, remained within normal limits in both groups. Further hierarchical analysis revealed that red ginseng significantly increased IgA levels and natural killer cells in patients with type 2 diabetes with low immunity, with a significant between-group difference. Network pharmacology identified effective components of Korean red ginseng for treating type II diabetes, including ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside-Rg3, and Ginsenoside Rb2, with potential targets such as toll-like receptors 2 and 4, tumor necrosis factor, etc.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>According to the Evaluation Method of Auxiliary Blood Glucose Lowering Function of health products (2012 Version), we can conclude that RG capsules can help reduce blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and Impaired Glucose Regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100917"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-skin aging effects of black ginseng extracts through regulating inflammatory factors and the CLOCK–ERK pathway in mice","authors":"Yufei Huang ,&nbsp;Bing Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Jin ,&nbsp;Mingling Qiu ,&nbsp;Jingyun Liu ,&nbsp;Liangyu Hao ,&nbsp;Chenghong Zhang ,&nbsp;Haiying Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Continuous light exposure can accelerate immunosenescence-like state. The increase of TNF-α and IL-1β impairs clock gene functions and circadian rhythm disorder contributes to the path of biological aging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study evaluated the effects of an aqueous extract of black ginseng (BG) on clock gene regulation in aging mice accompanied by circadian rhythm disorders to clarify its antiaging mechanism in the skin. D-gal-induced the mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells were treated with Ginsenoside Rg3. In vivo, aging senescence was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-gal combined with a light environment. The treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally with BG extract. <em>Polygala tenuifolia</em> (PT) extract served as a positive control.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that Rg3, one of the active ingredients of the BG extract, increased the antioxidant capacity and decreased the expression of β-galactosidase and the mRNA levels of p16, p21, TNF-α and IL-1β. Drug–disease–target network pharmacological analysis revealed that the TNF signaling pathway is involved in the anti-skin aging effects of both BG and PT. We verified that BG or PT reversed the changes in the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, clock and p-ERK1/2 in aged and circadian rhythm-disturbed mice.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The present study demonstrated that the extracts of BG and PT played similar roles in an anti-skin aging. The possible mechanism involves the inhibition of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation, which can lead to change clock genes and drive epidermal differentiation of epidermal stem cells (ESCs) through the activation of ERK to cause ESCs depletion and skin aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100926"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of ginseng in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment: An analysis of research from 1998 to 2025 based on the database","authors":"Qi Lan ,&nbsp;Xiao-Lin Li ,&nbsp;Zi-Yan Zeng ,&nbsp;Xin-Rui Yang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Yu Lan ,&nbsp;Shi-Yun Yang ,&nbsp;Gang Luo ,&nbsp;Qiu-Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Meng-Nan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are recognized as a major global public health challenge whose prevention and management have long been a focus of scientific investigation. <em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer (ginseng), as a herbal remedy with a long historical usage, is extensively utilized in the field of complementary and alternative medicine. This review was based on the Web of Science core collection, searching and screening for relevant studies on “ginseng” and “cardiovascular disease”. Subsequently, the target literature records were analyzed and visualized using CiteSpace, Scimago Graphica, Bibliometrix R software package, and Microsoft Excel. This review summarized the research trajectory of ginseng in the prevention and treatment of CVDs from 1998 to 2025, analyzed its development characteristics, research hotspots and emerging frontiers, in order to provide new methods for the application of herbal medicine and promote clinical translation and the integration of complementary and alternative medicine with modern medical practice, demonstrating the enormous potential of ginseng in the prevention and treatment of CVDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100929"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of ginseng active ingredients combined with chemotherapy in cancer therapy","authors":"Yuhao Zhang,&nbsp;Changyu Shao,&nbsp;Jinguo Li,&nbsp;Yining Bai,&nbsp;Guofei Li,&nbsp;Tianyang Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.100971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of cancer therapy and is widely employed in clinical practice. However, the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy is often hindered by drug resistance and adverse effects. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of ginseng active ingredients in combination with chemotherapy. This review systematically summarizes that ginseng active ingredients can not only inhibit tumor proliferation by promoting cancer cell apoptosis and arresting cancer cell cycle, inhibit tumor metastasis by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis at the tumor site, but also reverse drug resistance by suppressing intracellular drug efflux and tumor immune evasion, and at the same time they can alleviate organ toxicities including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and ototoxicity as well as toxicities to the nervous system, hematopoietic system, and immune system induced by chemotherapy through multiple mechanisms, which shows great promise in cancer therapy. It elaborates the pharmacological actions of key constituents including ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2, while incorporating innovative research findings on constituents including pseudoginsenoside F11, ginseng polysaccharides, and lipids. Furthermore, this review also specifically focuses on cutting-edge mechanisms including ferroptosis and pyroptosis, which enriches the theoretical basis of the application of ginseng active ingredients in cancer therapy and provides novel research directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100971"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting mitochondrial quality control: Ginsenoside Rg1 as a therapeutic candidate for neuromuscular diseases","authors":"Xiaoqing Cai ,&nbsp;Haixia Lan ,&nbsp;Yingying Jiao ,&nbsp;Yaoqi Wu ,&nbsp;Peidan Yang ,&nbsp;Tongkai Chen ,&nbsp;Yafang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are complex disorders caused by the dysfunction of motor neurons and skeletal muscles. They lead to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy and impose a significant economic burden on patients and society at large. The dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control (MQC), a key cellular process, contributes to the pathogenesis of several NMDs. Interestingly, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ginsenoside Rg1 can regulate MQC by modulating mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitocytosis, thus aiding with the management of several diseases. This review comprehensively summarizes the current understanding of ginsenoside Rg1's effects on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, it proposes that Rg1 may target MQC mechanisms, emerging as an effective active agent for the treatment of NMDs. This review aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps and establish a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of ginsenoside Rg1 in the treatment of NMDs characterized by MQC dysfunction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 100930"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}