Journal of immunological methods最新文献

{"title":"An easy assay to detect autoantibodies neutralizing cytokines in subjects with critical infections","authors":"Nicola Donadel ,&nbsp;Alessandra Tesser ,&nbsp;Erica Valencic ,&nbsp;Eleonora De Martino ,&nbsp;Valentina Boz ,&nbsp;Alessia Pin ,&nbsp;Francesca Zorat ,&nbsp;Gabriele Pozzato ,&nbsp;Alberto Tommasini","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Autoantibodies against type I interferon (IFN) are associated with a worse outcome in COVID-19. The measurement of cytokine-neutralizing autoantibodies has been limited, hindering understanding of their role in clinical practice. We showed that an easy and reliable assay can be reproduced and validated to measure the neutralizing potency of autoantibodies directed to type I or type II IFN. Identifying of anti-cytokine autoantibodies might reflect on early treatments for subsequent infections, such as with antivirals or virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"530 ","pages":"Article 113696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022175924000814/pdfft?md5=ea29b4ef77abb484a15e128eeabfa4a2&pid=1-s2.0-S0022175924000814-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141139060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to verify the analytical and clinical performance of ELISA immunoanalysis in the real laboratory practice. PCSK9 as an example","authors":"Tereza Vacková ,&nbsp;Antonín Jabor ,&nbsp;Zdenek Kubíček ,&nbsp;Janka Franeková","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Manufacturers and diagnostic companies often recommend on-site verification of analytical performance in the clinical laboratory. The validation process used by manufacturers is rarely described in detail, and certain information on analytical performance is missing from the product sheet, especially for immunoanalytical methods. We describe an approach to the detailed validation of an ELISA method for the measurement of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plasma concentrations. We compared manufacturers' claims of analytical performance with data obtained in the field laboratory using several approaches.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We used the Human Proprotein Convertase 9/PCSK9 Quantikine ELISA diagnostic kit (R&amp;D systems, Bio-Techne Ltd., Abingdon Science Park, Abingdon, UK) and three levels of quality control solution Quantikine Immunoassay Control Group 235 (R&amp;D systems, Bio-Techne Ltd., Abingdon Science Park, Abingdon, UK) to verify precision. We measured the concentration of PCSK9 using the DS2 ELISA Reader (Dynex Technologies GmbH, Denkendorf, Germany). We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the R statistical package (R core team, version 1.4.5). Statistical analysis and terminology were performed according to protocol CLSI EP15-A3, and the reference interval was checked according to CLSI/IFCC C28-A3c.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found a significant difference between the manufacturer's claims of analytical performance and real data measured in the routine clinical laboratory. The calculated CV (%) for repeatability (calculated by simple estimation of the mean and SD, as used by the manufacturer) was between 5.5% and 7.4%, but the manufacturer's claim was between 4.1% and 6.5%. Using ANOVA, the true repeatability was between 5.0% and 6.9%. Similarly, ANOVA revealed values of CV (%) for within-laboratory imprecision between 6.5% and 9.1%, while the manufacturer's claims were between 4.1% and 5.9%. The recovery ranged from 105.5% to 121.8%. The manufacturer's recommended reference interval was checked and we didn't find any significant difference between men and women.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We describe a comprehensive approach to verify the analytical performance of an ELISA method using the measurement of PCSK9 plasma concentration as an example. We found differences between the results of this approach based on the CLSI EP15-A3 protocol and data provided by the manufacturer. We recommend the verification of analytical performance by more complex statistical tools in laboratory practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"530 ","pages":"Article 113693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141131776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of an in-house IgG ELISA targeting SARS-CoV-2 RBD: Applications in infected and vaccinated individuals","authors":"Hernan Hermes Monteiro da Costa ,&nbsp;Valeria Oliveira Silva ,&nbsp;Gustavo Carvalho Amorim ,&nbsp;Marcia Grando Guereschi ,&nbsp;Luciana Marciano Sergio ,&nbsp;Carlos Henrique Rodrigues Gomes ,&nbsp;Marisa Ailin Hong ,&nbsp;Elaine Lopes de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Luis Fernando de Macedo Brígido ,&nbsp;Jose Angelo Lauletta Lindoso ,&nbsp;Carlos Roberto Prudencio","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study evoluated an in-house Spike Receptor Binding Domain Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (RBD-IgG-ELISA) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in infected and vaccinated individuals. The assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 99.25%, and accuracy of 95.13%. Precision and reproducibility were highly consistent. The RBD-IgG-ELISA was able to detect 96.25% of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed cases for SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrating positive and negative predictive values of 99,18% and 91,69%, respectively. In an epidemiological survey, ELISA, lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA), and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) exhibited diagnostic sensitivities of 68.29%, 63.41%, and 70.73%, respectively, along with specificities of 82.93%, 80.49%, and 80.49%, respectively. Agreement between RBD-IgG-ELISA/PCR was moderate (k index 0.512). However, good agreement between different assays (RBD-IgG-ELISA/LFIA k index 0.875, RBD-IgG-ELISA/ECLIA k index 0.901). Test performance on individuals' samples were inferior due to seroconversion time and chronicity. The IgG-RBD-ELISA assay demonstrated its effectiveness in monitoring antibody levels among healthcare professionals, revealing significant differences both before and after the administration of the third vaccine dose, with heightened protection levels observed following the third dose in five Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine regimens. In conclusion, the RBD-IgG-ELISA exhibits high reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity, making it a suitable assay validated for serosurveillance and for obtaining information about COVID-19 infections or vaccinations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"530 ","pages":"Article 113683"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140957218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous multiple target detection platform based on vertical flow immunoassay","authors":"Taek Yong ,&nbsp;Dami Kim ,&nbsp;Sanghyo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In general, vertical flow assay (VFA) has a disadvantage of requiring a complex analysis process that involves manually injecting various reagents (target analyte, washing buffer, detection conjugate, etc.) sequentially. However, in this study, we have developed an innovative paper-based VFA device that replaces the complex analysis process with one-step and enables the detection of multiple targets. The fabrication process of the multi-target detection VFA device is as follows: preparation and pre-treatment of the strip materials, design of strip cartridge, design of the multiple detection VFA device, optimization experiments for strip sample flow rates, determination of device analysis time, determination of device limit of detection (LOD), multiple target signal uniformity experiment, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) antigen-antibody multiple detection experiment, and data extraction and analysis method. The use of paper-based materials enables the device to be produced at cost-effective, and cartridge production allowed for uniform array formation. IgG and CRP are used to evaluate the performance of the device as common biomarkers. The device proposed in this study is currently under research. To validate multiple target detection capability of the VFA device proposed in this study, two types of antigens-antibodies (Human IgG and Human CRP) were employed. The detection limit is 0.15 μg/mL for IgG and 0.19 μg/mL for CRP in naked eye. Furthermore, it was confirmed that there is no cross-reactivity caused by the device structure through IgG and CRP antigens. In conclusion, the VFA device proposed in this study consists of a one-step analysis process, and it has been confirmed that it can detect multiple targets simultaneously.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"530 ","pages":"Article 113690"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140957228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel IgE crosslinking-induced luciferase expression method using human-rat chimeric IgE receptor-carrying mast cells","authors":"Haruyo Akiyama ,&nbsp;Chisato Kurisaka ,&nbsp;Kenichi Kumasaka ,&nbsp;Ryosuke Nakamura","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The measurement of antigen-specific serum IgE is common in clinical assessments of type I allergies. However, the interaction between antigens and IgE won't invariably trigger mast cell activation. We previously developed the IgE crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) method using the RS-ATL8 mast cell line; however, the method may not be sensitive enough in some cases.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this study, we introduced an NF-AT-regulated luciferase reporter gene into the RBL-2H3 rat mast cell line and expressed a chimeric high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) α chain gene, comprising an extracellular domain from humans and transmembrane/intracellular domains from rats.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We generated multiple clones expressing the chimeric receptor. Based on their responsiveness and proliferation, we selected the HuRa-40 clone. This cell line exhibited significantly elevated human α chain expression compared to RS-ATL8 cells, demonstrating a 10-fold enhancement of antigen-specific reactivity. Reproducibility across different batches and operators was excellent. Moreover, we observed a detectable response inhibition by an anti-allergy drugs (omalizumab and cyclosporin A).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>HuRa-40 cells—which carry the human-rat chimeric IgE receptor—comprise a valuable reporter cell line for the EXiLE method. Their versatility extends to various applications and facilitates high-throughput screening of anti-allergy drugs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"529 ","pages":"Article 113682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression as an identification in quality control testing for Adenovector based COVID-19 vaccine","authors":"Harit Kasana ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar Ade ,&nbsp;Jaipal Meena,&nbsp;Archana Sayal,&nbsp;Faraz Sheikh,&nbsp;Anupkumar R. Anvikar,&nbsp;Harish Chander","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>Quality control testing of the vaccine for lot release is of paramount importance in public health. A recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus brought together all spheres of vaccine to combat the virus. The scientific advancement in the development of vaccines facilitated the scientists to develop the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in a record time. Thus, these vaccines should be stringently monitored for their safety and efficacy as per the latest WHO and national regulatory guidelines, and quality control evaluation of the product should be done at national control laboratories before releasing the product into the market as it assures the quality and safety of the vaccine.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The SARS-CoV-2 exploited the ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) receptor, a surface protein on mammalian cells to gain entry into the host cells. The viral surface protein that interacted with the ACE2 receptor is the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in the development of the vaccine and assessing its quality, the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 became an attractive immunodominant antigen. In National Institute of Biologicals, an apex body in the testing of biologicals in India, received the Adenovector (Adenovirus + vector) based COVID-19 vaccine, a finished product for quality evaluation. Due to the lack of a pharmacopeial monograph, the testing of the vaccine was done as per the manufacturer's specifications and methods. The routine assays of identification employed by the manufacturer do not reflect the expression of Spike protein which is required for the immune system to get activated. In this report, we showed the determination of Spike protein expression by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence for identification parameters in the quality testing of the COVID-19 vaccine. We determined the translation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike gene cloned into an Adenovector.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The results from these experiments indicated the expression of Spike protein upon infection of mammalian cells with viral particles suggested that the expression of immunodominant Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 may be employed by quality control laboratories as a parameter for identification.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study suggested that the determination of the expression of Spike protein is pertinent to identifying the Adenovector based vaccines against COVID-19.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"529 ","pages":"Article 113680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specimen type validation and establishment of normal cytokine reference intervals in cerebrospinal fluid","authors":"Thomas B. Martins ,&nbsp;Harry R. Hill ,&nbsp;Lisa K. Peterson","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a critical body fluid to examine in attempts to discover potential biomarkers for neuroinflammatory and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Serum and/or plasma cytokine levels have been associated with a variety of inflammatory conditions, and some have been shown to be actionable therapeutic targets. Less is known, however, about cytokine levels in CSF. Serum and plasma cytokine testing is widely available in clinical and research laboratories, but cytokine testing in CSF is extremely limited and if performed, accompanied by a disclaimer that it is an unvalidated specimen type. In this study, we validate CSF as a suitable specimen type and determine normal reference intervals for multiple cytokines as well as a soluble cytokine receptor. CSF was validated as a specimen type for testing using a laboratory developed multiplexed cytokine assay previously validated to measure 13 cytokines/markers in serum and plasma. Performance parameters including specimen dilution, specimen interference, linearity and precision were examined. Reference intervals were established using 197 normal and control CSF specimens by non-parametric quantile-based methods. CSF cytokine analysis demonstrated within and between run precision of &lt;10% and &lt; 20% CV, respectively and linearity of ±15% for all analytes throughout the analytical measurement range of the assay. Reference intervals for the 13 cytokines/markers were established from 197 normal and control CSF specimens (78 Male; mean 44.8 y ± 21.7 SD, 119 Female; mean 42.8 y ± 20.3 SD). Cytokine concentrations in CSF from normal donors and controls were less than the lower limit of quantitation of our assay for 6 of the 13 measured cytokines/markers. The chemokine IL8 demonstrated the highest concentration of all analytes measured. CSF demonstrated acceptable performance as a specimen type in our multiplexed cytokine assay. By validating CSF as a specimen type and establishing normal reference intervals for cytokine concentrations in CSF, their potential as biomarkers for infectious, autoimmune and other inflammatory CNS disorders can be more appropriately investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"529 ","pages":"Article 113681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PD-BAT: A novel approach of pooling basophil donors for expansion of commercial laboratory testing of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria","authors":"Saintedym Wills ,&nbsp;Jessica Chavez ,&nbsp;Ajay Grover ,&nbsp;Nathanael Beck ,&nbsp;Michele Romano ,&nbsp;Christina Bauer ,&nbsp;Michael Gerspach ,&nbsp;Michael Schneider ,&nbsp;Andre Valcour","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The type II autoimmune subtype of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is characterized by the presence of IgG autoantibodies targeting IgE or the IgE high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils. In evaluation of CSU patients, indirect basophil activation testing (BAT), has been utilized, involving the mixing of patient serum with heterologous peripheral blood donors, followed by flow cytometric assessment of basophil markers. However, the reliability of the indirect BAT results hinges on the quality of the donor basophils utilized. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach where multiple potential basophil donors undergo rigorous BAT characterization alongside control samples. By selecting and pooling donors with optimal performance, we significantly enhance the inter-assay reproducibility of the indirect BAT test.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"529 ","pages":"Article 113679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022175924000644/pdfft?md5=7e8d7f0cca0da40841f3da8e0052e406&pid=1-s2.0-S0022175924000644-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140850505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a defibrinated human blood hemolysis assay for rapid testing of hemolytic activity compared to computational prediction","authors":"Ashley M. Carpenter ,&nbsp;Monique L. van Hoek","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cytotoxicity studies determining hemolytic properties of antimicrobial peptides or other drugs are an important step in the development of novel therapeutics for clinical use. Hemolysis is an affordable, accessible, and rapid method for initial assessment of cellular toxicity for all drugs under development. However, variability in species of red blood cells and protocols used may result in significant differences in results. AMPs generally possess higher selectivity for bacterial cells but can have toxicity against host cells at high concentrations. Knowing the hemolytic activity of the peptides we are developing contributes to our understanding of their potential toxicity. Computational approaches for predicting hemolytic activity of AMPs exist and were tested head-to-head with our experimental results.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Starting with an observation of high hemolytic activity of LL-37 peptide against human red blood cells that were collected in EDTA, we explored alternative approaches to develop a more robust, accurate and simple hemolysis assay using defibrinated human blood. We found significant differences between the sensitivity of defibrinated red blood cells and EDTA treated red blood cells.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Accurately determining the hemolytic activity using human red blood cells will allow for a more robust calculation of the therapeutic index of our potential antimicrobial compounds, a critical measure in their pre-clinical development.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>We introduce a standardized, more accurate protocol for assessing hemolytic activity using defibrinated human red blood cells. This approach, facilitated by the increased commercial availability of de-identified human blood and defibrination methods, offers a robust tool for evaluating toxicity of emerging drug compounds, especially AMPs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"529 ","pages":"Article 113670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140615256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: Comment","authors":"Hinpetch Daungsupawong ,&nbsp;Viroj Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.1016/j.jim.2024.113671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2024.113671","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16000,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological methods","volume":"529 ","pages":"Article 113671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140539384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}