Journal of Fungi最新文献

{"title":"<i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Cellobiohydrolase Thph2 Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Resistance Against Southern Corn Leaf Blight in Maize.","authors":"Bo Lang, Hongyi Liu, Gaoyue Si, Xifen Zhang, Cheng Zhang, Jing Wang, Jie Chen","doi":"10.3390/jof11090629","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pathogenic plant fungus <i>Bipolaris maydis</i> is responsible for southern corn leaf blight (SCLB), a widespread agricultural disease that significantly reduces maize yield in various agroecological zones. The present research focuses on characterizing the role of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> cellobiohydrolase (CBH) Thph2 in induced maize resistance to SCLB by triggering the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves. First of all, we demonstrated the potential activities of Thph2 in triggering ROS burst and PDC in a model plant, <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>. Cell death, ROS burst, and programmed cell death (PCD) were observed in <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaves following transient expression of Thph2, indicating its defensive role against <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> infection. The removal of the signal peptide from Thph2 resulted in the complete loss of the cell death phenotype and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), confirming that Thph2 functions as a microbial elicitor that primes host plant immunity through ROS-mediated signaling, thereby inducing systemic resistance (ISR). Furthermore, the Thph2 protein conferred resistance against <i>B. maydis</i> in maize, significantly increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (1.5-fold compared to the control) at 48 h post-inoculation (hpi),and leading to the reduction in the lesion area of SCLB by 15.9% at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi). Our results demonstrated that the Thph2 protein markedly enhanced the expression of <i>lox5</i>, <i>aos</i>, and <i>hpl</i> in maize leaves, thereby confirming its function in triggering plant defense mechanisms primarily via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. This research reveals new molecular mechanisms by which <i>T. harzianum</i> enhances plant defense and showcases the biocontrol efficacy of Thph2 against southern corn leaf blight (SCLB).</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated Analysis Approach to Unravel the <i>Aspergillus</i> Community in the Hospital Environment.","authors":"Laura García-Gutiérrez, Emilia Mellado, Pedro M Martin-Sanchez","doi":"10.3390/jof11090626","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Aspergillus</i>, widely distributed across natural and urban environments, may cause allergies and opportunistic infections such as chronic or invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Its high pathogenic potential for immunocompromised patients, together with the alarming increase of azole resistance reported in clinical and environmental isolates, claims urgent actions to assess and control the <i>Aspergillus</i> community in hospital environments. To contribute to that, here, we combine a large environmental survey covering numerous air and surface samples from different zones of three hospitals in Spain, with an integrated approach including general and selective culture- and eDNA-based analyses. Despite the high prevalence of <i>Aspergillus</i> observed, present in almost all indoor zones (mostly in air but also on surfaces) of the three hospitals, its relative abundance in the whole fungal community was limited and dependent on the used methods, with median values ranging from 1.4% (eDNA data) and 6.8% (cultivation at 28 °C) to 28.3% (cultivation at 37 °C). Remarkably, the most protected zones (intensive care units) showed the highest proportion of <i>Aspergillus</i> eDNA sequences. A total of 32 species belonging to 10 <i>Aspergillus</i> sections were molecularly identified, including well-known causal agents of invasive pulmonary infections such as <i>A. fumigatus</i>, <i>A. flavus</i>, <i>A. terreus</i>, <i>A. niger</i>, <i>A. oryzae</i>, <i>A. sydowii</i>, and <i>A. tubingensis</i>. This highlights the importance of such environmental assessments for monitoring and controlling the fungal burden in hospitals.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is the Prognostic Significance of Culture-Documented Breakthrough Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients with Hematological Malignancies? A Propensity Score-Adjusted Analysis.","authors":"Sung-Yeon Cho, Sebastian Wurster, Takahiro Matsuo, Ying Jiang, Jeffrey Tarrand, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis","doi":"10.3390/jof11090623","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mold-active prophylaxis has reduced the incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs), but breakthrough IPA (Bt-IPA) is increasingly encountered. Therefore, we studied determinants of Bt-IPA risk and its prognostic significance. We retrospectively reviewed culture-positive proven/probable IPA cases in HM patients at MD Anderson Cancer Center (2016-2021). Bt-IPA and non-Bt-IPA cases were compared to characterize risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcomes. Independent predictors of 42-day all-cause mortality were assessed using propensity score-adjusted Cox regression. Among 118 IPA cases, 50 (42.4%) were Bt-IPA. Bt-IPA was associated with acute leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome, active HM, severe neutropenia (<100/mm³), and graft-versus-host diseases. Uncommon <i>Aspergillus</i> species (non-<i>fumigatus</i>, <i>flavus</i>, <i>terreus</i>, or <i>niger</i>) were more frequent in Bt-IPA than non-Bt-IPA (20.4% vs. 4.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.010). Forty-two-day mortality was higher in Bt-IPA (65.3% vs. 37.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.003), but Bt-IPA itself was not an independent predictor or mortality (<i>p</i> = 0.064), which was instead driven by neutropenia (<i>p</i> = 0.020) and hypoalbuminemia (<i>p</i> = 0.002). In conclusion, Bt-IPA accounted for nearly half of contemporary IPA cases and was linked to host-related risk factors and the recovery of uncommon <i>Aspergillus</i> species. Although not an independent prognostic predictor, Bt-IPA reflected poor host status. Thus, early diagnosis, immune enhancement strategies, and effective first-in-class antifungals may improve outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Into the Wild: A Look at <i>Candida albicans</i> Outside the Clinical Setting.","authors":"Aline Dias Valério, Graciéle Cunha Alves de Menezes, Carlos Augusto Rosa, Susana Johann","doi":"10.3390/jof11090622","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida albicans</i> is a yeast extensively studied for its role in the human microbiota and as a crucial opportunistic pathogen. Despite a vast body of information about this organism, its ecology in natural habitats remains poorly understood. Most studies suggest that <i>C. albicans</i> is typically isolated only from endothermic hosts or human-associated substrates. However, several reports have demonstrated the presence of <i>C. albicans</i> in environmental samples such as rivers, soils, and plant materials. In this mini-review, we present studies that have isolated <i>C. albicans</i> from natural environments and discuss the importance of expanding research efforts to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the ecology of this yeast.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Roles of Polyketide Synthase CLPKS18 and (<i>R</i>)-(-)-Mellein from <i>Curvularia lunata</i> in Maize Leaf Spot.","authors":"Zhixiang Lu, Lin Shang, Shaoqing Wang, Xinhua Wang, Yaqian Li, Shunping Zhang, Jing Wang, Jie Chen","doi":"10.3390/jof11090627","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Curvularia lunata</i> (Wakkre) Boedijn is an important pathogenic fungus that causes maize leaf spot, a prevalent disease that caused significant yield losses in maize-growing areas in China in the 1990s. <i>Clpks18</i>, a polyketide synthase (CLPKS18) gene, has been identified as a crucial virulence-related gene in <i>C. lunata</i>. However, the impact of <i>Clpks18</i> and its biosynthesized virulence factor (<i>R</i>)-(-)-mellein on the expression of maize genes related to the defense signal pathway has never been determined. In this study, it was found that <i>Clpks18</i> and (<i>R</i>)-(-)-mellein significantly interfere with the signaling pathways of JA and IAA in maize leaves but in different ways and in a time-dependent manner. While CLPKS18 inhibited the maize's JA and IAA signaling pathways through its related secondary metabolite, (<i>R</i>)-(-)-mellein inhibited the JA signaling pathway but stimulated IAA accumulation in maize leaves. In summary, understanding this novel virulence effector's mechanism of interference with maize resistance enriches the pathology of <i>Curvularia</i> leaf spot in maize on the one hand and provides a foundation for screening the resistance germplasm and chemical fungicides against the disease on the other.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Features, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Phenotypic Characterization of <i>Candidozyma auris</i> CDC B11903 Grown at Different Temperatures.","authors":"Terenzio Cosio, Natalia Pedretti, Luca Spaggiari, Luigi Tordelli Ruda, Samyr Kenno, Samuele Sabbatini, Enrico Salvatore Pistoia, Manola Comar, Claudia Monari, Andrea Ardizzoni, Roberta Gaziano, Eva Pericolini","doi":"10.3390/jof11090625","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermo-tolerance is a virulence factor responsible for the emergence of new fungal pathogens, including <i>Candidozyma auris</i> (formerly classified as <i>Candida auris</i>, <i>C. auris</i>). It has been shown that in <i>C. auris</i> the thermo-tolerance, as well as other virulence traits, such as the ability to aggregate, to form pseudo-hyphae, or to produce melanin are strain-specific features. Here, we investigated the impact of different temperatures (25 °C, 37 °C and 42 °C) on the phenotypic and virulence profile of <i>C. auris</i> strain CDC B11903. The results show a positive correlation between the resistance to antifungals and increasing temperature from 25 °C to 37 °C, while no differences were observed between 37 °C and 42 °C, except for Anidulafungin. Furthermore, <i>C. auris</i> growth was impaired at 25 °C as compared to 37 °C and 42 °C. Except for the haemolytic activity, which increased with rising temperatures, phospholipase, lipase and biofilm production were found at all tested temperatures. Moreover, the ability to produce melanin was observed only at 37 °C and 42 °C. The capacity to grow as pseudo-hyphae or in clusters and to adhere to both biotic and abiotic surfaces were observed at all the temperatures tested, with increased propensity of <i>C. auris</i> to adhere to abiotic surfaces with rising temperatures. The results underline the thermo-tolerance of <i>C. auris</i> strain B11903 and its increased virulence profile at human body temperature both in physiological (37 °C) and febrile state (42 °C).</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dolichens: An Information System on the Lichens of the Dolomites.","authors":"Luana Francesconi, Matteo Conti, Stefano Martellos, Luca Di Nuzzo, Gabriele Gheza, Pier Luigi Nimis, Chiara Pistocchi, Juri Nascimbene","doi":"10.3390/jof11090624","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lichens, despite their key role as environmental indicators and their ecological importance, remain underrepresented in conservation policies, largely due to fragmented exploration of several areas, as well as limited availability of data in digital platforms. The UNESCO World Heritage area of the Dolomites (N Italy) is well-investigated as far as lichen diversity is concerned, with a long history of lichenological exploration since the 19th century. However, the relevant amount of data produced by these efforts was scattered and often not accessible in digital format, thus hindering data accessibility and usability. In this paper, we present Dolichens, a novel web platform designed to aggregate data about lichen diversity in the Dolomites. The platform aims at making available a comprehensive resource to support research, monitoring, and conservation of lichen diversity in the Dolomites, while ensuring data interoperability with the most relevant global repositories.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Taxonomically Different Plant Fungi.","authors":"Natascia Filomena Barnaba, Lorenza Vaccaro, Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini, Roberta Spanò, Franco Nigro, Tiziana Mascia","doi":"10.3390/jof11090619","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant viruses have been traditionally considered pathogens restricted to plant hosts. However, recent studies have shown that some plant viruses can infect and replicate in filamentous fungi and oomycetes, suggesting that their host range is broader than previously thought, and that their ecological interactions are more complex. In this study, we investigated the ability of the well-characterized positive-sense RNA plant virus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to replicate in four major phytopathogenic fungi from different taxonomic groups: <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i>, <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>, and <i>Monilinia fructicola</i>. Using a recombinant TMV-based vector expressing a green fluorescent protein (TMV-GFP-1056) as reporter, we demonstrated that TMV can enter, replicate, and persist within the mycelia of <i>B. cinerea</i> and <i>V. dahliae</i>-at least through the first subculture. However, it cannot replicate in <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i> and <i>M. fructicola</i>. RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved eukaryotic epigenetic mechanism that provides an efficient defence against viruses. We explored the role of RNAi in the interaction between TMV and the mycelia of <i>V. dahliae</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i>. Our results revealed a strong induction of the <i>Dicer-like 1</i> and <i>Argonaute 1</i> genes, which are key compounds of the RNA silencing pathway. This RNAi-based response impaired TMV-GFP replication in both fungi. Notably, despite viral replication and RNAi activation, the virulence of <i>V. dahliae</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i> on their respective host plants remained unaffected. These findings reinforce the emerging recognition of cross-kingdom virus transmission and interactions, which likely play a crucial role in pathogen ecology and viral evolution. Understanding these virus-fungus interactions not only sheds light on RNAi interference silencing mechanisms but also suggests that plant viruses like TMV could serve as simple and effective tools for functional genomic studies in fungi, such as in <i>V. dahliae</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haplotype-Phased Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> Provides Insights into Its Taxonomy, Adaptive Evolution, and Biosynthetic Potential.","authors":"Jianzhao Qi, Xiu-Zhang Li, Ming Zhang, Yuying Liu, Zhen-Xin Wang, Chuyu Tang, Rui Xing, Khassanov Vadim, Minglei Li, Yuling Li","doi":"10.3390/jof11090621","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> is a valuable medicinal and edible ectomycorrhizal fungus that is endemic to alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is of significant ecological and pharmacological importance. To overcome the genomic limitations of previous fragmented assemblies, we present the first haplotype-phased, chromosome-scale genome of the Qinghai-derived QHU-1 strain using an integrated approach of PacBio HiFi, Hi-C, and Illumina sequencing. The high-contiguity assembly spans 13 chromosomes with 97.6% BUSCO completeness. Phylogenomic analysis of 31 basidiomycetes clarified a historical misclassification by placing <i>F. luteovirens</i> closest to <i>Mycocalia denudata/Crucibulum laeve</i>, thus confirming its distinct lineage from <i>Armillaria</i> spp. through low synteny and divergent gene family dynamics. Analyses of adaptive evolution revealed strong purifying selection and stable transposable elements, suggesting genomic adaptations to extreme UV/cold stress. AntiSMASH identified 15 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which encode diverse terpenoids (7), NRPS-like enzymes (4), PKSs (2), and a hybrid synthase with unique KS-AT-PT-A domains, which have the potential to generate novel metabolites. This chromosome-level resource sheds light on the genetic basis of <i>F. luteovirens</i>' taxonomy, alpine survival, and symbiotic functions while also unlocking its potential for bioprospecting bioactive compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470553/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Biofilm Formation by Vaginal <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Candida glabrata</i> Isolates and Their Antifungal Resistance: A Comprehensive Study in Ecuadorian Women.","authors":"Ariana Cecibel Cedeño-Pinargote, Nicolás Renato Jara-Medina, Carlos C Pineda-Cabrera, Darío F Cueva, María P Erazo-Garcia, Eduardo Tejera, António Machado","doi":"10.3390/jof11090620","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11090620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Candida glabrata</i> are key fungal pathogens linked to candidiasis, with rising concerns due to antifungal resistance and biofilm abilities. However, data from Latin America remains limited. This study assessed biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility of vaginal <i>Candida</i> isolates from Ecuadorian women. Biofilm formation at 24 and 48 h was evaluated using biomass and CFU assays and the biofilm formation index. Antifungal resistance in planktonic cells and patient microbiota profiles were also analyzed. Biofilm assessment showed 57.14% of isolates were high biofilm formers, 33.33% intermediate, 4.76% low, and 4.76% non-formers. Planktonic susceptibility testing included fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, micafungin, flucytosine, and amphotericin B. Micafungin showed the lowest MBEC90 value among tested antifungals, with an average MIC of 0.15 µg/mL, MBIC90 of 1.26 µg/mL, and MBEC90 of 1.86 µg/mL. Fluconazole followed with MIC, MBIC90, and MBEC90 values of 4.19, 63.33, and 66.59 µg/mL. Flucytosine had the highest values (MIC = 11.36 µg/mL; MBIC90 = 244.71 µg/mL; MBEC90 = 245.33 µg/mL). Both micafungin and flucytosine produced similar reductions in viable biofilm cells (1.44 log CFU), while fluconazole induced a slightly lower reduction of 1.39 log CFU. Findings suggest echinocandins may be effective against biofilm-forming <i>Candida</i> in this Ecuadorian population subset.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}