Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"Monitoring Water Content Variations From Seismic Noise in a Controlled Laboratory Experiment: A Quantitative Approach Combining Poroelastic Predictions With Kernel Wave Sensitivity Weighting","authors":"Thomas Gaubert-Bastide,&nbsp;Clarisse Bordes,&nbsp;Stéphane Garambois,&nbsp;Olivia Collet,&nbsp;Christophe Voisin,&nbsp;Daniel Brito","doi":"10.1029/2025JB032294","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB032294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite the existence of various hydrological and geophysical methods for characterizing the vadose zone and groundwater, it remains challenging to implement cost-effective, accurate, and efficient techniques for their long-term monitoring with high spatial resolution. A growing number of recent studies suggest that seismological methods based on continuous seismic noise recording can potentially address these difficulties. This study presents an original laboratory experiment aimed at assessing the sensitivity of passive seismic interferometry imaging (PII) to controlled fluctuations in water content. To achieve this, we used the recording of the seismic noise generated by a continuous seismic source to reconstruct ballistic surface Rayleigh waves propagating in the [200–500] Hz range within a 1-m scale sandbox. Multiple controlled cycles of water imbibition and drainage at the base of the sandbox produce significant variations in the seismic wavefield and especially in dominant surface waves. The large relative velocity variations <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>δ</mi>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $delta v/v$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> (−35%), measured in Rayleigh waves with a fine temporal resolution, match the water pressure measurements conducted within the sandbox. The observations are well predicted by an original theoretical approach combining a Biot-Gassmann-Wood poroelastic model that incorporates effective pressure fluctuations and the frequency-dependent sensitivity kernels of Rayleigh waves. These results confirm the potential of the PII method in monitoring saturation changes in the vadose zone as well as the substantial effect of effective pressure fluctuations, at least when Rayleigh waves dominate ballistic arrivals.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB032294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tsunami Variability From Stochastic Earthquake Models: Tests Against Fourteen Tsunamis at Australian Tide Gauges","authors":"G. Davies","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031949","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031949","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stochastic earthquake-tsunami models (SETMs) are widely used to simulate hypothetical tsunamis and their variability. Different SETMs can produce tsunamis with substantially different statistical properties, and to understand their biases, SETMs should be tested against tsunamis generated by multiple real earthquakes. However, few studies have attempted this. This study tests three SETMs from the 2018 Australian Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment by comparison with fourteen earthquake-tsunamis observed at tide gauges in southeast and west Australia. The SETMs vary in complexity from a simple uniform slip model with deterministic rupture area (FAUS), a uniform slip model with variable rupture area (VAUS), and a heterogeneous slip model (HS). For all historical events, 60 scenarios with similar earthquake location and magnitude are sampled from each SETM, and modeled at tide gauges for 60 hours post-earthquake to represent the SETM tsunami distribution. The best fitting SETM scenarios often agree with observations better than tsunamis modeled using published source inversions. However, some observations are not well modeled by one or more SETMs. The tsunami size distribution varies between the SETMs, with FAUS failing to envelope the observed tsunami size much more often. FAUS also tends to underestimate the observations, particularly for larger tsunamis. The VAUS and HS SETMs perform much better, with HS typically producing larger tsunamis than VAUS, but also failing to envelope the observations more often. The relative performance of each SETM is similar if the tsunami size is analyzed over the full simulation, or just for early arriving waves, or late waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144995235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature Dependence of the Low-Frequency Electrical Properties of Partially Frozen Rocks","authors":"Jonas K. Limbrock,&nbsp;Maximilian Weigand,&nbsp;Andreas Kemna","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030870","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030870","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The spectral induced polarization (SIP) method is increasingly used for ice-content quantification and thermal characterization of permafrost sites. To improve interpretation, we must understand how low-frequency conduction and polarization in rocks vary with temperature, ice content, textures, and mineralogies under partially frozen conditions. This study investigates SIP signatures of six solid rock and two loose sediment samples from Alpine permafrost sites with different texture and mineralogy in a frequency range between 10 mHz and 45 kHz during controlled freeze-thaw cycles down to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>40</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${-}40$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math><span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>C. All samples exhibit resistivity magnitude increases with decreasing temperature, freezing-point depression, and thermal hysteresis. Spectral phase responses reflect the well-known temperature-dependent relaxation behavior of ice at higher frequencies, with variations in shape and strength. These are linked to rock and pore water properties, such as texture, mineralogy, and salinity. The presented findings reveal that the investigated electrical properties are predominantly controlled by the presence of ice and its temperature-dependent conduction and polarization mechanisms. The results provide novel insights into the electrical behavior of partially frozen rocks, underline the importance of hysteresis effects, and show potential challenges in SIP-based ice content and temperature estimation. The presented data set also makes a significant addition to existing data facilitating future model development.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Stack Depth Imaging and Pore-Fluid Pressure Estimation Along the Nankai Trough Subduction Zone Off the Kii Peninsula, SW Japan","authors":"Fan Yu,&nbsp;Ehsan Jamali Hondori,&nbsp;Jin-Oh Park","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029780","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB029780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The behavior of the plate-boundary thrust fault (décollement), which is the source of the devastating Nankai megathrust earthquakes, is strongly influenced by pore-fluid pressure, a key factor in controlling fault strength. To better understand these controls, the composition of sediments in the Shikoku Basin has been extensively studied through samples obtained by ODP and IODP. These studies reveal that turbidite sediments are widespread throughout the Shikoku Basin and are also present beneath the décollement, suggesting a potential link between sediment composition and fault mechanics. To investigate the crustal structure of the Nankai Trough subduction zone offshore Cape Shiono, we applied 2D pre-stack depth migration imaging by using multi-channel seismic reflection data and estimated physical properties of the décollement from 0 to 30 km toward the trench. Results show significantly lower vertical effective stress than expected, implying high pore-fluid pressure. While previous research has identified pore-fluid pressure as the primary factor influencing shallow very low frequency earthquakes (SVLFEs), our comparison between Cape Shiono and Cape Muroto shows no significant difference in pore-fluid pressure ratios beyond 13 km. However, the accretionary wedge off Cape Shiono is roughly twice as thick as that off Cape Muroto, suggesting that wedge thickness—and the associated shear stress differences—may be the key control on SVLFE activity. We also reviewed studies from the Japan Trench, Alaska, and Ecuador, estimating overpressure ratios to compare seismicity. These results align with our findings, supporting the conclusion that physical properties, and wedge thickness, play a critical role in SVLFE activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB029780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Wave-Equation Dispersion Inversion of Distributed Acoustic Sensing Data to Reveal the Shallow Near-Surface Geology","authors":"Hui Liu,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Zhaolun Liu,&nbsp;Rong Hu","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030659","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030659","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is an emerging seismic acquisition technology that utilizes optical fibers as sensing media. Compared to traditional geophones, DAS offers high spatial resolution, cost efficiency, suitability for large-scale deployment, and adaptability for long-term continuous monitoring, making it well-suited for 3D seismic exploration. However, DAS data collected in the field often exhibit a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) influenced by factors such as ground coupling, and DAS is sensitive only to axial strain along the fiber. Conventional wave-equation inversion techniques, including 2D/3D Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) and Wave Equation Dispersion (WD) inversion, rely on particle velocity data from geophones. Applying these methods to DAS data requires converting strain components to velocity, which can introduce numerical errors. This study presents a 3D wave-equation dispersion inversion method based directly on DAS strain data (3D-DAS-WD). The objective function minimizes the squared sum of wavenumber differences across frequencies in the fundamental mode dispersion curve of the DAS data. This approach avoids numerical errors associated with the strain-to-velocity conversion and addresses convergence issues in FWI with low-SNR DAS data. Synthetic model tests validate the method's stability and applicability in complex geological settings. At the same time, field data results indicate that 3D-DAS-WD enables high-resolution 3D subsurface imaging, effectively identifying features such as subsurface voids.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep-Focus Earthquakes Under Northeast China—An Imprint of the Complex Tectonic History of Pacific Plate Subduction","authors":"Junqing Liu,&nbsp;Jiří Zahradník,&nbsp;Vladimír Plicka,&nbsp;František Gallovič,&nbsp;Craig R. Bina,&nbsp;Hana Čížková","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030215","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030215","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deep-focus earthquakes and their association with metastable olivine wedges (MOWs) remain enigmatic. Here we perform a seismic-geodynamic analysis of the Pacific slab stagnant at the 660 km deep bottom of the mantle transition zone. All investigated deep earthquakes exhibit only minor (mostly implosive) isotropic components, yet exhibit strongly varying compensated-linear-vector-dipole components. For the largest studied earthquake (<i>M</i>_W 6.9), we demonstrate a significant stress-drop heterogeneity on a subhorizontal fault and a spatial change in radiation efficiency. We interpret the earthquakes with an evolutionary numerical subduction model with realistic mineralogy and rheology, including non-uniform plate aging and subduction disruption due to the Izanagi–Pacific ridge sinking in the early Cenozoic. This process resulted in a present-day tomography-supported bent slab, preserving low temperatures (900−1000 K), which permits the metastable olivine presence. Further, we demonstrate that the potential MOW is also bent. The accompanying internal deformation controls the deep seismicity in the slab tip with apparent changes in seismic radiation efficiency and rupture speed across the modeled temperature gradients. From a broader perspective, the MOW contortion may contribute to deformational anisotropy in the shallow lower mantle. Our results underscore the importance of joint interpretations of the evolutionary subduction models and seismic source inversions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bimodal Slip Segmentation of the SW Hellenic Megathrust Revealed by the Mw 6.8 Methoni Earthquake Sequence and Tomography","authors":"M. Sachpazi,&nbsp;V. Kapetanidis,&nbsp;M. Laigle,&nbsp;D. Papanikolaou,&nbsp;A. Galve,&nbsp;M. Charalampakis,&nbsp;E. Kissling","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030788","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030788","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The influence of geological and structural heterogeneity on the megathrust slip behavior in subduction zones has been widely discussed for both the lower- and upper-plates. In this work, we present OBS local earthquake tomography on the outer forearc domain of the SW Hellenic subduction zone performed with the aftershocks of the 2008 M_w 6.8 Methoni subduction event. The latter initiated at a trench-normal sub-vertical slab tearing fault and we explore here the potential role of upper-plate structural heterogeneity. Our results reveal the contrasted nature of juxtaposed forearc upper-crustal blocks on top of the megathrust down to 30 km depth, inherited from the evolution of the Hellenic accretionary margin, and possibly laterally separated by nappe's contacts. The rupture extent of the mainshock and its major M_w 6.5 aftershock correlate with the low- and high-P-velocity crustal blocks and the sharp contact in between, and is downward limited by the 27–30 km deep mid/lower crust boundary. We propose a slip segmentation of the SW Hellenic megathrust that may result in moderate-size earthquakes controlled by (a) the small-scale upper-plate segmentation by crustal tectonic discontinuities and (b) the larger-scale lateral segmentation of the lower plate by trench-normal active slab tearing which reduces the occurrence probability of <i>M</i> &gt; 7 earthquakes. However, our results do not preclude the occurrence of mega events; rather, they suggest that these may be less frequent or require specific conditions to rupture through segment boundaries. The correlation between crustal aftershock activity and Vp heterogeneity highlights the active internal imbrication of the upper plate. Inherited crustal blocks' scale architecture constitutes a possibly crucial factor that impacts megathrust seismic behavior, making it a key element for improving our understanding of seismic hazard at subduction zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Dependence of Calcite Crack Kinetics on Salinity: The Role of DLVO and Hydration Forces","authors":"Hooman Dadras,&nbsp;Mehdi Eskandari-Ghadi,&nbsp;Seiji Nakagawa,&nbsp;Benjamin Gilbert,&nbsp;Yida Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031332","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031332","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subcritical crack growth (SCG) plays an important role in many geological processes such as delayed earth rupture and rock weathering. The complex dependency of SCG on the in-crack fluid chemistry, however, is still poorly understood. In this study, we utilize the newly developed surface force-based fracture theory (SFFT) to elucidate the relative contributions of surface forces and solute transport to the crack growth kinetics of calcite in NaCl solutions. Expanding on Barenblatt's cohesive crack model, SFFT introduces an effective stress intensity at the crack tip that encompasses all the relevant intermolecular forces across the crack in addition to the external far-field stresses. The nonlinear system of equations portraying the crack opening profile, the solute distribution in a propagating crack, and the crack growth velocity are numerically solved via an implicit scheme. After carefully calibrating the model for calcite-water systems, the SFFT is used to predict the SCG response of calcite at different NaCl concentrations, based on various hypotheses. These predictions are then compared to existing SCG data from the literature. We demonstrate that the experimentally observed variation of SCG rate with NaCl concentration cannot be explained solely by DLVO forces (electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions). This can be remediated by introducing an exponentially decaying hydration force with a nonlinear, nonmonotonic dependence on NaCl concentration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that accounting for both diffusive and advective transport of ions is important in explaining the absence of a stage-II SCG response for calcite in electrolyte solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the Source: Connecting the Seismological Observations of Le Teil Earthquake (Mw 4.9, 2019/11/11, France) to the Local Geology","authors":"Maxime Godano,&nbsp;Christophe Larroque,&nbsp;Bertrand Delouis,&nbsp;Jean-Paul Ampuero,&nbsp;Feyza Arzu,&nbsp;Françoise Courboulex,&nbsp;Anne Deschamps,&nbsp;Martijn van den Ende,&nbsp;Stéphane Baize,&nbsp;Jean-François Ritz","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031133","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031133","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The spatial distribution of seismicity in active fault zones depends primarily on the geometry of the fault networks. However, recent advances suggest that seismic activity may also be controlled by the rheology of the geological units surrounding fault zones. In the present work, we use seismological and geological analyses to investigate the influence of the local geology on the rupture nucleation and propagation of the 2019 Le Teil earthquake (France; M_L = 5.4; M_w = 4.9) and on the distribution of its aftershocks. The kinematic rupture model of the mainshock, obtained by joint inversion of seismological and INSAR data, shows that the rupture nucleated at 1 km depth and propagated mainly up-dip and bilaterally. Template matching detection identifies 115 aftershocks (−1.6 ≤ M_L ≤ 2.5) in the two months following the mainshock. Double difference location shows that the aftershocks delineate a 4 km-long NE-SW plane with a 60° dip to the SE, consistent with the extent and the geometry of the La Rouvière fault activated during the mainshock. By placing the seismicity in the local geological context, we conclude that the seismic activity was largely controlled by the rheological properties of the contrasting lithology. The mainshock nucleated in marly-limestone, but the coseismic slip was maximum above 0.6 km depth in a massive limestone more prompt to store elastic strain. The aftershocks occurred mainly in marls and marly limestone. They are interpreted as ruptures in competent beds of limestones of varying thickness, interbedded with marls.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induced Earthquakes Are Generally Not Tidally Triggered in Oklahoma and Kansas","authors":"Margaret E. Glasgow,&nbsp;Justin L. Rubinstein,&nbsp;Jeanne L. Hardebeck","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030254","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030254","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human-induced earthquakes occur along critically stressed faults as injected wastewater simultaneously heightens fluid pressure and pushes faults to failure. We investigate the possibility that small stresses imposed by Earth tides could trigger earthquakes in the induced seismicity region of Oklahoma and Kansas from 2011 to 2018. We decluster a catalog consisting of ∼110,000 earthquakes using three methods (Reasenberg, nearest-neighbor distance, and phase-bin). We find no significant tidal earthquake triggering using Schuster's <i>p</i>-value test for the declustered catalogs as a whole. We search for localized triggering using discretized space-time cells and find ∼0–6% of cells have significant tidal triggering which is close to what is randomly expected (5%) and indicates there is an insignificant amount of tidal triggering for the full study region. One area that has significant <i>p</i>-values across multiple time windows, ∼2014–2016 is ∼15 km from a region of large wastewater injection volume. It is possible that localized tidal triggering occurs for this time and area because faults remain critically stressed and are particularly susceptible to slip under the small stress load from the semidiurnal tide. Possible explanations for the lack of tidal triggering in our broader study are that the pre-seismic stressing rate in the earthquake nucleation area is faster than the tidal stressing rate (∼3 kPa/day), faults are not close enough to critically stressed to be affected by tidal forcing, and that nucleation occurs over longer periods than the tides considered in this study (∼1, ∼14 days). Fluid injection could be the source of a higher pre-seismic stress rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}