Journal of Fungi最新文献

{"title":"Autophagy-Related Proteins (ATGs) Are Differentially Required for Development and Virulence of <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>.","authors":"Thilini Weerasinghe, Josh Li, Xuanye Chen, Jiayang Gao, Lei Tian, Yan Xu, Yihan Gong, Weijie Huang, Yuelin Zhang, Liwen Jiang, Xin Li","doi":"10.3390/jof11050391","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> is a devastating fungal pathogen that can colonize numerous crops. Despite its economic importance, the regulation of its development and pathogenicity remains poorly understood. From a forward genetic screen in <i>S. sclerotiorum</i>, six UV mutants were identified with loss-of-function mutations in <i>SsATG1</i>, <i>SsATG2</i>, <i>SsATG4</i>, <i>SsATG5</i>, <i>SsATG9</i>, and <i>SsATG26</i>. Functional validation through gene knockouts revealed that each <i>ATG</i> is essential for sclerotia formation, although the morphology of appressoria was not significantly altered in the mutants. Different levels of virulence attenuation were observed among these mutants. Autophagy, monitored using GFP-ATG8, showed dynamic activities during sclerotia development. These findings suggest that macroautophagy and pexophagy contribute to sclerotia maturation and virulence processes. Future work will reveal how autophagy controls target organelle or protein turnover to regulate these processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Fungal Diversity, Community Structure, and Network Stability in the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau.","authors":"Shiqi Zhang, Zhenjiao Cao, Siyi Liu, Zhipeng Hao, Xin Zhang, Guoxin Sun, Yuan Ge, Limei Zhang, Baodong Chen","doi":"10.3390/jof11050389","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite substantial research on how environmental factors affect fungal diversity, the mechanisms shaping regional-scale diversity patterns remain poorly understood. This study employed ITS high-throughput sequencing to evaluate soil fungal diversity, community composition, and co-occurrence networks across alpine meadows, desert steppes, and alpine shrublands in the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. We found significantly higher fungal α-diversity in alpine meadows and desert steppes than in alpine shrublands. Random forest and CAP analyses identified the mean annual temperature (MAT) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as major ecological drivers. Mantel tests revealed that soil physicochemical properties explained more variation than climate, indicating an indirect climatic influence via soil characteristics. Distance-decay relationships suggested that environmental heterogeneity and species interactions drive community isolation. Structural equation modeling confirmed that the MAT and NDVI regulate soil pH and carbon/nitrogen availability, thereby influencing fungal richness. The highly modular fungal co-occurrence network depended on key nodes for connectivity. Vegetation coverage correlated positively with network structure, while soil pH strongly affected network stability. Spatial heterogeneity constrained stability and diversity through resource distribution and niche segregation, whereas stable networks concentrated resources among dominant species. These findings enhance our understanding of fungal assemblage processes at a regional scale, providing a scientific basis for the management of soil fungal resources in plateau ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Identification of <i>Colletotrichum nymphaeae as a</i> Causal Agent of Leaf Spot on <i>Rhododendron hybridum</i> Ker Gawl and Its Effects on the Ultrastructure of Host Plants.","authors":"Yajiao Sun, Yunjing Tian, Jian Liu, Huali Li, Junjia Lu, Mengyao Wang, Shuwen Liu","doi":"10.3390/jof11050392","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhododendron hybridum</i> Ker Gawl, a widely cultivated horticultural species in China, is highly valued for its ornamental and medicinal properties. However, with the expansion of its cultivation, leaf spot disease has become more prevalent, significantly affecting the ornamental value of <i>R. hybridum</i> Ker Gawl. In this study, <i>R. hybridum</i> Ker Gawl from the Kunming area was selected as the experimental material. The tissue isolation method was employed in this study to isolate pathogenic strains. The biological characteristics of the pathogens were determined using the mycelial growth rate method. The pathogens' influence on the host plant's ultrastructure was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). <i>Colletotrichum nymphaeae</i> was identified as the pathogen implicated in the development of leaf spot disease in <i>R. hybridum</i> Ker Gawl across three regions in Kunming City through the integration of morphological traits and phylogenetic analyses of multiple genes (ITS, ACT, GAPDH, HIS3, CHS1, and TUB2). Its mycelial growth is most effective at a temperature of 25 °C. pH and light have relatively minor effects on the growth of mycelium. The preferred carbon and nitrogen sources were identified as mannitol and yeast extract, respectively. Additionally, TEM observations revealed significant damage to the cell structure of <i>R. hybridum</i> Ker Gawl leaves infected by the pathogen. The cell walls were dissolved, the number of chloroplasts decreased markedly, starch granules within chloroplasts were largely absent, and the number of osmiophilic granules increased. This is the first report of leaf spot disease in <i>R. hybridum</i> Ker Gawl caused by <i>C. nymphaeae</i>. The results of this study provide valuable insights for future research on the prevention and control of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12112765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuolar Proteases of <i>Candida auris</i> from Clades III and IV and Their Relationship with Autophagy.","authors":"Daniel Clark-Flores, Alvaro Vidal-Montiel, Ricardo Mondragón-Flores, Eulogio Valentín-Gómez, César Hernández-Rodríguez, Margarita Juárez-Montiel, Lourdes Villa-Tanaca","doi":"10.3390/jof11050388","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida auris</i> is a multidrug-resistant pathogen with a high mortality rate and widespread distribution. Additionally, it can persist on inert surfaces for extended periods, facilitating its transmissibility in hospital settings. Autophagy is a crucial cellular mechanism that enables fungal survival under adverse conditions. A fundamental part of this process is mediated by vacuolar proteases, which play an essential role in the degradation and recycling of cellular components. The present work explores the relationship between <i>C. auris</i> vacuolar peptidases and autophagy, aiming to establish a precedent for understanding the survival mechanisms of this emerging fungus. Thus, eight genes encoding putative vacuolar peptidases in the <i>C. auris</i> genomes were identified: <i>PEP4</i>, <i>PRB1</i>, <i>PRC1</i>, <i>ATG42</i>, <i>CPS</i>, <i>LAP4</i>, <i>APE3</i>, and <i>DAP2</i>. Analysis of the protein domains and their phylogenetic relationships suggests that these enzymes are orthologs of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> vacuolar peptidases. Notably, both vacuolar protease gene expression and the proteolytic activity of cell-free extracts increased under nutritional stress and rapamycin. An increase in the expression of the <i>ATG8</i> gene and the presence of autophagic bodies were also observed. These results suggest that proteases could play a role in yeast autophagy and survival during starvation conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological, Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Fungal Species Associated with Papaya Rot in Cameroon.","authors":"Moussango Victor Davy, Voundi Olugu Steve, Tchabong Raymond Sammuel, Marie Ampères Bedine Boat, Ntah Ayong Moise, Anna Cazanevscaia Busuioc, Priscile Ebong Mbondi, Andreea Veronica Dediu Botezatu, Manz Koule Jules, Maria Daniela Ionica Mihaila, Rodica Mihaela Dinica, Sameza Modeste Lambert","doi":"10.3390/jof11050385","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-harvest decay of <i>Carica papaya</i> L. is the primary cause of deterioration in papaya quality and the low economic impact of this sector in Cameroon. Field surveys conducted by teams from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER) in Cameroon have primarily associated these decays with fungal attacks. However, to date, no methodological analysis has been conducted on the identification of these fungal agents. To reduce post-harvest losses, rapid detection of diseases is crucial for the application of effective management strategies. This study sought to identify the fungal agents associated with post-harvest decay of papaya <i>cv</i> Sunrise solo in Cameroon and to determine their physiological and biochemical growth characteristics. Isolation and pathogenicity tests were performed according to Koch's postulate. Molecular identification of isolates was achieved by amplification and sequencing of the ITS1 and ITS4 regions. Phylogenetic analysis was based on the substitution models corresponding to each fungal genus determined by jModeltest, according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Fungal explants of each identified species were subjected to variations in temperature, pH, water activity, and NaCl concentration. The ability to secrete hydrolytic enzymes was determined on specific media such as skimmed milk agar for protease, peptone agar for lipase, and carboxymethylcellulose for cellulase. These experiments allowed the identification of three fungi responsible for papaya fruit decay, namely <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>, <i>Fusarium equiseti</i>, and <i>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</i>. All three pathogens had maximum mycelial growth at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, pH 6.5, NaCl concentration of 100 µM, and water activity (aw) equal to 0.98. The three fungal agents demonstrated a strong potential for secreting cellulases, lipases, and proteases, which they use as lytic enzymes to degrade papaya tissues. The relative enzymatic activity varied depending on the fungal pathogen as well as the type of enzyme secreted. This study is the first report of <i>F. equiseti</i> as a causal agent of papaya fruit decay in Cameroon.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12112994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of <i>Neofusicoccum parvum</i> Associated with Fruit Rot of Mango in South Italy and Its Biological Control Under Postharvest Conditions.","authors":"Laura Vecchio, Alessandro Vitale, Dalia Aiello, Chiara Di Pietro, Lucia Parafati, Giancarlo Polizzi","doi":"10.3390/jof11050384","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botryosphaeriaceae species were recently found to be responsible for heavy mango crop losses worldwide. In 2020, mango fruit samples showing fruit decay symptoms were collected from Glenn, Kent, Irwin, Palmer, Brokaw 2, and Gomera 3 accessions in 4 orchards located in Sicily (Italy). A molecular analysis of the ITS and tub2 regions performed on 41 representative isolates allowed for the identification of mainly <i>Neofusicoccum parvum</i> and occasionally <i>Botryosphaeria dothidea</i> (1/41) as the causal agents of fruit decay. Pathogenicity proofs were satisfied for both fungal pathogens. Ripe and unripe Gomera 3 mango fruits were used to compare the virulence among the <i>N. parvum</i> isolates. Postharvest experiments performed on Gomera 3 fruits and by using different biocontrol agents (BCAs) showed that the performance of treatments in reducing fruit decay depends on <i>N. parvum</i> virulence. The data show that unregistered <i>Wickerhamomyces anomalus</i> WA-2 and <i>Pichia kluyveri</i> PK-3, followed by the trade bioformulate Serenade™ <i>(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> QST713), were the most effective in managing mango fruit rot. This paper shows, for the first time, the potential of different BCAs, including <i>Trichoderma</i> spp., for the controlling of postharvest decay caused by <i>N. parvum</i> on mango fruits.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of Bamboo Sawdust as Sustainable Alternative Substrate for <i>Auricularia heimuer</i> Cultivation.","authors":"Ya-Hui Wang, Cong-Sheng Yan, Yong-Jin Deng, Zheng-Fu Zhu, Hua-An Sun, Hui-Ping Li, Hong-Yuan Zhao, Guo-Qing Li","doi":"10.3390/jof11050387","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the increasing scarcity of traditional hardwood sawdust resources, developing sustainable substrates for edible fungi cultivation has become an urgent industrial priority. This study systematically evaluated the effects of bamboo sawdust substitutions (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) on mycelial growth, fruiting body development, and nutritional quality of <i>Auricularia heimuer</i>, while elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms through transcriptome sequencing. The results demonstrated that bamboo substitution of ≤30% maintained normal mycelial growth and fruiting body differentiation, with 20% and 30% substitutions increasing yields by 5.30% and 3.70%, respectively, compared to the control. However, 50% substitution significantly reduced yield by 9.49%. Nutritional analysis revealed that 20-40% bamboo substitution significantly enhanced the contents of crude protein, polysaccharides, and essential minerals (calcium, iron, and selenium) in fruiting bodies. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulation of glycosyl hydrolase family genes and downregulation of redox-related genes with increasing bamboo proportions. Biochemical assays confirmed these findings, showing decreased oxidative substances and increased reductive compounds in mycelia grown with high bamboo content, which indicate disrupted cellular redox homeostasis. This study provides both a practical solution to alleviate the \"edible mushrooms derived from lignicolous fungi-forest conflict\" and fundamental insights into fungal adaptation mechanisms to non-wood substrates, thus establishing a theoretical foundation for the valorization of agricultural and forestry wastes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PEG-Mediated Protoplast Transformation of <i>Penicillium sclerotiorum</i> (scaumcx01): Metabolomic Shifts and Root Colonization Dynamics.","authors":"Israt Jahan, Qilin Yang, Zijun Guan, Yihan Wang, Ping Li, Yan Jian","doi":"10.3390/jof11050386","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protoplast-based transformation is a vital tool for genetic studies in fungi, yet no protoplast method existed for <i>P. sclerotiorum</i>-scaumcx01 before this study. Here, we optimized protoplast isolation, regeneration, and transformation efficiency. The highest protoplast yield (6.72 × 10⁶ cells/mL) was obtained from liquid mycelium after 12 h of enzymatic digestion at 28 °C using Lysing Enzymes, Yatalase, cellulase, and pectinase. Among osmotic stabilizers, 1 M MgSO₄ yielded the most viable protoplasts. Regeneration occurred via direct mycelial outgrowth and new protoplast formation, with a 1.02% regeneration rate. PEG-mediated transformation with a hygromycin resistance gene and <i>GFP</i> tagging resulted in stable <i>GFP</i> expression in fungal spores and mycelium over five generations. LC/MS-based metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in glycerophospholipid metabolism, indicating lipid-related dynamics influenced by <i>GFP</i> tagging. Microscopy confirmed successful colonization of tomato roots by <i>GFP</i>-tagged scaumcx01, with <i>GFP</i> fluorescence observed in cortical tissues. Enzymatic (cellulase) seed pretreatment enhanced fungal colonization by modifying root surface properties, promoting plant-fungal interaction. This study establishes an efficient protoplast transformation system, reveals the metabolic impacts of genetic modifications, and demonstrates the potential of enzymatic seed treatment for enhancing plant-fungal interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three New Species and a New Record of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of the Genus <i>Acaulospora</i> Associated with Citrus from South China.","authors":"Haisi Huang, Xiaojuan Qin, Yihao Kang, Jie Xu, Pengxiang Shang, Tingsu Chen, Tong Cheng, Jinlian Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof11050382","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that play an important role in the growth of vascular plants. Four AM fungi, including three new species, <i>Acaulospora citrusnsis</i>, <i>A. guangxiensis</i>, <i>A. jiangxiensis</i>, and a new country record from China, <i>Acaulospora herrerae</i>, are reported based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. They were isolated and propagated from spores extracted from the rhizosphere soils of citrus. <i>A</i>. <i>citrusnsis</i> is characterized by forming hyaline to pale yellow globose to subglobose spores of (70.0-)85.0(-100.0) μm in diameter. Spores of <i>A. guangxiensis</i> are pale yellow to pale yellowish brown, with spherical to sub-spherical appearance and (103.1-)122.1(-147.1) μm in diameter. Young spores of <i>A. jiangxiensis</i> are hyaline, gradually turning pale yellow as they mature, with spherical to sub-spherical appearance and (78.7-)85.6(-90.0) μm in diameter. Spores of <i>A. herrerae</i> are hyaline and 86.3-127.2 μm in diameter. Four species have three spore wall layers, and spores form individually in the soil. The phylogenetic tree was constructed and inferred from sequences of 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S datasets by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analysis. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Center for Subtropical Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Culture Collection (CSMC).</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12112957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Terpenoid Synthesis in <i>Amylostereum areolatum</i> (<i>Russulales: Amylostereaceae</i>).","authors":"Lixia Wang, Ningning Fu, Ming Wang, Zhongyi Zhan, Youqing Luo, Jianrong Wu, Lili Ren","doi":"10.3390/jof11050383","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof11050383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Amylostereum areolatum</i> (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin (<i>Russulales: Amylostereaceae</i>) is a symbiotic fungus of <i>Sirex noctilio</i> Fabricius that has ecological significance. Terpenoids are key mediators in fungal-insect interactions, yet the biosynthetic mechanisms of terpenoids in this species remain unclear. Under nutritional conditions that mimic natural growth, <i>A. areolatum</i> was sampled during the lag phase (day 7), exponential phase (day 14), and stationary phase (day 21). Metabolome (solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)) and transcriptome (Illumina NovaSeq) profiles were integrated to investigate terpenoid-gene correlations. This analysis identified 103 terpenoids in <i>A. areolatum</i>, substantially expanding the known repertoire of terpenoid compounds in this species. Total terpenoid abundance progressively increased across three developmental stages, with triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids demonstrating the highest diversity and abundance levels. Transcriptomic profiling (61.66 Gb clean data) revealed 26 terpenoid biosynthesis-associated genes, establishing a comprehensive transcriptional framework for fungal terpenoid metabolism. Among 11 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2Fold Change| ≥ 1, adjusted <i>p</i> < 0.05), <i>HMGS1</i>, <i>HMGR2</i>, and <i>AaTPS1-3</i> emerged as key regulators potentially governing terpenoid biosynthesis. These findings provide foundational insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying terpenoid production in <i>A. areolatum</i> and related basidiomycetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}