Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"Finite Size Effects on Seismicity Induced by Fluid Injection in a Discrete Fault Network With Rate-and-State Friction","authors":"Taeho Kim,&nbsp;Kyungjae Im,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Avouac","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030243","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The seismicity rate model of J. Dieterich (1994, https://doi.org/10.1029/93jb02581) has been used extensively in recent years to model induced seismicity in fluid injection settings. In this study, we highlight its major assumptions and examine how they may bias the interpretations of inferred model parameters when applied to induced seismicity observed in real reservoirs. We do so by comparing the model to numerical simulations of induced earthquakes in a discrete fault network (DFN). The seismicity patterns show significant differences between the DFN and Dietrich model. In particular, DFN simulations show the development of a backfront during the injection due to the exhaustion of available nucleation sources and a shut-off of near-well seismicity due to aseismic slip at high pore pressure. When matched to the DFN catalogs, both the background seismicity rate parameter, <i>R</i>_<i>b</i>, and the direct effect rate-and-state friction parameter, <i>a</i>, of the Dieterich model both significantly underestimate the same parameters of the DFN. We recall the seismicity induced by the 1993 stimulation of the GPK1 injection well in Soultz-Sous-For<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mover>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 <mo>ˆ</mo>\u0000 </mover>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $widehat{mathrm{e}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>ts for evidence of co-injection backfronts and aseismic slip among small faults. We do not discount the use of the Dieterich model—they successfully reproduce seismicity simulated from a wide range of initial conditions and fault network conditions—but emphasize that interpretations of inferred parameters must take into account finite size effects that are neglected by the model's original assumptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directional Dependence of Magnetization and Coercivity in Hematite Ore Experimentally Deformed in Torsion","authors":"Eduard Petrovský,&nbsp;Matěj Machek,&nbsp;Ramon Egli,&nbsp;Vladimír Kusbach,&nbsp;Zuzana Roxerová,&nbsp;Erik Rybacki","doi":"10.1029/2024JB031033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB031033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rock-magnetic properties are widely used to resolve the composition, concentration, size, shape, and alignment of iron oxides in rock samples. Although anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is measured routinely, acquisition of remanent magnetization as well as hysteresis loops are usually measured in one direction only. This may lead to biased interpretation of the results. In our study, observation of strong directional dependence of remanence acquisition curves and hysteresis loops in experimentally deformed samples of hematite ore is reported. While the original undeformed hematite ore sample exhibited magnetic properties practically independent of the direction, the specimens which experienced deformation in torsion showed significant anisotropy. For example, the anisotropy of saturation magnetization reached several tens of percent. Our results suggest that experimental deformation resulted in neoformation of magnetite nanoparticles, as well as shift of the original hematite coercivity spectra toward lower values. These findings have significant impact on the remanent and induced magnetization measurement protocols and interpretation of the data. Anisotropy of these parameters should be checked at least in cases when hematite is assumed to be present in the samples, or the samples underwent creep deformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB031033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A ∼700-km-Long Fossil Tonian Magmatic Arc Belt Hidden Within the Yangtze Block's Interior, South China","authors":"Zhidong Gu,&nbsp;Junyong Li,&nbsp;Xiaolei Wang,&nbsp;Ya Xu,&nbsp;Xiufen Zhai","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030825","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fossil magmatic arcs preserve important archives of juvenile magmatism, crustal growth and differentiation, thereby aiding in our understanding of continental evolutionary histories. However, some ancient arcs are situated in continental interiors, where they are buried beneath thick cover sequences, making their identification challenging. Here, we present a data set of deep boreholes, geochronology, geochemistry and geophysics to investigate the basement properties and evolution of the Sichuan Basin in the Yangtze Block, South China. These results provide evidence for a large Tonian magmatic arc belt hidden within the Yangtze Block's interior. Seven deep boreholes (∼3,600–6,500 m) penetrating into basin basement, together with geochronology and 3D seismic reflection profiles, show extensive Tonian (ca. 820–770 Ma) rhyolite/granites overlain by Ediacaran sediments. Aeromagnetic data delineate a NE-SW-trending, ∼700-km-long positive magnetic anomaly belt (PMAB) across the central basin, indicating the presence of (ultra-) mafic rocks in lower crust. Petrogenetic analyses indicate that the Tonian felsic rocks drilled within PMAB range were likely derived from a juvenile arc basaltic source. Thus, we interpret the PMAB recorded input of mantle-derived melts and their subsequent evolution into granitic magmas, associated with a Tonian arc magmatic front that once occurred in the Yangtze Block's interior. Our finding broadens the range of the Tonian continental arc system in the region, reaching at least 400–900 km landward from block's northwestern margin. Such a broad orogenic system played a vital role in continental evolution, element recycling and basin formation of the Yangtze Block.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Dynamic Magma Movement in the Lower Crust During the 2015 Eruption of Axial Seamount","authors":"Li Wang,&nbsp;Qin Wang,&nbsp;Youyi Ruan","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030481","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Observations of lower crustal magma movement during a volcanic eruption are critical to understanding the magma dynamics in the plumbing system and the mechanism that controls the eruption. However, capturing the local and transient magmatic process in the lower crust is seismically challenging, and therefore the dynamic magma movement has been poorly observed. Axial Seamount, an active submarine volcano located at the intersection of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Cobb Hotspot and monitored by a permanent cabled array, provides an unprecedented opportunity to study lower crustal magma movement. Here, we use a novel marine geophysical method, Rayleigh-wave admittance, to reconstruct top-lower crustal shear-wave velocity (<i>Vs</i>) variation from 3 months before the latest eruption on 24 April 2015, to March 2022. From the variations of daily <i>Vs</i> in the top-lower crust, we discovered a localized multi-stage magma movement in the top-lower crustal channel beneath the southeast caldera. This multi-stage process reveals a complete pressure evolution in the crustal plumbing system through an eruption cycle of Axial Seamount, which may be applicable to eruptions in ridge-hotspot interactive volcanoes. In particular, the exponential decrease in <i>Vs</i> initiated 8 weeks before the eruption indicates a pre-eruption magma accumulation in the top-lower crustal channel. This accumulation drove the crustal plumbing system to a critical overpressure state and subsequently induced the 2015 eruption. The exponential decrease in <i>Vs</i> caused by lower-crustal magma accumulation therefore provides a timely warning for eruption forecasting several weeks in advance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False Positives in the Identification of Dynamic Earthquake Triggering","authors":"Jeanne L. Hardebeck,&nbsp;Nicolas D. DeSalvio,&nbsp;Wenyuan Fan,&nbsp;Andrew J. Barbour","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB031566","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dynamic earthquake triggering is commonly identified through the temporal correlation between increased seismicity rates and global earthquakes that are possible triggering events. However, correlation does not imply causation. False positives may occur when unrelated seismicity rate changes coincidently occur at around the time of candidate triggers. We investigate the expected false positive rate in Southern California with global <i>M</i> ≥ 6 earthquakes as candidate triggers. We compute the false positive rate by applying the statistical tests used by DeSalvio and Fan (2023), https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jb026487 to synthetic earthquake catalogs with no real dynamic triggering. We find a false positive rate of ∼3.5%–8.5% when realistic earthquake clustering is present, consistent with the 95% confidence typically used in seismology. However, when this false positive rate is applied to the tens of thousands of spatial-temporal windows in Southern California tested in DeSalvio and Fan (2023), https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jb026487, thousands of false positives are expected. The expected false positive occurrence is large enough to explain the observed apparent triggering following 70% of large global earthquakes (DeSalvio &amp; Fan, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jb026487), without requiring any true dynamic triggering. Aside from the known triggering from the nearby El Mayor-Cucapah, Mexico, earthquake, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the reported triggering are indistinguishable from random false positives. This implies that best practice for dynamic triggering studies that depend on temporal correlation is to estimate the false positive rate and investigate whether the observed apparent triggering is distinguishable from the correlations that may occur by chance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking Intragranular Stress Evolution in Deforming Sandstone Using X-Rays","authors":"Jean-Baptiste Jacob,&nbsp;Benoît Cordonnier,&nbsp;Wenlu Zhu,&nbsp;A. R. Vishnu,&nbsp;Jonathan Wright,&nbsp;François Renard","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB031614","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Measuring and understanding brittle failure at the (sub)-grain scale is a key challenge to unravel the initiation of system-size failure in rocks. Recent developments in synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques enable non-destructive in situ measurements of crystal lattice orientation, elastic strain, and stress at grain to intra-grain scales. We used scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction to study the stress evolution in Berea and Fontainebleau sandstone cores deformed under triaxial compression. Experiments were conducted at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility using the Hades apparatus, which allows simultaneous triaxial compression testing and X-ray data acquisition. Stepwise axial loading was applied to the samples while maintaining a constant 10 MPa confinement. Diffraction scans in quartz provided time-series stress maps across a core transect with a 50 µm resolution. Results reveal progressive internal stress buildup consistent with macroscopic loading, accompanied by reorientation of local stress tensors that increasingly align with the bulk macroscopic stress. Significant stress heterogeneity is observed, reflecting non-uniform load distribution across the sample and the presence of initial residual stress. This heterogeneity grows with increasing loading and forms spatially persistent patterns that resemble force-chain networks in granular materials. The increasing heterogeneity and spatial persistence of the stress field may control the development of tensile microfractures, ultimately leading to macroscopic failure. Used in combination with dynamic X-ray microtomography that captures the three-dimensional strain field evolution, scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction emerges as a powerful tool for quantifying heterogeneous internal stress and provides additional constraints on stress at the onset of microfracture initiation and propagation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Paleomagnetic and Geochronological Results From the Early Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks in the Western Tethyan Himalaya: Contribution to the Breakup of Eastern Gondwana and the Paleogeography of Neo-Tethys Ocean","authors":"Xianwei Jiao,&nbsp;Tianshui Yang,&nbsp;Weiwei Bian,&nbsp;Suo Wang,&nbsp;Wenxiao Peng,&nbsp;Jiahui Ma,&nbsp;Jikai Ding,&nbsp;Jiacheng Liang,&nbsp;Yabo Zhang,&nbsp;Haiyan Li,&nbsp;Huaichun Wu,&nbsp;Shihong Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024JB031095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB031095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The temporal-spatial relationships of widely distributed latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous igneous rocks in the Tethyan Himalaya (TH) are crucial for understanding the breakup of eastern Gondwana and the paleogeography of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. However, no paleomagnetic data are available from the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the central-western TH. Here, we report the first paleomagnetic and geochronological results from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, dated at ∼144‒142 Ma, in the western TH. The tilt-corrected site-mean direction for 31 sites is Ds = 303.9°, Is = −58.7° with <i>α</i>₉₅ = 4.3°, yielding a mean pole at 1.9°N, 303.2°E (A₉₅ = 5.0°) and a paleolatitude of 40.8 ± 5.0°S for the Zhongba area. Positive fold and reversal tests support pre-fold primary magnetizations. Our paleomagnetic and geochronological results, combined with those from the eastern TH, northeastern India, and southwestern Australia, reveal that the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks were emplaced across a paleolatitudinal range from approximately 40.8°S to 55.5°S, with a central paleolatitude of about 48.2°S, which is consistent with the present-day latitude of the Kerguelen Mantle Plume (KMP). This, along with the affinity of these rocks to the KMP-related magmatic rocks supports that the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous TH igneous rocks originated from the KMP, and that the KMP contributed to the breakup of eastern Gondwana. Comparison of Early Cretaceous paleolatitudes observed from the western TH and Lhasa terrane shows that the latitudinal width of the Neo-Tethys Ocean was ∼6,600 km at ∼144–142 Ma.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Mainshock Selection, Earthquake Catalog and Definition on Foreshock Rate Estimates in Southern California","authors":"R. Azad Khan,&nbsp;M. J. Werner,&nbsp;J. Biggs,&nbsp;Å. Fagereng","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030733","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimates of the percentage of moderate to large crustal earthquakes (mainshocks) that have foreshocks (the foreshock rate) vary widely: Recent estimates in Southern California using an enhanced catalog range between 19% and 72%. Enhanced catalogs seem to reveal more foreshocks, possibly providing new constraints on nucleation mechanisms, but precise, commonly accepted foreshock definitions are lacking. To investigate the observed range we quantify the sensitivity of foreshock rates to mainshock selection method, catalog (standard and enhanced), foreshock definition, geographical restriction and magnitude cut-offs. We compare two foreshock definitions: Type A—any earthquakes above a magnitude threshold in a space-time window; and type B—an earthquake count in a space-time window that exceeds the 99th percentile of a statistical representation of past seismicity rates (using three distributions: Poisson, Gamma and Empirical). Foreshock rate estimates are increased by (in order of influence): Defining foreshocks using Poisson distributed background rates, using a type A foreshock definition, and removing aftershocks using fixed space-time windows. Rates are lowered by: Removing aftershocks using magnitude-dependent methods, and defining foreshocks using Gamma distributed inter-event times and Empirical distributions of seismicity. A large increase in foreshock rate between the standard and enhanced catalog is only observed when using Poisson distributed background rates for type B foreshocks. A lower magnitude of completeness may thus not lead to significantly more mainshocks with detected foreshocks. Our preferred method, using a more robust mainshock selection and quality-controlled data, estimates ∼25% of <i>M</i> ≥ 4 “mainshocks” in Southern California have foreshocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea Level Rise and Loading Deformation in the Shallow Seas of Northern Australia","authors":"Zhiqiang Wen,&nbsp;Wenke Sun","doi":"10.1029/2025JB032021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB032021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The northern shallow seas of Australia exhibit significant interannual mass variations driven by complex oceanographic and hydrological processes. While large-scale oceanographic and hydrological mechanisms in this region are well studied, the specific contributions of individual processes to these variations require further quantification. To this end, we employed satellite gravity, satellite altimetry, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to investigate sea level changes and their loading effects from 2003 to 2022. Our results reveal that strong colored noise significantly affects GRACE-derived mass trend estimates, emphasizing the need for spatially varying noise models. We also find that sea levels in the northwestern sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria (GOC) have risen steadily, primarily due to the increase in ocean mass (0.50 ± 0.20 and 0.46 ± 0.24 cm/a, respectively). Monsoons and associated rainfall drive the increase in water mass in GOC, while ocean currents outside the GOC also significantly influence the mass changes. A net mass outflow is observed during the four summer months (261.5 ± 105.4 Gt), while the remainder of the year shows a net inflow (333.6 ± 51.8 Gt). In addition, vertical displacements from nine GNSS stations around the GOC were used to independently retrieve daily mass variations from 2017 to 2021. The GNSS-derived mass variations exhibit consistency with GRACE in both seasonal and interannual variability and offer enhanced temporal resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Extended Microphysical Friction Model for Variable Normal Stress Conditions","authors":"Jianye Chen,&nbsp;A. R. Niemeijer,&nbsp;Christopher J. Spiers","doi":"10.1029/2025JB032033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB032033","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Variations in effective normal stress (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sigma }_{n}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) disrupt the proportionality between normal stress and shear resistance. Understanding this is crucial for advancing studies of earthquake triggering. However, rate-and-state-dependent friction laws often fall short in describing friction under variable &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sigma }_{n}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. This study extends a microphysical friction model, originally developed for granular gouge friction at constant &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sigma }_{n}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, to accommodate variable &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sigma }_{n}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. We incorporate the effects of gouge elasticity, alongside granular flow and grain scale plasticity, and test the model against four distinct types of gouge shearing experiments that simulate varying-&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sigma }_{n}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; conditions. Our modified model captures all key frictional responses observed in the experiments, with qualitative agreement. Importantly, it captures the &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sigma }_{n}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;-effect through a physically based plastic deformation term, thus eliminating the need for an empirical sensitivity factor (the &lt;i&gt;α&lt;/i&gt;-value proposed by Linker &amp; Dieterich, 1992, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jb00017). The model indicates that changes in &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}