Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Detection and Localization of Tectonic Tremors in the Japan Trench","authors":"Kodai Sagae,&nbsp;Masayuki Kano,&nbsp;Suguru Yabe,&nbsp;Takahiko Uchide","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB031348","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shallow tectonic tremors near trenches have been detected due to the advancement of offshore observation networks. Traditionally, tremors were identified by cross-correlating envelope waveforms between seismic stations. However, this method has struggled to differentiate tremor signals from earthquakes and sometimes missed tremors during active tremor episodes. Addressing these challenges is crucial for monitoring tremors in seismically active regions, such as the Japan Trench. We developed a machine learning-based tremor monitoring system using a dense network of cable-type ocean-bottom seismometers (S-net) in the Japan Trench. The system analyzed continuous waveforms recorded from August 2016 to August 2024. Our analysis detected seven times more tremors than the previous study using envelope cross-correlation. The newly identified tremors expanded the known spatial distribution of tremor activity, both along the strike and dip, revealing a complementary spatial relationship between tremors and earthquakes. Additionally, our catalog improved temporal resolution, uncovering spatiotemporal patterns of tremors synchronized with slow slip events. Seismic energy rates of tremors were calculated, showing spatial variations along the strike and dip, with higher rates near asperities of large earthquakes. A positive correlation between energy rates and recurrence intervals was found, suggesting that these spatial variations reflect frictional heterogeneities on plate boundaries. The enhanced spatiotemporal resolution of our tremor catalog provides valuable insights into the relationship between slow and fast earthquakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effusion Rate Trends at Piton de la Fournaise: A Review of 24 Years of Space-Based Thermal Observation","authors":"Adele Campus,&nbsp;Nicolas Villeneuve,&nbsp;Oryaëlle Chevrel,&nbsp;Aline Peltier,&nbsp;Andrea Di Muro,&nbsp;Diego Coppola","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030962","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We combined thermal satellite imagery from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instruments to reconstruct the effusion rate trends in terms of Time Averaged Discharge Rate (TADR) of 37 eruptions (2000–2023) at Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion, France). The analysis of quantitative data on durations, locations, final erupted volumes, and TADR trends reveal the occurrence of five groups of eruptions. Group 1: eruptions at or near the summit, low volumes, variable durations, and low, almost steady TADR. Group 2: eruptions located over the entire edifice, low volumes, short durations, and a single-pulse of effusion. Group 3: eruptions located in the S-SE sector, moderate volumes, long durations, and exponentially decreasing TADR. Group 4: eruptions in the N-E-S sectors, moderate volumes, long durations, and waning-waxing TADR trends. Group 5: eruptions located in N-E-S sectors, high volumes, and complex trends. Recognizing different groups unravels the complex eruptive patterns of Piton de la Fournaise, only partially compatible with the “pressure-cooker” model usually invoked in closed-vent basaltic contexts. Extending the analysis back to 1998 reveals that although the long-term lava output rate has remained nearly constant (∼0.7 m³/s, steady-state condition), the occurrence and frequency of different eruptive groups changed after April 2007 summit caldera collapse. Our analysis underlines that: (a) the potential occurrence of Groups 4–5 events in ihabithed areas makes them the most hazardous, (b) the 2007 collapse modified magma transfer from the deep storage zone to the surface, but not the steady-state behavior of the volcano.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bi-Material Effects on Critical Jump Distance Over Step-Overs","authors":"Feng Hu,&nbsp;David D. Oglesby,&nbsp;Wenqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Zeyu Lu","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030992","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Step-overs can impede rupture propagation, but if breached, they may generate a large destructive earthquake. By performing dynamic rupture simulations on step-overs in both homogeneous and bi-material media, we demonstrate that the bi-material effect significantly influences the critical jump distance, the maximum jump step width that a rupture can jump across. In the positive direction, which is defined as the direction of motion of the softer material, the critical jump distance is greatly enlarged, especially on the compliant side, because of the existence of a tensile normal stress pulse and large slip pulse. In the homogeneous case the rupture can jump only a 1 km releasing step and is stopped by a 1 km restraining step. In contrast, with a 20% material contrast in wave velocity, the critical jump distance increases to 11 km for restraining steps, and 2 km for releasing steps. In the negative direction, supershear rupture is easier to generate because of stress perturbation beyond the rupture front. Besides the Burridge-Andrews supershear, direct-transition supershear can also be noticed in the negative direction under certain condition. However, the critical jump distance in the negative direction is still suppressed because of the dominant bi-material effect over the supershear effect. Our study may shed light on the earthquake hazard assessment due to step-overs in bi-material media.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Melt Composition, Temperature, Crystallinity and Water Content on Eruptive Style and Eruption Rate: Insights From a Conduit Model of Magma Ascent","authors":"Angelo Castruccio,&nbsp;Alejandro Rebolledo,&nbsp;Ignacio Gómez","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030599","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We developed a conduit model of magma ascent to the surface, to understand the influence of input parameters like temperature, crystallinity, water content and depth of reservoir on the eruption rate and style of volcanic eruptions. The main novelty of this model over previous ones is that conduit radius, initial overpressure at the conduit inlet and initial bubble number density are not free parameters chosen by the user but are calculated by the code based on the previously mentioned inputs. We also introduce a simplified model of bubble coalescence to include in the analysis the ascent dynamics of low viscosity magmas. Our test results indicate that high crystal content and low- and high-end water contents favor effusive eruptions. Water content has a limited effect on eruption rate of explosive eruptions as the higher content of volatiles is compensated by a lower viscosity that promotes a smaller stable conduit radius. We tested the model with historical eruptions, ranging from low viscosity basaltic andesites to rhyolites, in order to assess the capability of the model to reproduce the eruption style and eruption rate. The model can predict the occurrence of explosive eruptions (Plinian, sub-Plinian, Strombolian and paroxysmal Hawaiian styles) and effusive eruptions and the order of magnitude of their eruption rates, giving new insights into the main controlling factors of volcanic activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Modeling Integrated With Field Observations and Analytical Data of the 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption Improves Understanding of Eruption Dynamics at Mafic Volcanoes","authors":"Elisa Biagioli,&nbsp;Giuseppe La Spina,&nbsp;Margherita Polacci,&nbsp;Barbara Bonechi,&nbsp;Jorge E. Romero,&nbsp;Mike Burton","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029692","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB029692","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Abrupt transitions in eruptive style are common at mafic volcanoes, possibly leading to styles that potentially damage infrastructures and threaten the surrounding communities. During the 19th September–13th December 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands), rapid changes in eruptive style were observed, from vigorous lava fountaining to sporadic intense ash columns, alongside continuous lava effusion, providing an ideal case study for investigation of the mechanisms underlying such transitions. We used a 1D steady-state numerical model for magma ascent to study the driving processes behind the eruptive style transitions. The model considers the complex and non-linear interdependence among the major processes occurring during magma ascents, such as temperature and viscosity evolution, non-ideal gas behavior, outgassing, and disequilibria in crystallization and volatile exsolution. Input parameters of the simulations (inlet pressure and temperature, water and CO₂ content, initial phenocrystal content) are constrained by analytical studies and empirical data. Simulation outputs are compared with field observations and analytical data. Results suggest that a change in the degree of coupling between gas and melt might have caused the eruptive style change. We hypothesize that a change in the conduit geometry triggered this shift. One possible explanation could be a shallow branching of the conduit, which leads to variable magma and gas partitioning between ramifications. Another possible cause could be the temporary partial collapse of the conduit walls near the surface, which might have generated an acceleration of magma, reducing volatile outgassing, increasing magmatic strain, and consequently triggering the observed transition to explosive activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB029692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144165706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Hertzian Stress Fields in Simulated Porous Sandstone Grains and Implications for Compactive Brittle Failure—A High-Resolution FEM Approach","authors":"Takahiro Shinohara,&nbsp;Cedric Thieulot,&nbsp;Christopher J. Spiers,&nbsp;Suzanne J. T. Hangx","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030818","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fluid extraction from sandstone reservoirs leads to reservoir compaction, potentially inducing surface subsidence and seismicity, as observed in the Groningen Gas Field, Netherlands. Such compaction is partly elastic, but can additionally be caused by instantaneous plastic and rate/time-dependent processes, such as subcritical crack growth, meaning that compaction may continue even if production is stopped. Despite the need to evaluate the impact of post-abandonment reservoir behavior (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${ &gt;} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>10–100 years), few mechanism-based, rate/time-dependent compaction laws exist. Compaction due to grain breakage, either via critical or subcritical crack growth, is driven by tensile stresses acting on surface and volume flaws. We performed high-resolution 3D linear elastic finite element method simulations on simplified grain assemblies to investigate the effect of stress–strain boundary conditions, porosity and mineralogical variations on grain-scale stress fields. Our simulations showed tensile stress concentrations at grain contact edges and on pore walls, which increased in magnitude with increasing aggregate porosity and local porosity variation. The fraction of surface area with tensile stresses sufficient to extend flaws with a size up to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>30</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>μm</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $30hspace*{.5em}mathrm{mu m}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> showed a clear correlation with compactive yield envelopes for the Groningen reservoir sandstone. This suggests that compactive failure is related to the probability of pre-existing surface flaws, falling in a pore surface region where the Griffith criterion is satisfied. A preliminary, time-independent failure probability model, using the observed tensile stress distribution, qualitatively predicts a non-linear increase in grain cracking during deviatoric loading, and suggests a new route to predict sandstone compaction through brittle grain failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithospheric Footprint of Mantle Upwelling Beneath Late Cenozoic Basalts in the Beibu Gulf Basin, Northwestern South China Sea","authors":"Zehui Lin,&nbsp;Zhuo Xiao,&nbsp;Yayun Zhang,&nbsp;Yong Zhou,&nbsp;Jiangnan Lin,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Chunheng Yan,&nbsp;Min Xu","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030379","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the convergence area of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the northwestern South China Sea (SCS), the Beibu Gulf Basin (BGB) has experienced a complex geological evolution profoundly influenced by the lateral extrusion of the India-Asia collision and the rifting of the SCS continental margin. Nonetheless, late Cenozoic basalts are widespread in the BGB following the cessation of SCS seafloor spreading, with controversial dynamic mechanisms. To investigate the mantle dynamics beneath these late Cenozoic basalts, we aim to investigate the high-resolution lithospheric structure of the BGB region. Our study utilizes data from 162 seismic stations, including three temporarily deployed dense arrays, to investigate the seismic structural features of the Moho and Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB). P-to-S receiver function analysis reveals a significantly thinned crust with high <i>Vp/Vs</i> ratios beneath the late Cenozoic basalt regions, coinciding with the occurrence of deep crustal earthquakes. Using S-to-P receiver functions, a shallow, strong, and broad LAB is observed beneath the BGB, implying the presence of ponded partial melt. These seismic structural features indicate that the mantle upwelling beneath the BGB likely interacted with the crust, leading to mafic crustal composition, deep earthquakes, and magmatic eruptions. These findings provide new evidence for mantle dynamics in the northwestern SCS, enriching our understanding of interactions between the mantle and crust in the context of intraplate magmatism and deepening seismicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Deep Long-Period Earthquakes at Alaska Volcanoes From 2005 to 2017","authors":"Zilin Song,&nbsp;Yen Joe Tan","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030444","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deep long-period earthquakes (DLPs) are often detected near volcanoes from the crust down to the upper mantle. Exhibiting coincidence with volcanic eruptions, DLPs are recognized as potential precursors to volcanic activities yet their detection remains challenging. Meanwhile, their relation to volcanic activities and specific source mechanisms remains uncertain. In this study, we first classify earthquakes into volcano-tectonic (VTs) and long-period (LPs) earthquakes at 10 Alaska volcanoes automatically by the consistent differences in frequency index. The co-location of both VTs and DLPs implies that the differences in their frequency content mainly arise from source effects. We then analyze 12 years of continuous waveforms by template matching and detect 5,421 new DLPs. Few potential repeating DLPs are identified, indicating their source processes are primarily non-repetitive. Detections of mantle DLPs and positive correlations between DLPs and volume change rate in the magma reservoir support the involvement of magmatic activities in some DLP sources, though there is limited correlation in DLP depth distribution with magmatic water content and kinematic parameters of plate motion. In addition, since only ∼17% of DLP bursts correlate with eruptions, with ∼8% occurring simultaneously with VT bursts, this suggests that most DLP bursts at Alaska volcanoes are not directly linked to shallow volcanic unrest. Therefore, their significance as potential precursors requires cautious evaluation before operational use in eruption forecasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-Scale Groundwater System Characterization Using Pressure Responses to Barometric Perturbations Caused by the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcanic Eruption","authors":"Anhua He,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Fan Zhang,&nbsp;Huamei Zhang,&nbsp;Ramesh P. Singh,&nbsp;Yanzhang Wang","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031616","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB031616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic erupted on 15 January 2022, causing Lamb waves to propagate throughout the global troposphere. However, reports on volcanic eruptions–pressure fluctuations and water level dynamics are lacking. We quantified the propagation processes of Lamb waves induced by the Tonga volcanic eruption. Barometric pressure data collected at 1-min intervals at 485 meteorological stations in China showed that the eruption induced an atmospheric pressure event with an amplitude of ∼2 hPa over an hour and a wave speed of 295 m/s. Concomitant groundwater levels were available at 338 wells to find the barometric response to the volcanic event. The resulting functions were unique to each well to determine the nature of the aquifer, whether it is confined or unconfined, and the permeability of the aquifers. For confined aquifers with high permeability, there was no delay in the barometric pressure of groundwater level response as the barometric response function converged quickly, and the correlation between the Lamb wave and groundwater level was stronger; for confined aquifers with low permeability, there was a delay in the barometric pressure of the groundwater level that showed a step-change. In this case, the correlation between the Lamb wave and groundwater level was weaker. For confined aquifers with wellbore storage effects, superimposed characteristics of wellbore storage and confined aquifer properties were observed. For unconfined aquifers, the ability of the groundwater level to respond to Lamb waves was greater than the barometric response. A unified, well-aquifer model provides a theoretical explanation for the phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144165704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress-Dependent Wave Propagation in Fractured Rocks With Nonlinear Elastic and Hyperelastic Deformations","authors":"Li-Yun Fu,&nbsp;Haidi Yang,&nbsp;Bo-Ye Fu,&nbsp;Tobias M. Müller","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030889","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stress-induced progressive deformations in fractured rocks with increasing differential stress generally undergo nonlinear elastic (due to crack closure), hyperelastic (due to stress accumulation), and inelastic (due to crack growth) deformations prior to mechanical failure. Wave propagation in such rocks involves the complex interaction of fracture- and stress-induced changes in both velocity and anisotropy. By focusing on nonlinear elastic and hyperelastic deformations, we incorporate acoustoelasticity into the traditional Hudson and Padé–Hudson models of penny-shaped ellipsoidal cracks to describe the coupling of fracture- and stress-induced anisotropies. The resulting acoustoelastic Hudson model (AHM) and Padé AHM can be used to describe the stress-dependent anisotropy of fractured rocks with varying crack densities. We integrate the dual-porosity model into the Padé AHM to account for the stress-induced closure of cracks with nonlinear elastic deformations. The plane-wave analyses and effective-moduli calculations of fractured rocks with varying crack densities and loading stresses determine the accuracy of these models under the isotropic (hydrostatic) and anisotropic (uniaxial and pure-shear) prestresses. The resulting Thomsen parameters are applied to experimental data to validate their applicability. Finite-difference simulations are implemented to differentiate the contribution of fracture- and stress-induced anisotropies through wavefront changes, depending on fracture orientation, crack density, prestress mode, and loading direction. Particular attention is paid to the anisotropic prestress perpendicular to the fracture strike, where the stress-induced crack closure reduces the fracture anisotropy so that the stress-induced anisotropy dominates the shape of wavefronts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}