Journal of Fungi最新文献

{"title":"Phylogenetic and Morphological Perspectives on <i>Crepidotus</i> subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i>: Exploratively Unveiling Hidden Diversity in China.","authors":"Menghui Han, Qin Na, Renxiu Wei, Hui Zeng, Yaping Hu, Libo Zhang, Jinhong Du, Li Zou, Weimin Tang, Xianhao Cheng, Yupeng Ge","doi":"10.3390/jof10100710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Crepidotus</i> subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> contributes to more than half of <i>Crepidotus</i> species and exhibits highly hidden diversity. However, <i>C</i>. subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> is challenging to study because the basidiomata of <i>C</i>. subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> species are usually small and white, inconspicuous interspecific distinctions, and possess a familiar complex. In this study, we utilized a variety of characteristics for species identification, including habitat, presence or absence of a stipe in mature specimens, pileipellis and cheilocystidia patterns, whether the lamellae edges are fimbriated, and other characteristics. Above all, cheilocystidia and pileipellis patterns will be important in <i>C</i>. subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> research. Based on the present specimens, we constructed a multigene phylogenetic tree (ITS + LSU) and recognized four new species: <i>C. lamellomaculatus</i> sp. nov., <i>C. capitatocystidiatus</i> sp. nov., <i>C. succineus</i> sp. nov., <i>C. clavocystidiatustustus</i> sp. nov. Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, line drawings and comparisons with closely related taxa for the new species are provided. The current phylogenetic analysis does not support the previously classifications, indicating that the classification of <i>Crepidotus</i> requires re-evaluation. But the existing molecular datasets and species' descriptions are insufficient to fully resolve the classification. Further integration of new gene segments and a comprehensive review of morphological characteristics will reveal a natural classification for <i>Crepidotus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Month Mortality in Nonhaematological Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Differences between Subtypes.","authors":"Pablo González García, Julia Fernández-Navarro, Mónica Bru-Arca, Elisa Álvarez-Artero, Pablo Solís, María Pía Roiz Mesones, Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido, María Antonia García Castro, Moncef Belhassen-García, Javier Pardo Lledías","doi":"10.3390/jof10100706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a fungal lung infection characterised by the slowly progressing destruction of the lung parenchyma and has four main subtypes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the epidemiology of CPA in our area and evaluate the involvement of the different subtypes in mortality. <b>Methods</b>: This was a descriptive longitudinal retrospective study developed in three tertiary hospitals in Spain. Among all patients admitted with a pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis, we selected those who fulfilled the criteria for chronic aspergillosis according to the criteria of Denning, excluding those with a haematological disorder. <b>Results</b>: Among 409 inpatients recorded as having a pulmonary aspergillosis infection, only 76 (18.5%) fulfilled the criteria for CPA, with an estimated incidence of 0.67 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year. The subtypes detected were subacute invasive aspergillosis (SAIA) in 33 (43.4%) patients, simple aspergilloma (SA) in 25 (32.9%) patients, cavitary chronic aspergillosis (CCPA) in 13 (17.1%) patients, and chronic fibrosis (CFPA) in five (6.5%) patients. The overall three-month mortality rate was 23%, which was higher in SAIA patients. The predictors of early mortality were age > 65 years (OR 3.0 CI 95 1.0-9.5 <i>p</i> = 0.043) and the SAIA subtype vs. other subtypes (OR 3.1 CI 95 1.0-9.5 <i>p</i> = 0.042). <b>Conclusions</b>: The incidence rate estimated was inferior to that previously reported. The three-month mortality in patients with CPA was high, with older age and the SAIA subtype being the variable independent predictors of a worse prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Quality Suffices for Nanopore Metabarcoding? Reconsidering Methodology and Ectomycorrhizae in Decaying <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> Bark as Case Study.","authors":"Glen Dierickx, Lowie Tondeleir, Pieter Asselman, Kris Vandekerkhove, Annemieke Verbeken","doi":"10.3390/jof10100708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanopore raw read accuracy has improved to over 99%, making it a potential tool for metabarcoding. For broad adoption, guidelines on quality filtering are needed to ensure reliable taxonomic unit recovery. This study aims to provide those guidelines for a fungal metabarcoding context and to apply them to a case study of ectomycorrhizae in the decaying bark of <i>Fagus sylvatica</i>. We introduce the eNano pipeline to test two standard metabarcoding approaches: (1) Reference-based mapping leveraging UNITE's species hypothesis system (SH approach); (2) Constructing 98% OTUs (OTU approach). Our results demonstrate that both approaches are effective with Nanopore data. When using a reference database, we recommend strict mapping criteria rather than Phred-based filtering. Leveraging the SH-system further enhances reproducibility and facilitates cross-study communication. For the 98% OTUs, filtering reads at ≥Q25 is recommended. Our case study reveals that the decay gradient is a primary determinant of community composition and that specific mycorrhizal fungi colonize decaying bark. Complementing our metabarcoding results with root tip morphotypification, we identify <i>Laccaria amethystina</i> and <i>Tomentella sublilacina</i> as key ectomycorrhizae of saplings on decaying logs. These findings demonstrate that Nanopore sequencing can provide valuable ecological insights and support its broader use in fungal metabarcoding as read quality continues to improve.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Species Distribution and Resistance of Candidemia in Pediatric and Adult Patients in a Northeast Italy University Hospital.","authors":"Silvia Meneghello, Giulia Bernabè, Giuseppe Di Pietra, Sarah Di Sopra, Claudia Del Vecchio, Anna Maria Cattelan, Ignazio Castagliuolo, Paola Brun","doi":"10.3390/jof10100707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Candidemia and invasive candidiasis (IC) are causes of morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings, with notable differences between children and adults. Understanding the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates can guide empiric therapy in patients at risk of IC. This study investigated the incidence and antifungal susceptibility patterns of yeasts involved in IC in pediatric and adult patients from 2019 to 2023. The average incidence of IC was 0.715 per 1000 patients, increasing over the study period; infants had the highest incidence rates. Over half of the IC episodes occurred in intensive care units (ICUs). Non-<i>albicans Candida</i> (NAC) species represented the most frequently isolated species in adults and children (55.96% and 50.0%, respectively), with the prevalence of <i>C. parapsilosis</i> (26.45% and 14.7%, respectively), <i>N. glabratus</i> (14.97% and 8.82%, respectively) and <i>C. tropicalis</i> (4.36% and 2.94%, respectively). <i>C. lusitaniae</i> was identified in 14.7% of pediatric IC cases. In NAC species, antifungal resistance has also increased over the five years of the study: 69.12% were resistant to azoles and 7.35% were resistant to micafungin. Resistance was higher in pediatric patients. Our study highlights differences in IC characteristics between pediatric and adult populations and emphasizes the importance of targeted antifungal stewardship in ICU patients with NAC invasive infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Squalene Epoxidase Gene (<i>SQE1</i>) in the Response of the Lichen <i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> to Temperature Stress.","authors":"Alfred O Onele, Moatasem A Swid, Ilya Y Leksin, Daniya F Rakhmatullina, Ekaterina I Galeeva, Richard P Beckett, Farida V Minibayeva, Julia N Valitova","doi":"10.3390/jof10100705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, due to the increasing impact of anthropogenic factors and changes in solar activity, the temperature on Earth is rising, posing a threat to biodiversity. Lichens are among the most sensitive organisms to climate change. Elevated ambient temperatures can have a significant impact on lichens, resulting in more frequent and intense drying events that can impede metabolic activity. It has been suggested that the possession of a diverse sterol composition may contribute to the tolerance of lichens to adverse temperatures and other biotic and abiotic stresses. The major sterol found in lichens is ergosterol (ERG); however, the regulation of the ERG biosynthetic pathway, specifically the step of epoxidation of squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene catalyzed by squalene epoxidase during stress, has not been extensively studied. In this study, we used lichen <i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> as a model species that is well known to be sensitive to air pollution and habitat loss. Using in silico analysis, we identified cDNAs encoding squalene epoxidase from <i>L. pulmonaria</i>, designating them as <i>LpSQE1</i> for the mycobiont and <i>SrSQE1</i> for the photobiont <i>Symbiochloris reticulata</i>. Our results showed that compared with a control kept at room temperature (+20 °C), mild temperatures (+4 °C and +30 °C) did not affect the physiology of <i>L. pulmonaria</i>, assessed by changes in membrane integrity, respiration rates, and PSII activity. An extreme negative temperature (-20 °C) noticeably inhibited respiration but did not affect membrane stability. In contrast, treating lichen with a high positive temperature (+40 °C) significantly reduced all physiological parameters. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that exposing thalli to -20 °C, +4 °C, +30 °C, and +40 °C stimulated the expression levels of <i>LpSQE1</i> and <i>SrSQE1</i> and led to a significant upregulation of <i>Hsps</i>. These data provide new information regarding the roles of sterols and Hsps in the response of lichens to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concordance of Chest Radiography and Chest Computed Tomography Findings in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy and Invasive Mucormycosis: What Are the Prognostic Implications?","authors":"Sebastian Wurster, Sung-Yeon Cho, Hazim Allos, Alexander Franklin, Dierdre B Axell-House, Ying Jiang, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis","doi":"10.3390/jof10100703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive pulmonary mucormycosis (IPM) is a deadly opportunistic mold infection in patients with hematological malignancies (HM). Radiologic imaging is essential for its timely diagnosis. Here, we compared IPM lesions visualized by chest computed tomography (CCT) and chest X-ray (CXR) and determined the prognostic significance of discordant imaging. Therefore, we reviewed 44 consecutive HM patients with probable/proven IPM at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2000-2020 who had concurrent CCT and CXR studies performed. All 44 patients had abnormal CCTs and 39 (89%) had anormal CXR findings at IPM diagnosis. However, only 26 patients (59%) showed CCT-matching IPM-suspicious lesions on CXR. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score > 18 at IPM diagnosis and breakthrough infection to Mucorales-active antifungals were the only independent risk factors for 42-day and/or 84-day mortality. Absence of neutropenia at IPM diagnosis, neutrophil recovery in neutropenic patients, and surgical revision of mucormycosis lesions were protective factors. Although not reaching significance on multivariable analysis, visualization of CCT-matching lesions on CXR was associated with significantly increased 84-day mortality (log-rank test, <i>p</i> = 0.033), possibly as a surrogate of extensive lesions and tissue necrosis. This observation supports the exploration of radiologic lesion kinetics as a prognostic staging tool in IPM patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosome-Scale Genome and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Differential Regulation of Terpenoid Secondary Metabolites in <i>Hericium coralloides</i>.","authors":"Kexin Meng, Junyi Lv, Tuo Zhang, Yuanyuan Liu, Peng Zhang, Yue Zhang, Banghui Hu, Qianhui Huang, Baogui Xie, Junsheng Fu","doi":"10.3390/jof10100704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Construction of the genome of <i>Hericium coralloides</i>, a species of edible mushroom, and identification of the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis can determine the biology and genetics of terpenoids. The present study describes the assembly of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of <i>H. coralloides</i> using Pacbio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. This genome consisted of 13 chromosomes, a total size of 43.6 Mb, contigs of N50 3.6 Mb, GC content at 54%, and BUSCOs integrity of 96.9%. Genes associated with terpenoid biosynthesis were predicted by KEGG enrichment analysis and homologous alignment. The <i>Her011461</i> and <i>Her008335</i> genes, encoding proteins in the terpenoid backbone synthesis pathway, were found to encode geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl diphosphate synthases, key enzymes in the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor of several diterpenoids. <i>Her011463</i> was found to be involved in regulating diterpene cyclase. The <i>Her005433</i>, <i>Her006724</i>, <i>Her010605</i>, and <i>Her010608</i> genes were found to encode sesquiterpene synthesis. Most of these genes were more highly expressed in dikaryotic mycelia than in the primordium and fruiting bodies, indicating that terpenoids may be more abundant in dikaryotic mycelia. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assemble the <i>H. coralloides</i> genome at the chromosome scale and to identify the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morpho-Molecular Identification of <i>Fusarium equiseti</i> and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan.","authors":"Arsh Bibi, Fathia Mubeen, Ali Rizwan, Irfan Ullah, Masooma Hammad, Muhammad Abu Bakar Waqas, Ayesha Ikram, Zaheer Abbas, Dennis Halterman, Nasir Ahmad Saeed","doi":"10.3390/jof10100701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.) is one of the emerging staple crops in Pakistan, with Punjab producing over 95% of the country's potatoes. Wilt is an emerging threat to the potato crop worldwide, including in Pakistan. We identified and characterized <i>Fusarium</i> species associated with potato wilt in Pakistan through morphological and molecular analyses. Samples were collected during the 2020-2022 potato seasons from five major potato-growing regions: Sahiwal, Chichawatni, Pakpattan, Kamalia, and Faisalabad. Morphological characterization, <i>internal transcribed spacer</i> (<i>ITS</i>) sequencing, specific <i>translation elongation factor 1-alpha</i> (<i>TEF</i>) sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were used to identify six different <i>Fusarium</i> species: <i>F. oxysporum</i>, <i>F. equiseti</i>, <i>F. incarnatum</i>, <i>F. fujikuroi</i>, <i>F. annulatum</i> and <i>F. thapsinum</i>. Pathogenicity tests in a greenhouse revealed that <i>F. oxysporum</i> and <i>F. equiseti</i> were responsible for Fusarium wilt in all sampled regions, with <i>F. oxysporum</i> being more prevalent in wilted samples. This is the first report of <i>F. equiseti</i> on wilted potatoes in Pakistan. In vitro biocontrol tests using <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> showed 89% inhibition against <i>F. equiseti</i> and 65% inhibition against <i>F. oxysporum</i>. These findings on <i>F. equiseti</i> will aid in developing future control strategies, including biocontrol measures for Fusarium wilt in potatoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Microorganisms for the Control of Grape Downy Mildew-A Review.","authors":"Zhan-Bin Sun, Han-Jian Song, Yong-Qiang Liu, Qing Ren, Qi-Yu Wang, Xiao-Feng Li, Han-Xu Pan, Xiao-Qing Huang","doi":"10.3390/jof10100702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Plasmopara viticola</i> (Berk.et Curtis) Berl. Et de Toni is the pathogen that causes grape downy mildew, which is an airborne disease that severely affects grape yield and causes huge economic losses. The usage of effective control methods can reduce the damage to plants induced by grape downy mildew. Biocontrol has been widely used to control plant diseases due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, to date, only a few comprehensive reviews on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew have been reported. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of <i>P. viticola</i> and its infection cycle, followed by a detailed overview of current biocontrol agents, including bacteria and fungi that could be used to control grape downy mildew, and their control effects. Furthermore, potential control mechanisms of biocontrol agents against grape downy mildew are discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew are provided. This review provides the basis for the application of grape downy mildew biocontrol.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nerol as a Novel Antifungal Agent: In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on <i>Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis neglecta</i>, and <i>Valsa mali</i> and Its Potential Mechanisms against <i>F. oxysporum</i>.","authors":"Jingyu Ji, Weihu Ma, Jiyuan An, Bowen Zhang, Wenzhuo Sun, Guocai Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof10100699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the in vitro antifungal effects of nerol, a linear acyclic monoterpene alcohol of plant origin, on <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Pestalotiopsis neglecta</i>, and <i>Valsa mali</i>. To further investigate the antifungal mechanism of nerol against <i>F. oxysporum</i>, we examined changes in mycelial morphology and cell membrane integrity-related indices, as well as the activities of antioxidant and pathogenicity-related enzymes. The results demonstrated that nerol exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibition of mycelial growth in all three fungi, with EC₅₀ values of 0.46 μL/mL for <i>F. oxysporum</i>, 1.81 μL/mL for <i>P. neglecta</i>, and 1.26 μL/mL for <i>V. mali</i>, with the strongest antifungal activity observed against <i>F. oxysporum</i>. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that nerol severely disrupted the mycelial structure of <i>F. oxysporum</i>, causing deformation, swelling, and even rupture. Treatment with 0.04 μL/mL nerol led to significant leakage of soluble proteins and intracellular ions in <i>F. oxysporum</i>, and the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was reduced to 28.02% of the control, indicating enhanced membrane permeability. The elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, along with propidium iodide staining of treated microconidia, further confirmed cell membrane disruption caused by nerol. Additionally, after 12 h of exposure to 0.04 μL/mL nerol, the activity of superoxide dismutase in <i>F. oxysporum</i> decreased to 55.81% of the control, and the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also significantly inhibited. Nerol markedly reduced the activities of pathogenicity-related enzymes, such as endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase, affecting fungal growth and virulence. In conclusion, nerol disrupts the cell membrane integrity and permeability of <i>F. oxysporum</i>, reduces its virulence, and ultimately inhibits fungal growth, highlighting its potential as an alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling <i>F. oxysporum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}