Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"Tectonic Evolution of the Mariana Trough","authors":"Seitaro Ono,&nbsp;Kyoko Okino,&nbsp;Nobukazu Seama,&nbsp;Toshitsugu Yamazaki,&nbsp;Hisanori Iwamoto","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034591","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2026JB034591","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Mariana Trough is an active back-arc basin formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Philippine Sea Plate and provides an ideal setting for investigating the evolution of back-arc basins. In this study, we compile bathymetric, magnetic, and gravity data to reconstruct the formation history of the entire basin. Based on bathymetry and backscatter intensity, the spreading axis is divided into 18 second-order segments. Thirteen oceanic core complex–like structures are also identified both near axis and in off-axis regions using topography and gravity anomaly data. Magnetic anomaly data indicate that seafloor spreading initiated at approximately 6.3 Ma in the central part of the basin near 17°30′N. During the initial stage (6.3–4 Ma), the oceanic crust was anomalously thick (∼8 km), likely reflecting enhanced melt production associated with slab-derived fluids when the spreading axis was located close to the arc. Abyssal hill patterns and magnetic anomalies suggest that spreading was oriented NE–SW during this stage and began to change toward a trench-normal direction between 4 and 3 Ma in each region. After 3 Ma, the basin evolved into its present crescent-shaped geometry, with full spreading rates ranging from 25 to 45 km/Myr, which are higher in the southern region than in the north. Half-spreading rates are generally higher on the western side of the spreading axis than on the eastern side, indicating persistent asymmetric spreading. Estimates of the Euler pole for the Mariana Plate suggest arc-parallel extension, implying non-rigid plate behavior during back-arc basin opening.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JB034591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Predicted Shear-Wave-Splitting Parameters in NE Japan: Comparison With Observations","authors":"Lindsey M. Kenyon,&nbsp;Ikuko Wada,&nbsp;Junichi Nakajima,&nbsp;Naoki Uchida","doi":"10.1029/2025JB032995","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB032995","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We model olivine crystal preferred orientation (CPO) and shear wave splitting (SWS) in the mantle wedge, using the results of a 3-D numerical thermomechanical model for the NE Japan subduction zone. The model predicts a quasi-2-D trench-normal (E-W) mantle wedge flow pattern beneath Tohoku, given the trench-normal subduction, but a more complex flow pattern beneath Hokkaido due to oblique subduction. The calculations of CPO in the mantle wedge indicate a predominantly E-W fast axis beneath Tohoku, aligned with the mantle flow, but beneath Hokkaido the fast axis orientation changes laterally and with depth (ranging from approximately N-S to E-W) and is generally less aligned with the flow, especially near the base of the mantle wedge. The model calculations for vertical wave propagation yield location-averaged fast directions consistent with observationally constrained station-averaged fast directions: E-W in Tohoku and N-S in Hokkaido. However, the model significantly overestimates delay times in both study areas. Furthermore, model-predicted fast directions from individual event-station pairs cannot explain the variability in the observationally constrained fast directions for the same pairs even when the incidence angle and backazimuth are incorporated into the calculation instead of assuming vertical wave propagation. These discrepancies may reflect the impacts of simplifications in the model calculations and other factors, such as the anisotropy outside of the mantle wedge and data uncertainties.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB032995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149092499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tectonic Degassing of Ancient Igneous Rocks as a Probable Source of Mantle-Like Helium in Hot Springs of the Capital Region of China","authors":"Zihan Gao,&nbsp;Zhi Chen,&nbsp;Jianye Chen,&nbsp;Hongyi He,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Wang,&nbsp;Ying Li,&nbsp;Zhikeng Huang,&nbsp;Shen Zhao,&nbsp;Zhaofei Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoming Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034357","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2026JB034357","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mantle-like helium signatures (<i>R</i>_c/<i>R</i>_a up to 2.99) in hot spring gases from tectonic intersection zones in the capital region of China have repeatedly been interpreted as evidence for ongoing mantle-fluid input. Here, we integrate gas geochemistry, heat-flow data, geophysical observations, radiogenic ⁴He ingrowth calculations, and structural geology to reassess this anomaly. Air-corrected <i>R</i>_c/<i>R</i>_a values reach 2.04–2.99 in the intersection zones, well above those of the adjacent tectonic units, whereas their CO₂ is isotopically light (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>δ</mi>\u0000 <mn>13</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mtext>CO</mtext>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${delta }^{13}{mathrm{C}}_{{text{CO}}_{2}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> = −17.1‰ to −10.0‰), is uncorrelated with helium concentrations, and lacks characteristics of active magmatic degassing. The region has relatively low heat flow and reservoir temperatures; although a localized reduced-velocity zone occurs at ∼50–60 km depth beneath the intersection zones, it cannot be uniquely attributed to present-day thermal or magmatic activity and is compatible with lithospheric modification inherited from Mesozoic craton destruction. Radiogenic ⁴He ingrowth calculations show that relatively U- and Th-poor mafic compositions can retain mantle-like <i>R</i>_c/<i>R</i>_a values comparable to observations over representative Early Cretaceous timescales. We therefore propose that mantle-derived helium introduced during Mesozoic magmatism was subsequently remobilized by Cenozoic tectonic degassing: uplift and denudation lowered pressure and promoted transfer of helium dissolved in ancient pore water into a gas phase, whereas composite strike-slip-extensional deformation ruptured helium-bearing microreservoirs, enhanced permeability, and focused upward migration into the hydrothermal system. These results indicate that mantle-like helium anomalies in tectonically active nonvolcanic regions may reflect tectonic degassing of ancient crustal reservoirs without requiring substantial present-day mantle recharge, although a minor low-flux mantle contribution cannot be excluded.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Scaled Energy During Earthquake Ruptures","authors":"Binhao Wang,&nbsp;Heidi Houston","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034166","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2026JB034166","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earthquake ruptures radiate seismic energy in complex ways, reflecting the interplay of fault heterogeneity and rupture dynamics. How the radiated energy evolves during rupture, and whether this evolution varies systematically with earthquake properties, remains poorly understood. Here we analyze more than 1,500 global earthquakes using moment-rate functions to quantify the temporal evolution of scaled energy (the ratio of radiated energy to seismic moment in successive time windows), complemented by comparisons with dynamic rupture simulations. We find a consistent pattern across focal mechanisms, magnitudes, and depths: scaled energy is highest in the first 20%–30% of rupture duration, decays to a steady value several times lower, and increases somewhat again near rupture termination. Deep earthquakes show a robust more energetic onset than arrest across two independent data sets. This suggests deep earthquakes typically start energetically but arrest more gradually. Strike-slip events show slightly higher values of initial scaled energy than thrust events, while deep earthquakes exhibit overall higher scaled energy. Dynamic rupture simulations with heterogeneous prestress and a hierarchical asperity model reproduce the energetic onset, decay, and late-stage rise near arrest, underscoring the important roles of spatially correlated fault heterogeneity, proximity to failure, and rheology. The distinct energy evolution of earthquakes deeper than 550 km may reflect a different seismogenic mechanism than that of shallow earthquakes. The temporal evolution of scaled energy provides a new constraint on earthquake source physics, offering a diagnostic tool for evaluating rupture models and understanding both shallow and deep earthquake processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JB034166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episodic Seismicity Bursts Driven by Magma Intrusion During the 2025 Santorini-Amorgos Seismic Crisis","authors":"Xing Tan,&nbsp;William L. Ellsworth,&nbsp;Gregory C. Beroza,&nbsp;Stephanie G. Prejean,&nbsp;Jeremy D. Pesicek","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034431","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2026JB034431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 2025 Santorini–Amorgos seismic crisis in Greece had an exceptionally large number and sustained rate of moderate-sized earthquakes. We used a machine-learning-based earthquake monitoring workflow to detect and relocate 66,109 earthquakes and interpret the results in the context of global analogs. Analysis of analogous sequences reveals that the high rate of moderate-sized earthquakes is rare, and all similar sequences were associated with intrusion and/or eruptive unrest. The relocated earthquake catalog sharply defines a southeast-dipping normal-fault network at 8–12 km depth, extending from northeast of Santorini caldera to the southwest of Amorgos Island. The sequence rapidly propagated ∼30 km in 19 days with a complex back-and-forth propagation and was punctuated by 46 episodes of hour-long seismicity bursts. Many bursts are compact at depth with more diffuse seismicity in the flanking normal faults above, trailing the migrating deep seismicity. Individual bursts show fast upward and lateral migration (up to ∼3 km/hr). Several bursts display rapidly migrating back-fronts (cessation front of seismicity), which resemble the development of stress shadows during dike opening. In aggregate, seismicity in the bursts delineates a narrow ∼30-km-long structure, likely tracking laterally propagating fluids. The exceptional earthquake productivity and rapid migration strongly suggest a magmatic intrusion. Although a small population of long-period events emerged ∼9 days after onset, most earthquakes reflect brittle failure, with no evidence for shallow hydrothermal activation. Twenty-four days after the onset, seismicity largely subsided and became slightly shallower and confined in depth, which suggests a localized process zone above a stalling intrusion. Intruded magma likely remained deep.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JB034431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress Field and Mantle Flow Patterns in the Ryukyu Subduction Zone From a New Moment Tensor Catalog","authors":"Pei-Ru Jian,&nbsp;Ya-Ju Hsu,&nbsp;Tai-Lin Tseng,&nbsp;Chi-Hsien Tang","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034294","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2026JB034294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a new regional Ryukyu Area Centroid Moment Tensor (RACMT) catalog that documents detailed transitions in deformation pattern and geodynamic processes across the Ryukyu subduction system. Regional CMT solutions for events with magnitudes greater than 4.0 are determined through full-waveform inversion with systematically explored parameters to ensure robustness. The resulting focal mechanisms are broadly consistent with GCMT, while centroid depths for shallow earthquakes are significantly improved. Stress regimes and deformation patterns are characterized using K-means clustering–based stress inversion and analysis of principal stress axes. Within the subducting Philippine Sea Plate (PSP), slab bending produces normal faulting in the eastern segment, transitioning westward to strike-slip faulting driven by compression parallel to oblique convergence at the western Ryukyu Trench. In the overriding plate, two trench-parallel seismic belts exhibit mutually perpendicular extension, corresponding to opening of the Okinawa Trough and stretching of the Ryukyu Arc. Furthermore, widespread lateral extensional deformation is identified throughout much of the deep PSP. These observations are consistent with enhanced trench retreat and slab rollback toward the western Ryukyu margin. We propose that efficient toroidal mantle flow around the western slab edge makes a major contribution to the westward increase in back-arc opening rate, fore-arc stretching, and widespread lateral extension within the deep PSP.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rupture and Associated Microseismicity Controlled by Fault Topography","authors":"Zhiming Liang,Zhenyu Zhang,Derek Elsworth,Beata Orlecka‐Sikora,Haoran Dou,Kun Long","doi":"10.1029/2026jb035513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jb035513","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fault topography exerts a key but poorly constrained control on rupture processes and the nature of seismicity. Through numerical simulations, we directly visualize how fault roughness controls rupture propagation by tracking the evolution of micro‐ruptures and associated stress states. On smoother faults, stress remains concentrated at nearly fixed locations throughout the slip process. In contrast, rougher faults exhibit multiple transient, spatially discrete stripes of stress concentration. Micro‐ruptures initiate at rough contacts and drive rapid localized fault slip, which is subsequently arrested by re‐interlocking at regional rough contacts. Consequently, more extensive ruptures occur on less rough faults with this nucleation potentially extending along the entire fault, favoring the formation of large, destructive earthquakes on relatively smooth fault in nature. Moreover, rougher fault surfaces produce larger b ‐value promoting energy dissipation through multiple small ruptures. These microseismic events cluster in time and indicate the initiation a self‐locking‐rupturing cycle, comparable to small, frequent microseismicity observed in active fault zones. Our findings establish a direct mechanistic link between fault topography, rupture process and microseismicity, advancing the understanding of the nucleation then propagation of earthquakes.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149151510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Visualization on a Lab-on-a-Chip Model With Spectral Induced Polarization Monitoring","authors":"Bate Bate,&nbsp;Lin-Han Wang,&nbsp;Yi-Xin Yang,&nbsp;Ke-Xin Chen,&nbsp;Long-Long Meng,&nbsp;Chi Zhang,&nbsp;Yun-Ming Chen,&nbsp;Sheng Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JB034544","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is ubiquitous in natural and engineering processes. Its dynamic morphological evolution is critical in geological carbon sequestration, environmental remediation, and geomaterial strengthening, but remains insufficiently visualized and monitored at the particle scale. In this study, a microfluidic model with a 20× optical objective lens was developed to visualize the dynamic growth process of inorganically generated CaCO₃ crystals. Complementary spectral induced polarization measurements were carried out to monitor the content and morphology of CaCO₃ crystals. Dispersed CaCO₃ precipitates formed during the early stage, and the mean crystal size increased to 3.4 μm at 2.0 PV. Afterward, precipitates accumulated, especially at the interface between Na₂CO₃ and CaCl₂ solutions, while the morphology and size of the individual crystals were masked by the accumulation. The measured imaginary conductivity increased monotonically as the amount of the dispersed precipitates increased until 2.0 PV, and then declined as clusters formed. When dispersed precipitates dominated before 2.0 PV, normalized chargeability was more strongly correlated with CaCO₃ volumetric content than with estimated specific surface area, because volumetric content provided a more robust indicator of the abundance of polarizable material, while conductivity normalization reduced the influence of pore-fluid conductivity on the measured polarization magnitude. Relaxation time followed the Schwartz relationship for discrete precipitates but deviated once aggregates and the precipitation band formed because their visible dimensions no longer represented the effective polarization length scale. These observations provide particle-scale evidence for the dynamic evolution of CaCO₃ precipitation and clarify the applicability of SIP-based characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Thermal Cracks on the Seismic Anisotropy of Oceanic Lithosphere","authors":"Jun Korenaga,&nbsp;Hitoshi Kawakatsu,&nbsp;Nozomu Takeuchi","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JB034946","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thermal cracks are a natural consequence of cooling in the oceanic lithosphere, yet their potential influence on seismic anisotropy has remained underexplored, in part because of the difficulty of treating arbitrarily oriented cracks in anisotropic media. Here we use a new computational framework to investigate how thermal cracks modify elastic properties, with particular emphasis on radial and azimuthal anisotropy. We find that even modest crack populations can appreciably alter effective elastic properties and generate distinct anisotropic signatures that depend strongly on crack geometry, orientation, and spatial distribution. These effects are particularly pronounced in the shallow lithosphere, where confining pressure is low. No single anisotropy measurement is unique to thermal cracking, but the predicted period dependence and the joint behavior of radial anisotropy, surface-wave azimuthal terms, and shear-wave splitting provide testable constraints. Such observations, especially when combined with attenuation, scattering, electrical, and seafloor-structure data, may constrain the mechanical state of oceanic plates and the conditions that enable plate tectonics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Anisotropy and Lithospheric Deformation of the Eastern (Chinese) Tianshan Orogen","authors":"Long Zhao,&nbsp;Zhouchuan Huang,&nbsp;Chuanwei Ye,&nbsp;Yuqi Zhu,&nbsp;Cong Ji,&nbsp;Dayong Yu,&nbsp;Hanlin Chen","doi":"10.1029/2026JB034435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JB034435","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plate tectonics theory predicts strong deformation along the plate boundaries. But intracontinental orogeny may occur far away from the boundaries, for example, the Tianshan orogen within the Eurasian plate, whose mechanism remains debated. In this study, we deployed a dense array of broadband seismic stations (∼15 km spacing) along an ∼600 km profile across the eastern (Chinese) Tianshan orogen. We measured SKS/SKKS splitting parameters to map spatial variations in seismic anisotropy and lithospheric deformation from the orogen to the adjacent blocks. In the Tianshan orogen, fast polarization directions are primarily aligned with the orogen's strike, indicating a dominant contribution from the lithosphere. Delay times of up to 1.2 s may be explained by the presence of a thick lithosphere (∼150 km). In the stable Tarim and Junggar basins/blocks, the orogen oblique or perpendicular fast polarization directions and shorter delay times (0.3–0.8 s) mainly reflect weak fossil anisotropy frozen into the lithosphere. Our results suggest pure-shear deformation of the orogen lithosphere under horizontal contraction between the rigid Tarim and Junggar blocks. Further comparison between the western and eastern Tianshan (separated by ∼80°E) suggests two-stage processes of the intracontinental orogeny. The eastern Tianshan is in an early stage with dominant lithosphere thickening while the western Tianshan represents a later stage with significant lithospheric delamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}