Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"The 2021 MW 8.1 Kermadec Earthquake Sequence: Great Earthquake Rupture Along the Mantle/Slab Contact","authors":"Lingling Ye,&nbsp;Yangming Hu,&nbsp;Tao Xia,&nbsp;Thorne Lay,&nbsp;Yingquan Sang,&nbsp;Xiaofei Chen,&nbsp;Hiroo Kanamori,&nbsp;Fabrizio Romano,&nbsp;Stefano Lorito,&nbsp;Zhou Gui","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030926","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most great earthquakes on subduction zone plate boundaries have large coseismic slip concentrated along the contact between the subducting slab and the upper plate crust. On 4 March 2021, a magnitude 7.4 foreshock struck 1 hr 47 min before a magnitude 8.1 earthquake along the northern Kermadec island arc. The mainshock is the largest well-documented underthrusting event along the ∼2,500-km long Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone. Using teleseismic, geodetic, and tsunami data, we find that all substantial coseismic slip in the mainshock is located along the mantle/slab interface at depths from 20 to 55 km, with the large foreshock nucleating near the down-dip edge. Smaller foreshocks and most aftershocks are located up-dip of the mainshock, where substantial prior moderate thrust earthquake activity had occurred. The upper plate crust is ∼17 km thick in northern Kermadec with only moderate-size events along the crust/slab interface. A 1976 sequence with <i>M</i>_<i>W</i> values of 7.9, 7.8, 7.3, 7.0, and 7.0 that spanned the 2021 rupture zone also involved deep megathrust rupture along the mantle/slab contact, but distinct waveforms exclude repeating ruptures. Variable waveforms for eight deep M6.9+ thrusting earthquakes since 1990 suggest discrete slip patches distributed throughout the region. The ∼300-km long plate boundary in northern Kermadec is the only documented subduction zone region where the largest modeled interplate earthquakes have ruptured along the mantle/slab interface, suggesting that local frictional properties of the putatively hydrated mantle wedge may involve a dense distribution of Antigorite-rich patches with high slip rate velocity weakening behavior in this locale.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coseismic Rupture and Early Afterslip of the 2023 Herat (Afghanistan) Earthquake Sequence: Insights From Sentinel-1 Radar Observations","authors":"Zhenjiang Liu,&nbsp;Zhenhong Li,&nbsp;Chen Yu,&nbsp;Chuang Song,&nbsp;Jiatong Wang,&nbsp;Xuesong Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoning Hu,&nbsp;Jianbing Peng","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029495","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Between 7 and 15 October 2023, a series of devastating earthquakes struck Herat in northwestern Afghanistan, a region in which few historical earthquakes have been recorded, causing severe human casualties. In this study, we investigate the co- and post-seismic deformation mechanisms of the 2023 Herat earthquake sequence using Sentinel-1 radar interferometry. The 4-month postseismic deformation time series exhibits a significant, gradually accumulating, localized deformation in the south of the coseismic displacements. Coseismic slip is first modeled using a simplified planar fault geometry with multiple segments, then enhanced using a curved geometry based on the fault trace inferred from Sentinel-2 images analysis. Postseismic afterslip is the dominant mechanism of postseismic deformation, and mainly occurs in the down-dip of the coseismic rupture zone and an activated secondary fault, with a maximum afterslip of ∼0.3 m at 120 days. Co- and post-seismic slip behaviors seem to indicate that coseismic rupture mainly occurs on the north fault plane with spatially varying frictional properties, and then activated an aseismic secondary fault in the south. Additionally, we infer that structural complexity in fault systems (such as the complex fault network in the basin north of Herat) may act as barriers to rupture propagation, and static stress changes from extremely early afterslip may further promote rupture of subsequent events, both of which together cause the cascading rupture of the Herat seismic sequence.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Storms, Sea Ice, and Microseismic Noise in Alaska","authors":"Sebin John,&nbsp;Michael E. West","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030603","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using 155 distributed seismic stations spanning Alaska and western Canada, we document how environmental factors like storms and sea ice influence microseismic noise. We examine power spectral densities of continuous seismic data and focus on secondary microseisms (5–10 s) and short period secondary microseisms (1–2 s) from 2018 to 2021. We cross-correlate the height of ocean waves across the region with the power spectral density time series. We find that the Gulf of Alaska is the dominant source of secondary microseisms in Alaska. The eastern Gulf, in particular, produces more energetic secondary microseisms despite, at times, lower overall wave amplitudes. We find that the short period secondary microseismic noise is produced in the coastal waters and attenuates quickly moving inland. We show that this band is heavily modulated by the influence of sea ice in the coastal ocean by comparing it with sea ice concentrations. We also document how these two microseismic bands vary seasonally and spatially as they respond to different environmental phenomena. We find that this seismic energy closely tracks the seasonal arrival and departure of sea ice in the coastal waters. We also compare the inter-annual variability of short period secondary microseisms in the northern Arctic from 2009 to 2023 with shorefast ice data. The findings of this study are crucial for monitoring global climate change through seismology.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Lithospheric Structure and Regional/Residual Bouguer Anomalies in Peninsular India Through Potential Field Modeling and Thermal Analysis","authors":"Prakash Kumar,&nbsp;William Kumar Mohanty","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029341","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Indian lithospheric mantle has been deeply influenced by geological processes such as rifting, plume activity, and collision-subduction events. Therefore, it is vital to understand the genesis of the Indian continental lithosphere and its eventual destruction by intraplate tectonic processes. The present study provides an integrated perspective of the crust and lithospheric mantle of the Indian peninsula and surrounding regions, derived from the combined modeling of topography data and geoid anomalies, constrained by seismic observations. The method involves local isostasy with a temperature-dependent density in the lithospheric mantle. The seismic Moho depth data of 361 data points from receiver functions (RFs) and deep seismic sounding (DSS) have been utilized in the modeling procedure. Crustal thickness across the region varies between 34 and 70 km, while the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) depth ranges from 140 to 250 km, with the maximum depths located beneath the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In contrast, the southern Indian shield exhibits an average LAB depth of approximately 170 km. Additionally, a gradual increase in LAB depth from western to eastern Dharwar has been observed, which may correspond to the combined influences of plume activity and thermo-chemical erosion associated with extensive metasomatism over time. Furthermore, lateral variations in crustal density are examined through residual gravity anomalies, revealing notable gravity lows in sediment-rich regions such as the Ganga and Godavari basins, along with pronounced positive anomalies in areas characterized by dense rock formations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracting Rayleigh-Wave Dispersion Curves From Microseism Noise Recorded at a Single Ocean Bottom Seismograph","authors":"Han Deng,&nbsp;Chao An,&nbsp;Chen Cai,&nbsp;Jinyu Tian","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030375","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is a widely adopted method to use the Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves to constrain the shear-wave velocity structure under the ocean. Traditional methods generally utilize ambient noise cross correlations between stations and teleseismic surface wave records to extract the dispersion curves. In this study, we develop a method that uses the microseism noise recorded at a single station to derive the Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves. The fundamental idea is that the ocean-bottom pressure and vertical acceleration of microseism noise satisfy a theoretical equation which depends on the wave frequency and phase velocity. By applying the method to the Cascadia Initiative data, Rayleigh dispersion curves between <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $3-10$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> s are derived, and they are found to be consistent with the results from the ambient noise cross-correlation method. The cross-correlation method generally extracts dispersion curves in longer periods due to large spacing between stations, thus the new method provides complementary results in short periods. The extracted dispersion curves are used to estimate the shear-wave velocity and thickness of the sediment in the Cascadia area. For stations in shallow water, the new method is not applicable, and we use the compliance noise to constrain the sediment properties, providing a complete sediment model in the Cascadia area.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community-Driven Code Comparisons for Simulations of Fluid-Induced Aseismic Slip","authors":"Valère R. Lambert,&nbsp;Brittany A. Erickson,&nbsp;Junle Jiang,&nbsp;Eric M. Dunham,&nbsp;Taeho Kim,&nbsp;Jean-Paul Ampuero,&nbsp;Ryosuke Ando,&nbsp;Frédéric Cappa,&nbsp;Pierre Dublanchet,&nbsp;Ahmed Elbanna,&nbsp;Yuri Fialko,&nbsp;Alice-Agnes Gabriel,&nbsp;Nadia Lapusta,&nbsp;Meng Li,&nbsp;Jasper Marcum,&nbsp;David May,&nbsp;Md Shumon Mia,&nbsp;So Ozawa,&nbsp;Casper Pranger,&nbsp;Pierre Romanet,&nbsp;Marco M. Scuderi,&nbsp;Ylona van Dinther,&nbsp;Yuyun Yang,&nbsp;Jeena Yun","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030601","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030601","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Numerical simulations of Sequences of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip (SEAS) have rapidly progressed to address fundamental problems in fault mechanics and provide self-consistent, physics-based frameworks to interpret and predict geophysical observations across spatial and temporal scales. To advance SEAS simulations with rigor and reproducibility, we pursue community efforts to verify numerical codes in an expanding suite of benchmarks. Here we present code comparison results from a new set of quasi-dynamic benchmark problems BP6-QD-A/S/C that consider an aseismic slip transient induced by changes in pore fluid pressure consistent with fluid injection and diffusion in fault models with different treatments of fault friction. Ten modeling groups participated in problems BP6-QD-A and BP6-QD-S considering rate-and-state fault models using the aging (-A) and slip (-S) law formulations for frictional state evolution, respectively, allowing us to better understand how various computational factors across codes affect the simulated evolution of pore pressure and aseismic slip. Comparisons of problems using the aging versus slip law, and a constant friction coefficient (-C), illustrate how aseismic slip models can differ in the timing and amount of slip achieved with different treatments of fault friction given the same perturbations in pore fluid pressure. We achieve excellent quantitative agreement across participating codes, with further agreement attained by ensuring sufficiently fine time-stepping and consistent treatment of boundary conditions. Our benchmark efforts offer a community-based example to reveal sensitivities of numerical modeling results, which is essential for advancing multi-physics SEAS models to better understand and construct reliable predictive models of fault dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030601","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault Geometries of the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula Earthquake From Hypocenter-Based Hierarchical Clustering of Point-Cloud Normal Vectors","authors":"Yasunori Sawaki,&nbsp;Takahiro Shiina,&nbsp;Kodai Sagae,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Sato,&nbsp;Haruo Horikawa,&nbsp;Ayumu Miyakawa,&nbsp;Kazutoshi Imanishi,&nbsp;Takahiko Uchide","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The elucidation of intricate fault geometries provides fundamental and essential information regarding seismology and other fields of solid Earth sciences. Hypocenter alignments typically reflect complex crustal fault structures, so spatial clustering of hypocenter distributions has been used to construct planar fault geometries. However, conventional spatial clustering inherently struggles with the complexity of hypocenter distributions. In this study, we integrated point-cloud normal vectors, commonly used in object recognition to reflect the local surface geometry of an object, into a hypocenter-based hierarchical clustering to construct intricate planar fault models. We applied this method to the aftershock sequences of the Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake in central Japan on 1 January 2024, which caused notable crustal deformation. We identified fault planes aligning with the coastline from the western to northern coast. A southeast-dipping plane was located between the two south-southeast-dipping planes along the northern coast, correlating with gravity anomalies and surface geology or reflecting the complexity of fault ruptures and dynamic stress perturbations. The east-dipping fault in the southwestern area showed a different distribution from the aftershocks of the 2007 Mw 6.7 earthquake, suggesting that the 2024 earthquake did not reactivate the 2007's fault plane. The NS-trending aftershock focal mechanisms in the southwestern area suggest that a reverse-fault slip probably occurred on the plane. Further investigations based on the intricate fault planes will contribute to a deeper understanding of the spatial characteristics of the coseismic slip of the 2024 earthquake and seismotectonics of the Noto Peninsula.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits of GNSS Local Observations Compared to Global Weather-Based Models for InSAR Tropospheric Corrections Over Tropical Volcanoes: Case Studies of Piton De La Fournaise and Merapi","authors":"F. Albino,&nbsp;S. Gremion,&nbsp;V. Pinel,&nbsp;P. Bouygues,&nbsp;A. Peltier,&nbsp;F. Beauducel,&nbsp;J.-L. Froger,&nbsp;Agus Budi Santoso","doi":"10.1029/2024JB028898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB028898","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;From repeat-pass interferometry, tropospheric signals often prevent the detection of ground deformation signals. In recent years, tropospheric corrections derived from global weather-based models have been implemented in several InSAR processing chains. In this study, we evaluate the performance of two weather-based models (ERA5 and GACOS) on two tropical volcanoes: Piton de la Fournaise and Merapi. For Piton de la Fournaise, the reduction of the tropospheric noise is efficient for &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∼&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sim} $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;30% and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∼&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sim} $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;60% of the data sets for GACOS and ERA5, respectively. For Merapi, the performance reaches &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∼&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sim} $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;40% for GACOS and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∼&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sim} $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;50% for ERA5. Although GNSS local stations provide real-time information about tropospheric delays, their potential for improving InSAR corrections on active volcanoes is under-exploited. Here, we produce local GNSS-based tropospheric corrections and compare their performance to global weather-based models. For Piton de la Fournaise, the gain of performance with &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∼&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${sim} $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;34 GNSS stations is about 25% compared to ERA5 models. GNSS-based corrections increase the signal-to-noise ratio in InSAR time series allowing the detection of ground displacements between July and December 2021. For Merapi, GNSS-based models with only 5 stations spatially distributed at different elevations are as efficient as ERA5 models. GNSS-based corrections induce a decrease in the noise level from values &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${ &gt;} $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;1–0.5 cm in a period of quiescence. Here, we show that GNSS-based models are an efficient alternative to global weather-based models for instrumented volcanoes. The proposed approach paves the way toward near real-time InSAR monitoring of volcanic unrest and other processes (landslides, groundwater extrac","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB028898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact-Driven Redox Stratification of Earth's Mantle","authors":"Estefania L. Henningsen,&nbsp;Jun Korenaga,&nbsp;Simone Marchi","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030817","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Planetary formation involves highly energetic collisions, the consequences of which set the stage for the ensuing planetary evolution. During accretion, Earth's mantle was largely molten, a so-called magma ocean, and its oxidation state was determined by equilibration with metal-rich cores of infalling planetesimals through redox buffering reactions. We test two proposed mechanisms (metal layer and metal droplets) for equilibration in a magma ocean and the resulting oxidation state (Fe³⁺/ΣFe). Using scaling laws on convective mixing, we find that the metal layer could promote oxidation of a magma ocean, but this layer is too short-lived to reproduce present-day mantle Fe³⁺/ΣFe (2%–6%). Metal droplets produced by the fragmentation of impactor cores can also promote oxidation of a magma ocean. We use Monte Carlo sampling on two possible accretion scenarios to determine the likely range of oxidation states by metal droplets. We find that equilibration between silicate and metal droplets tends toward higher mantle Fe³⁺/ΣFe than presently observed. To achieve present-day mantle Fe³⁺/ΣFe and maintain the degree of equilibration suggested by Hf-W and U-Pb systematics (30%–70%), the last (Moon-forming) giant impact likely did not melt the entire mantle, therefore leaving the mantle stratified in terms of oxidation state after main accretion completes. Furthermore, late accretion impacts during the Hadean (4.5–4.0 Ga) could generate reduced domains in the shallow upper mantle, potentially sustaining surface environments conducive for prebiotic chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Micro-Cracking in Calcite: An Atomistic Scale Investigation","authors":"Fanyu Wu,&nbsp;Manman Hu","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030896","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In candidate formations for geological Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), carbonate minerals (e.g., calcite) are ubiquitously presented. The dynamic process of chemically induced alteration on carbonate-rich reservoirs due to the injection of supercritical &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; holds paramount importance for achieving an economic injectivity and structural integrity of the system. How carbonate rocks undergo deterioration and particularly how microcracks develop in the presence of carbon dioxide remain largely unknown. Here we employ a powerful tool of reactive force field (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, investigating into the impact of representative &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; environments on Mode I tensile crack propagation in calcite at micro-scale. Our simulation results demonstrate that (a) both dry and wet &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; environments favor the tensile crack propagation by lowering the fracture toughness of the pre-existing crack; (b) the wet &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; environment promotes the growth velocity of the subcritical crack compared to the dry &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; environment, under the same mechanical loading condition; (c) the interaction between the stressed crack and the &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}