J. Gonzalez-Santana, C. Wauthier, S. Tung, T. Masterlark
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We quantify whether the tested conditions would favor flank slip based on the Coulomb Stress Changes (CSCs) associated with endmember scenarios and showcase the expected surface displacements for each scenario, to highlight their deviations from half-space models. Development of favored instability is more likely when dike intrusions span an edifice with shallower-dipping failure surfaces, or detachment faults, regardless of edifice steepness. Another favorable scenario occurs in steep edifices with steeply-dipping failure surfaces when the intrusion is beneath the edifice. The same is observed when introducing asymmetry on the opposing flank to simulate buttressing. We also find that neglecting topography yields smaller amplitude displacements with longer wavelengths, and these differences are greater the steeper the volcanic edifice. 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Another favorable scenario occurs in steep edifices with steeply-dipping failure surfaces when the intrusion is beneath the edifice. The same is observed when introducing asymmetry on the opposing flank to simulate buttressing. We also find that neglecting topography yields smaller amplitude displacements with longer wavelengths, and these differences are greater the steeper the volcanic edifice. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
岩浆活动是已知的火山侧翼不稳定的驱动因素,在那里已经观察到侧翼滑动。对kir ā lauea、Piton de la Fournaise和埃特纳火山不稳定性的研究表明,长期的侧面运动可能需要一个容纳滑动的层的存在,以及一种促进滑动的力量,比如岩浆侵入。我们使用二维有限元模型进行参数化研究,以评估火山体的坡度、破坏面几何形状、体的不对称性和侵入深度如何影响火山体侧面不稳定的发展潜力。我们根据与端部情景相关的库仑应力变化(CSCs)量化了测试条件是否有利于侧滑,并展示了每种情景的预期表面位移,以突出它们与半空间模型的偏差。当岩脉侵入体跨越具有较浅倾斜破坏面或剥离断层的建筑物时,无论建筑物的陡峭程度如何,都更有可能发生有利的不稳定。另一种有利的情况发生在具有陡峭倾斜破坏面的陡峭建筑物中,当侵入物位于建筑物下方时。在对侧引入不对称来模拟支撑时,也观察到同样的结果。我们还发现,忽略地形会产生较小的振幅位移和较长的波长,并且这些差异越大,火山大厦越陡峭。在模拟较浅侵入体引起的水平位移和应力变化时,这种地形效应更为重要。
The Effect of Edifice Slope, Failure Surface Geometry, and Magma Intrusion Depth on the Development of Flank Instability at Volcanoes
Magmatism is a known driver of flank instability at volcanoes where flank slip has been observed. Studies of instability at Kı̄lauea, Piton de la Fournaise, and Etna imply that long-term flank motion likely requires the presence of a layer accommodating the sliding, and a force, such as magma intrusion, that promotes slip. We present a parametric study using 2D Finite Element Models, to assess how edifice slope, failure surface geometry, edifice asymmetry, and intrusion depth affect the potential for development of flank instability at volcanoes. We quantify whether the tested conditions would favor flank slip based on the Coulomb Stress Changes (CSCs) associated with endmember scenarios and showcase the expected surface displacements for each scenario, to highlight their deviations from half-space models. Development of favored instability is more likely when dike intrusions span an edifice with shallower-dipping failure surfaces, or detachment faults, regardless of edifice steepness. Another favorable scenario occurs in steep edifices with steeply-dipping failure surfaces when the intrusion is beneath the edifice. The same is observed when introducing asymmetry on the opposing flank to simulate buttressing. We also find that neglecting topography yields smaller amplitude displacements with longer wavelengths, and these differences are greater the steeper the volcanic edifice. This topographical effect is more important when modeling horizontal displacements and stress changes induced by shallower intrusions.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth serves as the premier publication for the breadth of solid Earth geophysics including (in alphabetical order): electromagnetic methods; exploration geophysics; geodesy and gravity; geodynamics, rheology, and plate kinematics; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; hydrogeophysics; Instruments, techniques, and models; solid Earth interactions with the cryosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and climate; marine geology and geophysics; natural and anthropogenic hazards; near surface geophysics; petrology, geochemistry, and mineralogy; planet Earth physics and chemistry; rock mechanics and deformation; seismology; tectonophysics; and volcanology.
JGR: Solid Earth has long distinguished itself as the venue for publication of Research Articles backed solidly by data and as well as presenting theoretical and numerical developments with broad applications. Research Articles published in JGR: Solid Earth have had long-term impacts in their fields.
JGR: Solid Earth provides a venue for special issues and special themes based on conferences, workshops, and community initiatives. JGR: Solid Earth also publishes Commentaries on research and emerging trends in the field; these are commissioned by the editors, and suggestion are welcome.