Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"Deformation and Gravitational Instability at Anak Krakatau (Sunda Strait, Indonesia): Insights From Direct Shear Experiments and Finite-Element Models","authors":"F. Stoepke,&nbsp;M. J. Ikari,&nbsp;A. Hampel,&nbsp;K. Meredew,&nbsp;S. Watt,&nbsp;M. Cassidy,&nbsp;M. Urlaub","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030544","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Volcanic edifices are known to be unstable and their collapses have been observed several times in history. A collapse of island or coastal volcanoes is especially hazardous for the population living on regional shorelines due to the generation of destructive tsunami waves. A recent example of this is the tsunami-generating collapse of Anak Krakatau's (Sunda Strait, Indonesia) southwestern flank in December 2018. At Anak Krakatau, deformation through sliding of the SW-flank, preceding the collapse, is evident from published InSAR data. However, little is known about the lithology and internal structure of the pre-collapse edifice. Here, we combine direct shear experiments and finite-element models to understand edifice deformation and gravitational edifice instability at Anak Krakatau. Our model results suggest that Anak Krakatau deformed through a proto shear plane within the edifice prior to the collapse. To cause a gravitationally unstable edifice, our models indicate that the proto shear plane must dip &gt;12°, or the rock mass or proto shear plane must be weakened to <i>μ</i> &lt; 0.3. These threshold values however seem unlikely in nature and thus, an external factor is needed to trigger catastrophic collapse. Our direct shear experiments indicate that samples of powdered gouge from ash and scoria are strong, exhibiting <i>μ</i> &gt; 0.6. Furthermore, the results of the direct shear experiments support catastrophic collapse along a proto shear plane due to velocity-weakening frictional behavior. Hence, assessment of flank collapse potential requires knowledge of material properties and the presence, strength, and geometry of weak planes within the edifice.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights Into Interfacial Dynamic and Displacement Patterns During Immiscible Two-Phase Porous Media Flow Under Controlled Viscosity and Wettability Conditions","authors":"Nong Kang,&nbsp;Shuangmei Zou,&nbsp;Dong Chen,&nbsp;Hanyini Tao,&nbsp;Heng Li,&nbsp;Zhenghuai Guo,&nbsp;Congjiao Xie,&nbsp;Ryan Armstrong,&nbsp;Xiangyun Hu","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030989","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multiphase flow in porous media is fundamental to various geological processes, including carbon capture, geothermal energy production, and enhanced oil recovery. However, the role of fluid properties and surface wettability in determining displacement patterns during flow remains not fully understood. This study addresses this gap by examining the effects of fluid viscosity and wettability on two-phase flow through porous media using a combination of microfluidic experiments and high-resolution numerical simulations. Our findings indicate that viscosity and wettability significantly influence the morphology of fluid displacement, with lower viscosity ratios leading to viscous finger-like invasion patterns, while higher viscosity ratios result in more compact displacement fronts. A significant increase in interface area generation is identified during the transition from compact displacement to viscous flow. This aligns with the energy balance analysis, which reveals that a greater portion of the injected fluid energy is expended on creating new interfaces. Wettability also plays a critical role in displacement patterns, especially under intermediate conditions, causing more interfacial dynamics than water-wet and oil-wet conditions. These insights advance our understanding of pore-scale mechanisms and contribute to more accurate multiphase flow models, ultimately informing applications in resource extraction and underground fluid management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Two-Dimensional Non-Conforming Multidomain FDM/PSM Hybrid Method for Elastic Wave Simulation","authors":"Wenliang Sun,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030912","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Efficient elastic wave numerical simulation is crucial for ground motion and waveform inversion studies. However, using uniform grids in simulations for models with strong velocity contrast interfaces, thin layers, or ring shapes often leads to spatial oversampling, wasting computational resources and reducing efficiency. To address this challenge, we propose a two-dimensional non-conforming multidomain FDM/PSM hybrid approach. This method divides the computational domain into independent subdomains along a specified direction, with overlaps occurring only at the edges. Within each subdomain, a Chebyshev pseudospectral scheme is applied in one direction, while a high-order finite-difference scheme is used in the other. Grid generation for each subdomain is customized based solely on its shape and velocity, without reference to neighboring subdomains. As a result, this non-conforming method allows the grid points on either side of the subdomain interface to remain unaligned. We use Lagrange polynomial interpolation and characteristic boundary conditions to handle non-conforming interfaces. This non-conforming method allows for a direct transition from fine to coarse grid regions, even when the fine grid spacing is one-tenth or one-hundredth of that of the coarse grid. For problems involving strong velocity contrast interfaces and geometrically thin layers, the scheme reduces computational costs in terms of both memory and runtime requirements. Through five numerical experiments, we have confirmed the method's accuracy and efficiency, demonstrating its broad potential for application in seismology and exploration geophysics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030912","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismicity Patterns and Multi-Scale Imaging of Krafla, N–E Iceland, With Local Earthquake Tomography","authors":"Elisabeth Glück,&nbsp;Stéphane Garambois,&nbsp;Jean Vandemeulebrouck,&nbsp;Titouan Muzellec,&nbsp;Jean Virieux,&nbsp;Anette K. Mortensen,&nbsp;Egill Árni Gudnason,&nbsp;Thorbjörg Ágústsdóttir","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030425","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Krafla, one of five central volcanoes of the Northern Volcanic Zone in Iceland, is utilized for geothermal energy production. Due to scientific and industrial interests, the volcano and its geothermal system have been imaged and monitored with various geophysical methods over the last decades leading to a better knowledge of its complex geological setting. Nonetheless, the unexpected encounter of magma at relatively shallow depths during drilling of the IDDP-1 well in 2009 proved that imaging small-scale structures remains challenging in such heterogeneous geological settings. With data from a local permanent 12 station seismic network owned by Landsvirkjun and operated by Iceland GeoSurvey since 2013, and a dense temporary network of 98 seismic nodes deployed for one month in 2022 in the center of Krafla caldera, we conducted a multi-scale analysis based on local earthquake tomography. This analysis enables us to identify small-scale velocity structures and improve earthquake locations. The newly obtained high-resolution 3D models for P- and S-wave velocities offer a glimpse into the subsurface structure of the volcanic system with both wave types being responsive to distinct rock/fluid properties. The relocated seismic activity highlights active structures pinpointed through the tomography, in particular the seismogenic zone at the boundary of high to low <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${V}_{p}/{V}_{s}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> ratios, close to where magma was repeatedly encountered. By comparing the newly obtained high-resolution velocity models with available well log data, such as formation temperature, we aim to enhance the understanding of the interconnected volcanic and geothermal systems in areas lacking in situ measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030425","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Structure Characterizing the Large Shallow Slip Zone of the 17th-Century Kuril Earthquake","authors":"Ryosuke Azuma,&nbsp;Ryota Hino,&nbsp;Gou Fujie,&nbsp;Koichiro Obana,&nbsp;Yusaku Ohta,&nbsp;Shuichi Kodaira","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030764","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The southern Kuril Trench subduction zone experienced a M9-class megathrust earthquake in the 17th century, and another is highly probable within the next 30 years. This earthquake likely exhibited large coseismic slip at the shallower plate boundary fault, causing a devastating tsunami, while the deeper plate boundary experienced smaller slip, similar to the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake. To investigate the structural factors behind the contrasting slip behaviors, we conducted a controlled-source seismic survey across the Kuril Trench axis. We found that the boundary between the largely-slipped-shallow and small-slipped-deeper faults aligns with a Vp transition zone in the overriding plate, characterized by sharp landward Vp increase from the low-Vp frontal wedge (0–30 km from the trench) to the high-Vp island arc crust (&gt;60 km), and associated with discontinuous near-horizontal reflectors zone (RZ) above the plate boundary, exhibiting negative polarity. These findings suggest that the slip behavior boundary correlates with sudden trenchward rigidity reduction along the plate boundary, as found in other areas where seismic rupture extended to the trench. The negative-polarity reflections in the RZ, together with the plate boundary, imply high-pore-pressure created by abundant fluid supply from accreted or underplated sediments consolidation and/or dehydration, and oceanic crustal crack cementation. This suggests a weak fault strength at the plate boundary beneath the transition zone, indicating weak mechanical coupling similar to the shallow fault in Tohoku-oki. Similar to the Tohoku earthquake, a slip-to-the-trench rupture may be triggered by releasing large strain energy accumulated along the deeper fault beneath the high-rigidity crust.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030764","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Legacy of Submarine Slope Failure in Seismic Reflection Data Along the Active Hikurangi Margin, Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"Sally J. Watson,&nbsp;Sam R. Davidson,&nbsp;Jess I. T. Hillman,&nbsp;Susi Woelz,&nbsp;Suzanne Bull,&nbsp;Gareth Crutchley,&nbsp;Geoffroy Lamarche","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030808","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030808","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Documenting and characterizing past submarine landslides is fundamental to understanding their distribution and frequency through time, and critical to assessing the associated hazard. The widespread availability of marine geophysical data at the active Hikurangi subduction margin, east of Aotearoa New Zealand, provides an excellent basis to map regional trends in landslide occurrence. We present a database that documents mass transport deposits (MTDs) in 30 marine geophysical surveys, encompassing ∼45,400 line-km of 2D seismic profiles. We map and characterize 737 MTDs, showing variations in size, location and style of failure, which we attribute to changes in geomorphic setting from north to south. Mass transport deposits in the northern Hikurangi margin, characterized by a high taper wedge and seamount subduction, show a broad range in size, with the highest proportion of MTDs displaying blocky or intact internal architecture. The central margin, characterized by lower wedge taper, hosts the most MTDs (51%), albeit with the thinnest (on average) and clustering within interridge basins. The southern Hikurangi margin hosts widespread submarine canyons and the largest (on average) MTDs, based on area and thickness. We demonstrate the importance of seismic archives in providing new insights into MTD preservation and discuss the bias between seafloor geomorphology and subseafloor seismic data in quantifying MTD occurrence. Our findings support the interrogation of the varied and complex causes of submarine landslides along active margins generally, as well as regions prone to cascading geohazards and landslide-induced tsunami.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144122701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral Variations in Upper Mantle Discontinuities Beneath Northeast China Revealed by Seismic Ambient Noise","authors":"Sidan Chen,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Limeng Zhang,&nbsp;Qi-Fu Chen,&nbsp;Juan Li","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030624","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic ambient noise cross-correlation is applied to retrieve the deep P-wave reflections from the upper mantle discontinuities for a newly deployed dense seismic array in Northeast China. Our results reveal a ∼15 km depression of the 410-km discontinuity and a “pit-like” topography with a localized depression about 28 km on the 660-km discontinuity, which is confirmed by receiver functions analysis and SdP converted waveforms. We analyze lateral variations in relative amplitude ratios of P660P to P410P, and identify three distinct regions characterized by radically decreased P660P energy. Numerical waveform modeling shows a strong correlation between the intermittently observed P660P and the dipping topography of the 660-km discontinuity, while the change in seismic velocity gradient of the 660-km discontinuity may be another possible reason for the observed decrease in amplitude. The refined “hinge” point, where the depth of the 660-km discontinuity begins to deepen steadily, constrains a broad depression with a lateral extent &gt;400 km, implying a progressively eastward lying of the Pacific slab above the 660-km discontinuity. The recovered 660-km discontinuity to the west corresponds to an interrupted high-velocity anomaly, possibly suggesting a spatial slab break or gap west of the profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144109002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crustal and Lithospheric Structures Beneath an Ophiolite Nappe, Southern New Caledonia, Southwest Pacific","authors":"Shao-Jinn Chin,&nbsp;Rupert Sutherland,&nbsp;Martha K. Savage,&nbsp;Julien Collot,&nbsp;Olivier Monge","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029797","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To understand ophiolite emplacement mechanisms in New Caledonia, southwest Pacific, we image crustal and lithospheric structures beneath southern Grande Terre, using seismic waveform data from a network (ITOPNC) of permanent and temporary stations (October 2018–November 2019). Surface wave dispersion indicates a 1–2 km thick ophiolite nappe on top of sedimentary basins beneath the east and west coasts, and basement rock in the center of the island. A 1D velocity model derived from local earthquakes has high <i>V</i>_<i>p</i> of 5.5–6.0 km/s beneath the ophiolite nappe. <i>V</i>_<i>p</i> is 7.4 ± 0.2, 7.9 ± 0.3, and 8.1 ± 0.2 km/s at depths of 27–31, 31–35, and 35–40 km, respectively. Receiver function imaging reveals an upper-lower crust boundary at 12 km depth beneath the center of the island, but this rises eastward to near the surface at the eastern edge of Lake Yate. The base of the crust is sub-horizontal at 27–30 km depth beneath western and central parts of the island, and shallows to &lt;10 km near the east coast. A conversion imaged at 20 km depth beneath the east coast deepens westward to 65 km and is interpreted as a fossil subduction zone. The low (&lt;4°) taper angle of the ophiolite requires it to have a weak base during emplacement. The source of the ophiolite was east of the coast, where the Moho beneath eastern Grande Terre projects to the surface. Eocene subduction beneath Grande Terre was west-dipping and the ophiolite can be classified as Cordilleran in nature, that is, low-density rocks within the hanging-wall drove uplift and emplacement.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB029797","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation of Hydrous Phases Egg [AlSiO3(OH)], δ [AlO(OH)] and Stishovite [Si1-nH4nO2] Relevant to Anisotropy of the Earth's Mantle","authors":"Amartya Kattemalavadi,&nbsp;Michelle Devoe,&nbsp;Hans-Rudolf Wenk","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB031362","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's mantle has been mostly attributed to crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) generated during subduction and convection of an anhydrous mantle. But some hydrous phases are also stable at mantle conditions. Here we present results from diamond-anvil cell deformation experiments at high pressure and temperature on hydrous phases Egg [AlSiO₃(OH)], δ [AlO(OH)] and hydrous stishovite [Si_1-nH_4nO₂], transformed from the clay mineral kaolinite. They develop strong CPO during axial compression, suggesting that they likely contribute to seismic anisotropy and heterogeneity in the mantle. Comparing experimental results with viscoplastic polycrystal plasticity models suggest that phase Egg deforms dominantly by (001) slip, δ by (010) slip and stishovite by {100} slip which could be incorporated in future models of mantle geodynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Regional Stress State and Pore Fluid Pressure on the Onset and Style of Caldera Collapse","authors":"Matías A. Villarroel,&nbsp;Martin P. J. Schöpfer,&nbsp;John Browning,&nbsp;Eoghan P. Holohan,&nbsp;Claire E. Harnett,&nbsp;Carlos J. Marquardt,&nbsp;Pamela P. Jara","doi":"10.1029/2024JB031054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB031054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Collapse calderas result from subsidence of a magma reservoir roof during large-volume eruptions. Whilst calderas form in various tectonic settings, it is unclear how regional (“far-field”) forces influence caldera fault nucleation, orientation and architecture. Furthermore, although the presence of a pore fluid is known to reduce the effective stress, it is typically neglected in past caldera collapse models. Utilizing two-dimensional Distinct Element Method (DEM) models, we explore the influences of regional stress and pore fluid pressure on the evolutions of stress, strain and faulting during caldera subsidence. We simulate a shallow magma volume as an inviscid inclusion within a homogeneous crust and decrease the inclusion's pressure to model magma withdrawal. Results reveal that the critical underpressure needed to trigger collapse is reduced in extensional regimes, particularly in fluid-saturated conditions, due to lowered frictional resistance on faults. We observe three progressive deformation stages: initial fracturing at the reservoir roof, collapse onset, and complete roof failure. The geometry of faults depends on the tectonic setting, with extensional conditions favoring steeper fault dips and compressional settings promoting shallower, outward-dipping reverse faults. Models simulating a fluid-saturated crust exhibit similar effects to those models that simulate lower strength materials. This study highlights the need to account for regional stress states and crustal properties in volcanic hazard assessment, especially in caldera systems with complex hydrothermal or tectonic influences. Our findings are compared with recent collapse episodes, underscoring the utility of DEM modeling in understanding crustal responses to magma depletion.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB031054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}