Journal of immunological methods最新文献

{"title":"Differential composition and yield of leukocytes isolated from various blood component leukoreduction filters","authors":"Katrijn R. Six ,&nbsp;Sarah Vertongen ,&nbsp;Sabrina Seghers ,&nbsp;Dominique De Bleser ,&nbsp;Veerle Compernolle ,&nbsp;Hendrik B. Feys","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Flanders, an estimated 300,000 leukoreduction filters are discarded as biological waste in the blood establishment each year. These filters are a possible source of fresh donor leukocytes for downstream purposes including research. We investigated leukocyte isolation from two types of filters either used for the preparation of platelet concentrates (PC-LRF) or erythrocyte concentrates (EC-LRF). Outcome parameters were leukocyte yield, differential count, turnaround time and effect of storage conditions. Leukocytes were harvested by reverse flow of a buffer solution. Control was the gold standard density gradient centrifugation of buffy coats. Total leukocyte number isolated from PC-LRF (1049 (± 40) x 10⁶) was almost double that of control (632 (± 66) x 10⁶) but the differential count was comparable. Total leukocyte number isolated from EC-LRF (78 (± 9) x 10⁶) was significantly lower than control, but the sample was specifically enriched in granulocytes (81 ± 4%) compared to control (30 ± 1%). Isolation of leukocytes from either PC- or EC-LRF takes 20 min compared to 240 min for control density gradient centrifugation. Leukocyte viability is optimal when harvested on day 1 post donation (95 ± 0.9%) compared to day 3 (76.4 ± 2.4%). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that leukoreduction filters from specific blood component processing are easy to use and present a valuable source for viable leukocytes of all types.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"533 ","pages":"Article 113733"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of monoclonal antibodies from naive antibody phage-display libraries for protein detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues","authors":"Célestine Mairaville ,&nbsp;Morgane Broyon ,&nbsp;Margaux Maurel ,&nbsp;Myriam Chentouf ,&nbsp;Barbara Chiavarina ,&nbsp;Andrei Turtoi ,&nbsp;Nelly Pirot ,&nbsp;Pierre Martineau","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most antibodies used in immunohistochemistry (IHC) have been developed by animal immunization. We wanted to explore naive antibody repertoires displayed on filamentous phages as a source of full-length antibodies for IHC on Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues. We used two isogenic mouse fibroblast cell lines that express or not human HER2 to generate positive and negative FFPE pseudo-tissue respectively. Using these pseudo-tissues and previously described approaches based on differential panning, we isolated very efficient antibody clones, but not against HER2. To optimize HER2 targeting and tissue specificity, we first performed 3–4 rounds of in vitro panning using recombinant HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) to enrich the phage library in HER2 binders, followed by one panning round using the two FFPE pseudo-tissues to retain binders for IHC conditions. We then analyzed the bound phages using next-generation sequencing to identify antibody sequences specifically associated with the HER2-positive pseudo-tissue. Using this approach, the top-ranked clone identified by sequencing was specific to the HER2-positive pseudo-tissue and showed a staining pattern similar to that of the antibody used for the clinical diagnosis of HER2-positive breast cancer. However, we could not optimize staining on other tissues, showing that specificity was restricted to the tissue used for selection and screening. Therefore, future optimized protocols must consider tissue diversity early during the selection by panning using a wide collection of tissue types.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022175924001157/pdfft?md5=3bbb8f5894281ef9499e6c6ff5cfb7ee&pid=1-s2.0-S0022175924001157-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141766243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and consistency of mucosal fluid T lymphocyte phenotypes and their relationship with blood, age and gender","authors":"Shervin Dokht Sadeghi Nasab ,&nbsp;Muruganantham Lillimary Eniya ,&nbsp;Albert Judith ,&nbsp;Frederick Clasen ,&nbsp;Beulah Faith ,&nbsp;Selvamuthu Poongulali ,&nbsp;Jayaraman Bhagavad Gita ,&nbsp;Chakrapani Ashok ,&nbsp;Velmurugan Raghavi ,&nbsp;Subramanian Vedavalli ,&nbsp;Chandra Lavanya ,&nbsp;Kannan Ranganathan ,&nbsp;Gunaseelan Rajan ,&nbsp;Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy ,&nbsp;David Moyes ,&nbsp;Mark Ide ,&nbsp;Saeed Shoaie ,&nbsp;Yuko Kurushima ,&nbsp;Daljit Jagdev ,&nbsp;Mina Pun ,&nbsp;Stephen Challacombe","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal surfaces play a role in protection against most infectious diseases. However, the relative importance either of mucosal versus systemic, or of cellular versus humoral immunity in protection against such infections remains unclear. We aimed to determine the relative percentages and reproducibility of detection of five major T lymphocyte phenotypes in stimulated whole mouth fluid (SWMF); to compare matched mucosal and blood phenotypes; to evaluate the consistency of phenotypes in SWMF over time; and to determine any associations with age or gender. Peripheral blood and SWMF samples were collected from 194 participants and sequential concomitant samples were collected from 27 of those and from 12 subjects living with HIV. CD3, CD4, CD8, Th1 and Th2 T lymphocyte phenotypes were determined by FACS. All the five T lymphocyte phenotypes were detected consistently by FACS in PBMC and SWMF with experimental replicates (<em>N</em> = 10; PBMC CV: 3–30%; SWMF CV: 12–36%). In longitudinal samples detection rates were reproducible in both fluids but variations were higher in SWMF (CV: 23–79.6%) than PBMC (CV: 9.7–75%). Statistically significant correlations of the percentages of all the T lymphocyte phenotypes except CD8 was seen between the two fluids. In PBMCs a negative correlation with age was found with CD3, CD4 and CD8 phenotypes, whilst a positive correlation was found in both SWMF and PBMC with the Th2 phenotype. CD3, CD4 and CD8 phenotypes in SWMF and PBMCs from an HIV-positive cohort were not significantly correlated in contrast with the HIV-negative controls. Our study provides a robust FACS protocol for the detection of the five major T lymphocyte phenotypes in SWMF which should prove useful for research with other mucosal fluids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113731"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022175924001169/pdfft?md5=f04450c82bcafd780058cba192f9cbeb&pid=1-s2.0-S0022175924001169-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141766242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial function in oral health and disease","authors":"Ana Carolina Morandini ,&nbsp;Erivan S. Ramos-Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monitoring mitochondrial function and mitochondrial quality control in tissues is a crucial aspect of understanding cellular health and dysfunction, which may inform about the pathogenesis of several conditions associated with aging, including chronic inflammatory conditions, neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic diseases. This process involves assessing the functionality, integrity, and abundance of mitochondria within cells. Several lines of evidence have explored techniques and methods for monitoring mitochondrial quality control in tissues. In this review, we summarize and provide our perspective considering the latest evidence in mitochondrial function and mitochondrial quality control in oral health and disease with a particular focus in periodontal inflammation. This research is significant for gaining insights into cellular health and the pathophysiology of periodontal disease, a dysbiosis-related, immune mediated and age-associated chronic condition representing a significant burden to US elderly population. Approaches for assessing mitochondrial health status reviewed here include assessing mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, electron transport chain function and metabolomics. Such assessments help researchers comprehend the role of mitochondrial function in cellular homeostasis and its implications for oral diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022175924001145/pdfft?md5=f6397fcf376020fbaeaa20f989d05e0c&pid=1-s2.0-S0022175924001145-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of single-chain variable fragments and monoclonal antibody against dihydroartemisinin","authors":"Fang Lu ,&nbsp;Xiqun Wu ,&nbsp;Fa Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiaqiang Wu ,&nbsp;Zhaodong Yuan ,&nbsp;Baomin Wang ,&nbsp;Guiyu Tan ,&nbsp;Suqin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Immunoassay relies on antibodies, but traditional antibodies such as monoclonal antibody (mAb) require animal immunization and complex procedures. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) becomes a potential alternative to mAb with advantages of the low cost, rapid and easy prepared. In the present study, we prepared scFvs against dihydroartemisinin (DHA) based on <em>E. coli</em> and HEK293T cell expression system, named MBP-scFv and scFv-Fc, respectively. Their properties were compared with the parent mAb. The calculated affinity constants of mAb, MBP-scFv and scFv-Fc were 2.1 × 10⁸ L mol⁻¹, 2.2 × 10⁷ L mol⁻¹ and 1.6 × 10⁸ L mol⁻¹, respectively. The half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of mAb, MBP-scFv and scFv-Fc were 1.16 ng mL⁻¹, 2.15 ng mL⁻¹ and 6.57 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. Both the scFv showed less sensitive than the mAb based on the IC₅₀. The cross-reactivities of MBP-scFv for artemisinin and artesunate exhibited similarities to the mAb, yet the cross-reactivities of scFv-Fc for these compounds exceeded those of the mAb significantly. The stability of the scFvs was ascertained to be maintained for over 5 days at room temperature, and for more than a month at both 4 °C and − 20 °C. After that, the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (icELISAs) based on the scFv from <em>E. coli</em> were used to detect the DHA content in eight drug samples, and the result was consistent with ultra-performance liquid chromatography simultaneously. Although scFv can be used for quantitative determination of drugs, but it still cannot completely replace mAb in immunoassay without evolution and modification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113728"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141766241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nephelometry vs. Immunoturbidimetry assay: Analytical performance on IgG subclasses","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interest in measuring immunoglobulin G Subclasses (IgG Subclasses) is increasing as more information is gathered and understanding regarding conditions associated with deficiencies of each IgG Subclass grows. Different methodologies are available for the measurement of IgG Subclasses, but their specificities vary. As a result, laboratories choose the methodology that better suits their routine, but which may not necessarily align with the needs of their population. In addition, the lack of standardization for the quantification of IgG Subclasses causes diagnostic gaps when comparing results provided by different methodologies. Thus, the purpose of our research is to compare the analytical performance of The Binding Site's (TBS) Optilite® human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG Subclasses Immunoturbidimetry assay, with the Nephelometry method routinely used in our clinical laboratory, Siemens BNII®. Our results show that the Immunoturbidimetry assay appears to be the most reliable to evaluate IgG Subclasses: the sum of IgG Subclasses and Total IgG correlate better than by Nephelometry. Although these methodologies share a similar principle, the comparison of results appears to be compromised. Therefore, prior to switching methodologies, further studies should be conducted to assess which methodology could be better applied to specific populations. It is also essential to standardise IgG Subclasses assays to reduce discrepancies that arise from comparing results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141600245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techniques for evaluating the ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 receptor function in macrophages and microglial cells","authors":"Raíssa Leite-Aguiar ,&nbsp;Victória Gabriela Bello-Santos ,&nbsp;Newton Gonçalves Castro ,&nbsp;Robson Coutinho-Silva ,&nbsp;Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Resident macrophages are tissue-specific innate immune cells acting as sentinels, constantly patrolling their assigned tissue to maintain homeostasis, and quickly responding to pathogenic invaders or molecular danger signals molecules when necessary. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), when released to the extracellular medium, acts as a danger signal through specific purinergic receptors. Interaction of ATP with the purinergic receptor P2X7 activates macrophages and microglial cells in different pathological conditions, triggering inflammation. The highly expressed P2X7 receptor in these cells induces cell membrane permeabilization, inflammasome activation, cell death, and the production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and nitrogen and oxygen-reactive species. This review explores the techniques to evaluate the functional and molecular aspects of the P2X7 receptor, particularly in macrophages and microglial cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry are essential for assessing gene and protein expression in these cell types. Evaluation of P2X7 receptor function involves the use of ATP and selective agonists and antagonists and diverse techniques, including electrophysiology, intracellular calcium measurements, ethidium bromide uptake, and propidium iodide cell viability assays. These techniques are crucial for studying the role of P2X7 receptors in immune responses, neuroinflammation, and various pathological conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the functional and molecular aspects of the P2X7 receptor in macrophages and microglia is vital for unraveling its involvement in immune modulation and its potential as a therapeutic target. The methodologies presented and discussed herein offer valuable tools for researchers investigating the complexities of P2X7 receptor signaling in innate immune cells in health and disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113727"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141600246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 38-colour high dimensional immunophenotyping panel for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","authors":"Jeremy Anderson ,&nbsp;Leanne Quah ,&nbsp;Kiara Mangano ,&nbsp;Daniel G. Pellicci ,&nbsp;Nadia Mazarakis ,&nbsp;Paul V. Licciardi","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High dimensional immunophenotyping panels are invaluable resources for performing extensive phenotyping on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We designed a 38-colour high dimensional phenotyping panel to measure innate (monocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, basophils, innate like lymphoid cells), T cell (γδ T cells, MAIT cells, CD4 and CD8 memory, Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Treg) and B cell (memory, plasma cells, transitional B cells, plasmablasts, IgG, IgM) subsets in addition to their activation status using the 5-laser Cytek Aurora. We optimised optimal fluorochrome combinations and titres to minimise spread and autofluorescence of rare immune cell populations and tested this panel on PBMCs from 15 healthy adults. This high dimensional panel will be invaluable for direct ex vivo studies to evaluate immune cells in the context of human health and disease, especially when samples are limited.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113726"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141590458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Belimumab concentration measurements using a homologous anti-idiotype immunoassay","authors":"Floris C. Loeff ,&nbsp;Ioannis Parodis ,&nbsp;Tomas Walhelm ,&nbsp;Andreas Jönsen ,&nbsp;Dionysis Nikolopoulos ,&nbsp;Christopher Sjöwall ,&nbsp;Anders A. Bengtsson ,&nbsp;Dorien Kos ,&nbsp;Astrid van Leeuwen ,&nbsp;Bryan van den Broek ,&nbsp;Lisanne Dijk ,&nbsp;Jorn Jeremiasse ,&nbsp;Birgit S. Blomjous ,&nbsp;Alexandre E. Voskuyl ,&nbsp;Gerrit Jan Wolbink ,&nbsp;Irene E.M. Bultink ,&nbsp;Theo Rispens","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monitoring belimumab concentrations in patients can be a valuable tool for assessing treatment response and for personalizing drug doses. Various assay formats may be used to measure concentrations of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. A particularly useful format involves the use of anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies, selected to be highly specific to the antibody of interest. Here, we describe the development of a specific, high-affinity anti-idiotype antibody to belimumab, and the application of this antibody in a homologous sandwich ELISA to measure belimumab concentrations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113717"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 augments low-dose PMA-based monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in THP-1 cells","authors":"Bronwyn A. Mol,&nbsp;Janet J. Wasinda,&nbsp;Yi F. Xu,&nbsp;Nikki L. Gentle,&nbsp;Vanessa Meyer","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The human monocytic THP-1 cell line is the most routinely employed <em>in vitro</em> model for studying monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Despite the wide use of this model, differentiation protocols using phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25D₃) vary drastically between studies. Given that differences in differentiation protocols have the potential to impact the characteristics of the macrophages produced, we aimed to assess the efficacy of three different THP-1 differentiation protocols by assessing changes in morphology and gene- and cell surface macrophage marker expression. THP-1 cells were differentiated with either 5 nM PMA, 10 nM 1,25D₃, or a combination thereof, followed by a rest period. The results indicated that all three protocols significantly increased the expression of the macrophage markers, CD11b (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and CD14 (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.010). Despite this, THP-1 cells exposed to 1,25D₃ alone did not adopt the morphological and expression characteristics associated with macrophages. PMA was required to produce these characteristics, which were found to be more pronounced in the presence of 1,25D₃. Both PMA- and PMA with 1,25D₃₋differentiated THP-1 cells were capable of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization, though the gene expression of polarization-associated markers was most pronounced in PMA with 1,25D₃₋differentiated THP-1 cells. Moreover, the combination of PMA with 1,25D₃ appeared to support the process of commitment to a particular polarization state.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 113716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}