Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"Pushing the Boundaries of Porous Material Characterization: Universal Stochastic Data Fusion With Deep Learning","authors":"Mingliang Liu,&nbsp;Tapan Mukerji","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031673","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031673","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microscopic imaging plays a crucial role in revealing the intricate microstructures of porous materials, enabling detailed investigations into their physical properties and behavior. However, no single imaging modality satisfies the diverse requirements for comprehensive microstructural characterization across multiple scales, limiting our ability to thoroughly analyze and model these porous materials. To overcome this limitation, multiscale and multimodal imaging approaches are increasingly employed. However, effectively integrating heterogeneous data sets into high-fidelity digital representations of porous materials remains a significant challenge. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based framework for multiscale and multimodal data fusion, leveraging advanced generative artificial intelligence to overcome two persistent hurdles: (a) seamless integration of unpaired imaging data sets from different modalities and resolutions, and (b) robust one-to-many mappings that preserve the inherent uncertainty and diversity of the combined data. By applying this framework to a porous media imaging data set, we demonstrate its ability to enhance the characterization of heterogeneous materials and uncover new insights into pore-scale physical processes. This versatile and scalable approach holds broad applicability across disciplines such as geoscience and materials science, paving the way for more comprehensive multiscale porous material analysis and modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Steam-Driven Thermal Anomalies at Active Volcanoes Through Laboratory and Numerical Experiments","authors":"Noé García-Martínez,&nbsp;Társilo Girona,&nbsp;David Benavente","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031598","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031598","url":null,"abstract":"<p>At active magmatic-hydrothermal systems, volatile circulation and surface thermal anomalies are known to be related. However, the specific interconnections between permeable gas flow, H₂O condensation, and heat transport remain poorly understood. This study investigates the potential of steam released from boiling aquifers to generate surface thermal anomalies. Novel laboratory experiments were conducted by injecting hot steam into a permeable material to examine how material characteristics and flow dynamics affect heat propagation. The experimental results are analyzed using numerical models based on heat conduction (CM) and a combination of heat conduction and advection (CAM) to provide a reference for extending laboratory knowledge to natural volcanic systems. Laboratory results include: (a) steam-driven thermal anomalies are more sensitive to changes in flow rates than variations in steam temperature; (b) condensation depth significantly affects the surface thermal response, with shallower condensation resulting in earlier detection; and (c) a low initial water content in the medium drastically reduces the detection time, while further increase in water content have minimal effect. The CAM model fits experimental results better than the CM, suggesting that non-condensed vapor flows through the surface at active volcanoes. A thermal anomaly of 1 K is estimated to appear at the surface approximately 0.7–120 years after degassing begins in the underlying hydrothermal system. The emergence of these anomalies depends on crust permeability, thermal properties, steam flow dynamics, and hydrothermal system depth. Quantifying these parameters is crucial, as they influence the detection of thermal anomalies, a key precursor to volcanic eruptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic Erosion Phase Diagram and Bulk Permeability Evolution in Filled Rough-Walled Fractures","authors":"Hong-Bin Liu,&nbsp;Jia-Qing Zhou,&nbsp;Changdong Li,&nbsp;Yi-Feng Chen,&nbsp;Huiming Tang,&nbsp;Ran Hu,&nbsp;Zhibing Yang","doi":"10.1029/2025JB032250","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB032250","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural fractures are commonly filled with materials such as sediments and mineral cements. Under hydrodynamic conditions, these infillings may be scoured, eroded, or removed, leading to alterations in pore structure and bulk permeability. However, the mechanisms driving these changes, particularly the interactions between hydrodynamic conditions, particle migration, and permeability evolution, remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we conducted a series of visual hydrodynamic erosion experiments on fully-filled, rough-walled fractures with varying apertures and roughness characteristics. Using well-calibrated image monitoring and processing techniques, we tracked the erosion process in real time and quantified the resulting eroded flow channels. The results identify five distinct stages across the entire erosion process: particle incipient motion, erosion initiation along with channel penetration, erosion acceleration, deceleration, and depletion. The compiled phase diagrams indicate that the Reynolds number plays a decisive role in erosion dynamics, with fracture aperture serving as the primary geometric control while roughness having a comparatively weaker impact under the identical hydrodynamic condition. We further developed two phenomenological models to predict the variations of erosion ratio and bulk permeability throughout the erosion process. These models capture the effects of Reynolds number, aperture, and roughness on the initiation, growth, and stabilization of erosion and permeability changes. These findings offer a deeper understanding of how hydrodynamic forces drive erosion in complex fracture systems and provide valuable insights into various fields concerned with the coupled issues of seepage and erosion.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Magnitude Completeness in Earthquake Catalogs: A Comparative Study of Catalog-Based Methods","authors":"Xinyi Wang,&nbsp;Jiawei Li,&nbsp;Ao Feng,&nbsp;Didier Sornette","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031441","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031441","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Without careful attention to the earthquake catalog completeness, claims of novel discoveries or forecasting skills lack credibility. Estimating the completeness magnitude (<i>M</i>_c) is therefore a critical step in seismological analysis. Among the available techniques, catalog-based methods are the most accessible and widely adopted, and they also often form the basis for more sophisticated techniques. However, current frameworks for evaluating methods do not provide a standardized strategy for generating synthetic catalogs that are independent of any specific <i>M</i>_c estimation technique. An effective evaluation framework should also allow for the simulation of data sets with spatially and temporally varying <i>M</i>_c values. In this study, we introduce a robust evaluation framework specifically designed to benchmark catalog-based <i>M</i>_c estimation methods, including six established and three newly proposed methods, under realistic and controlled simulation conditions. The proposed methods are evaluated on both simulated data sets, with homogeneous and heterogeneous <i>M</i>_c distributions, and on real-world earthquake catalogs from China, California, and New Zealand. In the synthetic tests, The traditional method MBS-WW and two new methods, BSReLU and especially AEReLU, consistently deliver reliable <i>M</i>_c estimates, provided the data are sufficiently dense and well-resolved. Among them, AEReLU demonstrates superior accuracy and adaptability, particularly under challenging conditions. When applied to six empirical catalogs, AEReLU produces the most robust and physically meaningful <i>M</i>_c estimates. Its predicted <i>M</i>_c values closely align with known regional completeness thresholds (e.g., <i>M</i>_c ≈ 1.8) and remain stable across diverse tectonic environments. Moreover, AEReLU yields consistent <i>b</i>-values and reveals spatial variations in the asymmetry parameter <i>β</i>, which captures differences in how detection completeness converges below and above <i>M</i>_c, reflecting region-specific patterns of seismicity and catalog incompleteness. Unlike traditional methods that impose a sharp <i>M</i>_c cut-off, BSReLU and AEReLU adopt a probabilistic framework that models the smooth transition in detection likelihood from zero to one as magnitude increases. This formulation better reflects the gradual shift from incomplete to complete reporting, effectively overcoming the limitations of step-function-based models. By rigorously comparing these methods, the present study not only identifies the contexts in which each is most suitable but also enhances our understanding of seismicity, earthquake forecasting, and hazard assessment, underscoring the critical role of data completeness in all such analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic Feasibility Study of Enhancing Resolution of Earth's Three-Dimensional Interior Conductivity Using Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Sources","authors":"Zhengyong Ren,&nbsp;Zhuo Chen,&nbsp;Chaojian Chen,&nbsp;Hongbo Yao,&nbsp;Zhengguang Liu,&nbsp;Jingtian Tang,&nbsp;Linan Xu,&nbsp;Keke Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030512","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We develop a three-dimensional joint inversion framework in spherical coordinate system to invert both ionospheric and magnetospheric signals from geomagnetic observatories to constrain the Earth's mantle conductivity. The methodology is built upon frequency-mesh parallelism and multiscale tetrahedral grid finite element electromagnetic forward modeling, which enables accurate representation of the heterogeneous conductivity distribution across oceanic, terrestrial, and coastal regions. The effectiveness of this approach is validated using synthetic data sets based on a checkerboard model and a Circum-Pacific subduction model. Experiments demonstrate that joint inversion successfully reconstructs conductivity structure at depths from 100 to 1,600 km, improving upper mantle resolution compared to using magnetospheric data only. The joint inversion effectively reconstructs most subduction zones, underscoring its effectiveness in resolving the conductivity structure of upper mantle. Applying this technique to actual geomagnetic data in the future will refine three-dimensional models of the upper mantle and mantle transition zone, thereby offering crucial insights into deep Earth water cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CNN-Trained Centroid Method for Estimating Depth to the Bottom of the Magnetic Sources (DBMS) and Its Application to the Southern Indian Shield","authors":"Arka Roy,&nbsp;Korimilli Naga Durga Prasad,&nbsp;Rajat Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Dommeti Vijayakumar,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030918","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030918","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The magnetic field from Earth's crust helps us understand its thermal structure by finding the depth to the bottom of magnetic sources, an important indicator of the Crustal thermal properties. This study aims to estimate the depth to the bottom of magnetic sources precisely using the observed magnetic field. Traditional methods, like the spectral peak and centroid techniques, are commonly used to estimate the depth to the bottom of magnetic sources. However, these methods typically require prior knowledge about the magnetization source, derived from empirical relationships of wave-vectors in the spectral domain, which is challenging to obtain over large regions. We devised an innovative deep learning approach utilizing a convolutional neural network to directly estimate the depth to the bottom of the magnetic sources, eliminating the need for prior knowledge of the fractal magnetization source. Synthetic fractal magnetizations were constructed to train the model, and the performance of the convolutional neural network was compared to the modified centroid approach. Our convolutional neural network methodology was confirmed by utilizing a diverse array of realistic synthetic fractal magnetization, incorporating various window widths and depths to the bottom of the magnetization source. The model is applied to the high-resolution aeromagnetic data of the southern Indian shield to understand the crustal-scale thermal structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Search for Tectonic Tremor and Low-Frequency Earthquakes in the Atacama Segment of the Chilean Subduction Zone Turns Up Empty","authors":"Jannes Münchmeyer,&nbsp;William B. Frank,&nbsp;Sophie Giffard-Roisin,&nbsp;David Marsan,&nbsp;Frederik Tilmann,&nbsp;Marcos Moreno,&nbsp;Anne Socquet","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031283","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subduction megathrusts release stress not only seismically through earthquakes, but also through creep and transient slow deformation, called slow slip events (SSEs). Understanding the interplay between fast and slow slip is essential for illuminating the deformation processes on the subduction interface. The Chilean subduction margin, while one of the most seismically active regions worldwide, has few reports of SSEs. Furthermore, there are no comprehensive reports of tectonic tremors or low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs), seismic signals typically accompanying SSEs, tracking deformation at small spatial and temporal scales. Here, we perform a systematic search for tectonic tremors and LFEs in the Atacama segment in Northern Chile, a region hosting both shallow and deep SSEs. Using dense seismic networks, we investigate 3.3 years between November 2020 and February 2024. Due to the network geometry, we focus on deep tremor and LFEs. We apply two complementary methods, envelope correlation for tremor search and deep learning detection for LFEs, to generate initial catalogs. To validate the potential detections, we use clustering, matched filtering, heuristics, and extensive manual inspection. While our initial search provides numerous candidates, after verification, we find no evidence for tectonic tremor or LFEs in the region. In contrast, our approaches successfully recover tremors and LFEs in two reference regions outside Chile with known tremor and LFE activity. Our observations show that tremors and LFEs in Northern Chile are either of lower moment rate than in other regions, have substantially longer recurrence rates, or are absent altogether, potentially due to the cold subduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geodynamics of Long-Term Indian Continental Subduction and Indentation at the India-Eurasia Collision Zone","authors":"K. Xue,&nbsp;V. Strak,&nbsp;W. P. Schellart","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031427","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031427","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The India-Eurasia convergence is a long-term, ongoing process despite the continental collision and associated velocity reduction from ∼15 to 20 cm/yr in the Late Cretaceous-earliest Eocene to ∼4–5 cm/yr (since ∼40 Ma). Previous studies that impose Indian plate motion imply an external force driving long-term convergence, continental subduction and Indian indentation, and the onset of India-Eurasia collision as the trigger for the abrupt deceleration. In this study, we investigate the mechanism(s) of this deceleration, continued convergence, long-term continental subduction and long-term Indian indentation using buoyancy-driven geodynamic models. We conduct three large-scale analog experiments to simulate the subduction and collision processes at the convergent boundary with different boundary conditions at the 660-km discontinuity, including a lower-upper mantle viscosity ratio (<i>η</i>_<i>LM</i><i>/η</i>_<i>UM</i>) that is infinitely high, no viscosity step (<i>η</i>_<i>LM</i><i>/η</i>_<i>UM</i> = 1) and an intermediate viscosity step (<i>η</i>_<i>LM</i><i>/η</i>_<i>UM</i> = ∼8.6). The experiment with infinite <i>η</i>_<i>LM</i><i>/η</i>_<i>UM</i> shows deceleration when the slab tip reaches the 660-km discontinuity, while the other two experiments show a deceleration at the onset of continental subduction. Our experiments show that a higher <i>η</i>_<i>LM</i><i>/η</i>_<i>UM</i> favors a lower velocity drop at the onset of continental subduction, lower convergence velocities, reduced continental subduction and a higher indentation amount. Furthermore, our models suggest that the negative buoyancy force of both upper and lower mantle slab segments is the main driver of long-term convergence and continental subduction, while the combination of rollback-induced mantle flow of the Sunda slab and slab negative and positive buoyancy forces of the Sunda and India slabs, respectively, drives northward Indian indentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"True and Apparent Polar Wander From Sluggish to Active Lid Tectonics","authors":"Harriet C. P. Lau,&nbsp;Manar M. Al Asad","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030886","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030886","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It has been proposed that to satisfy a wide range of geological observations, early Earth mantle convection operated in “sluggish-lid” tectonics before transitioning to modern-day, “active-lid” tectonics. The former is the result of a weaker asthenosphere relative to the latter and manifests itself in a partially decoupled plate-mantle system. This transition is required to produce reasonable apparent polar wander (APW) plate velocities over Earth history. Since these tectonic regimes are dictated by the thermo-mechanical structure of the mantle, they should also influence true polar wander (TPW). Here, we explore the relative importance of TPW within a mantle that transitions from sluggish-to active-lid tectonics to provide some context on how to interpret paleomagnetic observations over Earth history. We find that TPW rates are faster when Earth's mantle operates in sluggish-lid tectonics than active-lid, contrary to previous results that appear to only be appropriate for active-lid TPW. We also find that if subduction initiated during sluggish-lid tectonics, this could also lead to high, intermittent rates of TPW.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fate of the Oceanic Slab During Subducting Beneath the Cratonic Lithosphere: Implications for the Subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate Beneath East Asia","authors":"Yongming Wang,&nbsp;Peng Chen,&nbsp;Jinshui Huang,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031183","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031183","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The subduction of the Western Pacific plate has been proposed to play a crucial role in the reactivation and destruction of the North China Craton (NCC). However, how the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction affects the lithospheric evolution of the NCC remains unclear. Here, we perform 2-D numerical simulations to study the slab dynamics of an oceanic-continental subduction system. We find that the evolution of the subducted slabs is primarily controlled by the intrinsic density and compositional viscosity contrasts between the overriding lithosphere and the normal mantle, as well as the negative Clapeyron slope of the 660-km phase change, which impedes slab subduction. Generally, a higher density contrast or a larger Clapeyron slope facilitates the flattening and stagnation of the subducted slab. With moderate Clapeyron slopes (e.g., −2.0–−1.0 MPa/K), the subducted slabs are temporally stagnant at the transition zone depth for intermediate density contrast (e.g., −50 kg/m³) or move beneath the overriding lithosphere as a flat-subduction mode for large density contrast (e.g., −75 kg/m³). For smaller density contrasts (e.g., −25 kg/m³), the subducted slabs always directly pass through the 660-km depth into the lower mantle regardless of the Clapeyron slope. Moreover, an increased strength of the overriding lithosphere efficiently promotes the penetration of the subducted slabs into the lower mantle. Our numerical results suggest that the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath Eastern Asia is more likely to be in a short-lived stagnation or flat-subduction style rather than in a long-lived stagnation style.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}