Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth最新文献

{"title":"The Dynamics of Fast and Slow Earthquake Ruptures in Viscoelastic Materials","authors":"Huihui Weng","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030663","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Classical theories using linear elasticity predict that crack propagation asymptotically approaches a limiting speed, beyond which the energy balance becomes unphysical. However, geophysical and laboratory observations show that ruptures can propagate at either a very low, stable speed or a significantly high speed. Here, we first use numerical simulations to show that frictional ruptures in viscoelastic materials can steadily propagate at a terminal speed, rather than asymptotically approaching the classical speed limit. The simulated terminal speed spans a continuum of values, ranging from slow ruptures to supershear ruptures. We then develop a new theory incorporating viscoelasticity to predict all simulated rupture speeds. In addition to the ratio of fracture energy to static energy release rate, we find that three length scales also play a crucial role in governing the energy balance during rupture in viscoelastic materials. The theory predicts that stable rupture speeds are energetically allowed to be very small, which helps explain the widespread occurrence of slow earthquakes. Beyond the classical speed limit, the energy balance becomes independent of macroscopic length scales, being controlled solely by the local properties around the rupture tip. Furthermore, we find that the effects of viscoelasticity in fault zones are significant in earthquake rupture propagation, even when the fault-zone geometrical scales are short relative to other fault dimensions. These numerical and theoretical findings fundamentally advance our understanding of dynamic rupture propagation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine Detection of Transient Signals in GNSS Time Series Using Multi-Station Hankel Spectrum Analysis","authors":"Kunpeng Shi,&nbsp;Xiaodong Chen,&nbsp;Heping Sun,&nbsp;Hao Ding,&nbsp;Rumeng Guo,&nbsp;Xingli Fan","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030672","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030672","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fine detection of micro-transient deformations exhibiting diverse spatiotemporal patterns is crucial for unraveling geophysical processes in geodetic data sets, despite the challenges posed by high noise levels and correlated periodic signals. In this study, we extend the application of Hankel Spectrum Analysis (HSA, proposed by Shi and Ding (2023), https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jb026438) to record common modes of transient variability. This method employs a versatile multi-transient function to model various transient motions and decompose signals into three components: periodic oscillation, transient deformation, and background noise in GNSS time series. In multivariate data sets, we upgrade HSA to multi-station HSA that can better exploit the spatiotemporal correlations of geophysical fields, allowing for a more comprehensive extraction of transient motions shared across each series. This research first applies multi-station HSA to GPS observation arrays to reanalyze the history of micro-deformation events at the Akutan volcano. After meticulously filtering out non-tectonic motions (e.g., sea-level and loading effects) across semi-annual, annual, and decadal variability, our method successfully identifies repetitive exponent transient growth corresponding to the radial extension inflation of each cycle. Further numerical modeling of these continuous transient deformations enables us to track the migration of the geophysical magma source (shifted to the northwest at a depth of ∼4 km) and the pressure response of the storage system (residuals of ∼5.7 × 10⁶ m³). Since 2014 (cycle 3), there has been an abnormal occurrence of high correlation in transient earthquake swarms, indicating magma intrusion into the brittle rock.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144238025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simulator of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip on a Heterogeneous Strike-Slip Fault (HFQsim) With Static/Kinetic Friction and Temperature-Dependent Creep","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhou,&nbsp;Yehuda Ben-Zion","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030680","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030680","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We develop an earthquake simulator to study the partitioning of seismic/aseismic slip and dynamics of Earthquakes on a Heterogeneous strike-slip Fault (HFQsim) using a generalized model of a discrete fault governed by static/dynamic friction and creep in an elastic half-space. Previous versions of the simulator were shown to produce various realistic seismicity patterns (e.g., frequency-magnitude event statistics, hypocenter and slip distributions, temporal occurrence) using friction levels and creep properties that vary in space but are fixed in time. The new simulator incorporates frictional heat generation by earthquake slip leading to temperature rises, subsequent diffusion cooling into the half space, and time-dependent creep on the fault. The model assumes a power law dependence of creep velocity on the local shear stress, with temperature-dependent coefficients based on the Arrhenius equation. Temperature rises due to seismic slip produce increased aseismic slip, which can lead to further stress concentrations, aftershocks, and heat generation in a feedback loop. The partitioning of seismic/aseismic slip and space-time evolution of seismicity are strongly affected by the temperature changes on the fault. The results are also affected significantly by the difference between the static and kinetic friction levels. The model produces realistic spatio-temporal distribution of seismicity, transient aseismic slip patterns, mainshock-aftershock sequences, and a bimodal distribution of earthquakes with background and clustered events similar to observations. The HFQsim may be used to clarify relations between fault properties and different features of seismicity and aseismic slip, and to improve the understanding of failure patterns preceding large earthquakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144238026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic and Paleomagnetic Characterization of the Ivrea-Verbano Lower Crust Body (NW Italy): Assessing the Magnetization of Variscan-Age Lower Crust","authors":"Gaia Siravo,&nbsp;Fabio Speranza,&nbsp;Liliana Minelli,&nbsp;Michele Zucali,&nbsp;Eugenio Fazio,&nbsp;Chiara Caricchi,&nbsp;Lilla Spagnuolo","doi":"10.1029/2024JB031017","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB031017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The source of high-intensity magnetic anomalies from (mostly Precambrian) lower crust of continent interiors has long been debated, as it requires speculative rocks yielding 2–6 A/m magnetization. We report on the magnetic and paleomagnetic investigation of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (IVZ), Western Alps, where metamorphic and intrusive lower crust rocks of Late Variscan-Permian ages are exposed. We sampled 39 oriented sites along the Cannobina, Ossola, Strona, and Sesia valleys/sections. Low (0.27–2.1·10⁻³ SI) magnetic susceptibility (<i>k</i>) values were measured in metapelite-metabasite metamorphic rocks from the Ossola and Strona valleys. There only two metabasite (one amphibolite and one granulite) out of 25 metamorphic sites containing pseudo-single domain (PSD) magnetite yield 0.48–1.1·10⁻¹ SI <i>k</i> values that remain constant until 550°C heating. <i>K</i> of gabbros-granodiorites from Sesia valley mimic low values from metamorphic rocks, whereas at Cannobina valley one gabbro and one mafic granulite display values comparable to the two strongly magnetic sites from Ossola/Strona valleys. Peridotite lenses at Balmuccia and Finero similarly yielded low (0.24–5.5·10⁻³ SI) <i>k</i> values, consistently with their low (&lt;20%) serpentinization. Remanence contribution is negligible, as (a) <i>Q</i> &lt; 1 values imply remanent magnetization subordinate to induced magnetization, (b) paleomagnetic directions from most magnetic sites are scattered, and (c) remanence is unstable at lower crust temperatures. We conclude that IVZ lower crust rocks could not yield magnetic anomalies generated by Precambrian lower crust from continent interiors, and similar conclusions might stand for other Variscan-age lower crust sections. Scattered high-intensity metabasites could be candidates, if their PSD magnetite-rich mineralogy dominated Precambrian lower crust.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB031017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144238028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical Conductivity of H2O-Rich Silicate Melt: Implications for Subduction Zone Magnetotelluric Anomalies","authors":"Jiale Ding,&nbsp;Xuan Guo,&nbsp;Li Zhang,&nbsp;Yunguo Li,&nbsp;Zhu Mao,&nbsp;Huaiwei Ni","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030224","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030224","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetotelluric surveys reveal high conductivity anomalies in the deep Earth, which can be attributed to the presence of silicate melt, aqueous fluid, or supercritical fluid with intermediate water content. Electrical conductivity data of all of these liquids are needed to interpret magnetotelluric results and place constraints on the composition and volume fraction of the liquid phase. Electrical conductivity experiments to date are limited to silicate melt with H₂O &lt; 12 wt% or aqueous fluid with H₂O &gt; 92 wt%, leaving a vast gap with regard to H₂O content. This study reports the electrical conductivity of two K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ melts with H₂O content up to 35 wt% at 1.5 GPa and 900–1500°C. We find that the strong increase of electrical conductivity with H₂O content becomes more gradual after H₂O reaches 10 wt%. However, electrical conductivity at 1100°C can approach as high as 40 S/m at 35 wt% H₂O, in contrast with electrical conductivity of &lt;10 S/m for most silicate melts with several wt% H₂O. The variation of electrical conductivity with H₂O correlates with the variation of viscosity and diffusivity, which is rooted in the modification of melt structure and dynamics by H₂O. Application of the electrical conductivity data to interpretation of the magnetotelluric results in the Cascadia subduction zone reveals that the presence of 3 vol% of the extremely water-rich melt could account for the 0.5 S/m electrical anomaly detected at subarc depth on top of the subducted slab.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144238027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correcting Non-Tidal Atmospheric and Oceanic Loading Displacements at the Observation, Normal Equation, and Parameter Levels in GNSS Data Analysis","authors":"Jungang Wang,&nbsp;Kyriakos Balidakis,&nbsp;Henryk Dobslaw,&nbsp;Benjamin Männel,&nbsp;Maorong Ge,&nbsp;Robert Heinkelmann,&nbsp;Harald Schuh","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030299","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB030299","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Non-tidal loading (NTL) introduces surface deformation on the Earth and increases the variability in coordinates measured by space geodetic techniques. Correcting NTL displacements in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) analysis has been discussed extensively, commonly at the parameter level. We investigate the three levels of correcting non-tidal atmospheric and oceanic loading (NTAOL) displacements systematically in long-term analysis of GNSS global network solution, including the observation, normal equation, and parameter levels. The difference between the observation and normal equation levels lies in addressing high-frequency (sub-daily) displacements, and that between the normal equation and parameter levels concerns datum realization. Correcting NTAOL at the observation (or normal equation) level improves the station coordinate repeatability by 3%–4% horizontally and 13% vertically, slightly greater than that at the parameter level by 0.5%. Discrepancies in station coordinates between the observation (or normal equation) and the parameter level are minor but systematic, and the horizontal discrepancies can be largely reduced by Helmert transformation. These transformation parameters correspond to the datum parameters, including polar motion offsets and geocenter coordinates. High-frequency loading displacements mainly impact site-wise tropospheric parameters and especially receiver clocks, albeit with small magnitudes at the sub-mm level. Satellite orbits in the along and cross components are affected by both datum differences (between normal equation and parameter levels) and high-frequency displacements (between observation and normal equation levels), while radial component and satellite clocks are solely affected by the latter.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB030299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144238024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing a Statistical Framework for Assessing Paleomagnetic Data Quality: A Significance Test Based on Maximum Angular Deviation","authors":"D. Heslop,&nbsp;A. P. Roberts","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB031417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Paleomagnetic data underpin our understanding of Earth's ancient magnetic field and are essential to paleogeographic reconstructions. At the specimen level, paleomagnetic analysis relies upon stepwise demagnetization to enable isolation and quantification of magnetic remanence components in geological materials. This quantification is performed typically using principal component analysis (PCA) to fit a line to stepwise demagnetization data. The quality of such PCA fits is assessed via the so-called maximum angular deviation (MAD), which is used in a heuristic fashion to represent directional uncertainty and as a selection criterion for identifying poorly or well behaved specimens. We present here a significance test that employs MAD as a statistic to compare demagnetization data against a null hypothesis of random behavior. This places MAD within a formal statistical framework that can be used to test the quality of demagnetization data before undertaking more detailed analysis. Tables of numerically estimated significance levels are provided to enable ready application of the proposed test and recommendations are made concerning the number of demagnetization data needed for statistical inference.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Seismic Swarm Activity in the Aftershock Zone of the 2016 Amatrice-Norcia Seismic Sequence","authors":"Louise Xiang,&nbsp;David Marsan","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029651","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB029651","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence unfolded in an area dominated by normal faulting along the Apennines. Our study models this complex sequence to explore the role of fluids and aseismic slip in triggering small seismic swarms. Leveraging a high-resolution earthquake catalog, we apply a three-dimensional density-based clustering approach to group earthquakes into dense clusters. We further define a four-dimensional seismicity model based on the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model, introducing an earthquake detection probability to accommodate rapid fluctuations in earthquake detection. By computing the ratio between observed and ETAS-modeled rates of earthquakes in high-density clusters, we identify 40 seismic swarms. These swarms occurred relatively uniform throughout the sequence, with significant time delays of weeks to months following the mainshocks. We investigated earthquake migration patterns during these swarms and found that 29 of them exhibited significant migration, particularly in the eastern parts of Visso and Norcia, as well as the southern part of the seismic sequence. The computation of migration velocity for each swarm yielded a mean migration rate of 3.7 m/hr, indicating a connection to fluid migration. The pressure changes exerted by the three largest shocks of the sequence are found to be mostly negative at the swarm locations, suggesting that the time delays between the mainshocks and the swarms are controlled by fluid migration from high- to low-pressure zones co-seismically. We propose that the poroelastic rebound, involving stress redistribution due to fluid movement, plays a crucial role in triggering seismic swarms in the geological context of Central Italy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB029651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Declining Gas Accumulation Under Hekla Volcano, Iceland, From 210Pb-226Ra Disequilibrium","authors":"G. Hervé,&nbsp;O. Sigmarsson,&nbsp;G. Larsen","doi":"10.1029/2024JB030840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030840","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magmatic volatiles exceeding the solubility limits will form a gas phase that accumulates at the top of a magma chamber. If that magma chamber is hermetic, the exsolved gas can lead to overpressure causing an eruption. Such gas accumulation is hard to detect but the decay of ²²⁶Ra, in the ²³⁸U decay chain, produces ²²²Rn that will accumulate together with the major gas species, and rapidly decay to ²¹⁰Pb. Such radon accumulation and decay thus will lead to an excess of ²¹⁰Pb over ²²⁶Ra in the magma accumulating the gas phase. Eruptions at Hekla volcano, Iceland, start explosively producing tephra before an effusive lava forming phase. The tephra of the five latest eruptions of Hekla (1947–2000) has either an excess of ²¹⁰Pb over ²²⁶Ra, a consequence of the radon accumulation, or are in radioactive equilibrium as all the lava. Tephra is taken to represent the mass of magma accumulating gas and since 1947 the tephra volume has declined regularly. A simple model shows that the mass of the degassing deep magma has remained twice that of the gas-accumulating magma. Consequently, the diminishing mass of degassing basalt at depth is likely to result in decreasing gas flux into the shallower basaltic andesite magma chamber beneath Hekla. The negligible mass of tephra from the last eruption in the year 2000 therefore suggests that renewal of the basalt source seems to be needed for the next eruption at Hekla volcano.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber-Seismometer Hybrid Sensing Interferometry: A New Approach to Seismic Imaging and Monitoring","authors":"Jianbo Guan,&nbsp;Feng Cheng,&nbsp;Jianghai Xia,&nbsp;Haoyuan Sun","doi":"10.1029/2024JB031035","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JB031035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme climate events and geological disasters have intensified the urgency for advancing seismic imaging and monitoring. Despite developments in seismic instrumentation, particularly with seismometers and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), fine-scale observations remain challenging due to their inherent limitations and deployment configurations. This study introduces a novel hybrid sensing interferometry method that enhances multi-component signal extraction, especially poor horizontal components, through a two-step cross-correlation of DAS and seismometers. A field application near the Qiantang River in Hangzhou illustrates how our proposed framework retrieves high-quality multi-component empirical Green's functions and advances ultra-short duration ambient noise seismic imaging techniques, including surface wave dispersion measurements and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio assessments. Our approach also facilitates monitoring of near-surface seismic velocity changes, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $dv/v$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, with an unprecedented 10-min resolution, shedding light on shallow dynamic hydraulic responses. This innovative hybrid sensing framework offers new perspectives and methodologies for transforming future research in seismological observation, imaging, and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144219461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}