Journal of Eye Movement Research最新文献

{"title":"Lexical Elaboration and Intentional Vocabulary Acquisition: An Eye-Tracking Study.","authors":"Taegang Lee, Byeongchae Choi, Sungmook Choi, Soo-Ok Kweon","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030061","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior research on lexical elaboration (providing additional information about unfamiliar words) has yielded non-significant effects on incidental vocabulary acquisition. Building on this, the present study used eye-tracking technology to examine whether similar results replicate under intentional learning conditions. Participants were Korean undergraduate students (<i>N</i> = 67) who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: baseline, unenhanced elaboration, or enhanced elaboration. They were instructed to read an English text twice while their eye movements were recorded. After reading, they responded to two forewarned vocabulary assessments measuring form and meaning recall. Overall, the unenhanced elaboration group exhibited distinct target-word processing patterns and higher meaning recall performance compared to the baseline group, whereas the enhanced elaboration group's outcomes were comparable to the baseline group. For instance, generalized linear mixed-effects modeling (GLMM) revealed that while the unenhanced elaboration group maintained stable reading times on target words across the two readings, the baseline and enhanced elaboration groups exhibited significant reductions. Furthermore, only the unenhanced elaboration group significantly outperformed the baseline group in meaning recall. Collectively, our findings suggest that lexical elaboration, particularly without input enhancement, may facilitate vocabulary acquisition under intentional learning conditions by promoting more sustained attention to unfamiliar words.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13301564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148317382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Vision in Driving: Joint Modeling of Scanpaths and Risk Perception.","authors":"Chao Gou, Yueyao Lin, Yuchen Zhou, Wenjie Shi, Jincheng Jiang","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030059","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Under the Active Vision hypothesis, eye movements are not passive responses to visual stimuli but are actively guided by task demands and internal goals. In driving, scanpaths may therefore reflect an ongoing process of information sampling for risk assessment. However, current computational models often isolate scanpath prediction from risk assessment, overlooking their intrinsic cognitive coupling. In this study, we investigate whether driver scanpaths and traffic risk perception can be jointly modeled within a unified framework. We propose a computational approach based on the introduced <b>A</b>dversarial <b>I</b>nverse <b>R</b>einforcement <b>L</b>earning (<b>AIRL</b>), where gaze behavior is interpreted as a policy that maximizes a latent safety-related reward. By employing a generator to simulate human-like sequences of fixations and saccades, and a discriminator to approximate the internal reward signal, our framework ensures that generated scanpaths synergistically inform downstream risk perception. To facilitate this research, we constructed the BDDA dataset, aggregating over 13,000 spatio-temporal gaze points with explicit risk annotations to study this joint mechanism. Experimental results indicate that simultaneously modeling the \"where\" (scanpath dynamics) and the \"why\" (risk perception) significantly outperforms the compared baseline methods on the proposed BDDA dataset. These findings provide computational evidence for a functional coupling between visual attention and risk perception, supporting the view that eye movements serve as an active mechanism for acquiring task-relevant information in safety-critical environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13301845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148317435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Notation Type and Score Difficulty on Eye Movements During Erhu Sight-Reading.","authors":"Siyu Li, Yi Weng, Xiyu Wu","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030058","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A parallel notational system comprising number notation and staff notation has long been employed in the pedagogy of traditional Chinese instrumental music. However, it remains unclear how these two representationally distinct notational systems shape performers' visual-processing strategies. Therefore, using eye-tracking methods, the present study examined the interactive effects of notation type and score difficulty on visual-cognitive processing in a sight-reading task performed on the erhu, a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. The results showed that increased difficulty generally led to greater fixation-related load and a contracted eye-hand span (EHS). Interaction analyses further indicated that numbered notation was associated with a more favorable eye-movement profile at intermediate difficulty, whereas this pattern was attenuated under difficult score conditions and accompanied by increased processing demands. In contrast, the eye-movement measures in staff notation appeared to be less sensitive to difficulty-related changes than those observed in numbered notation, a pattern that may reflect differences in the representational structures of the two notational systems. Collectively, these findings suggest that notational symbols may modulate sight-reading strategies among trained erhu students, providing preliminary evidence for music reading across different notational systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13300975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148317446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Integration of Eye-Tracking and Cognitive Screening for Detecting Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"Joan Goset, Clara Mestre, Valldeflors Vinuela-Navarro, Mikel Aldaba, Mar Ariza, Neus Cano, Bàrbara Delàs, Olga Gelonch, Maite Garolera, Rehab Project Collaborative Group, Meritxell Vilaseca","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030057","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive impairment is common in Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC), yet full neuropsychological testing remains resource-intensive. Because eye movements are known to be altered in certain cognitive disorders, Eye-Tracking (ET) offers a fast, non-invasive complementary approach for large-scale screening. This study aimed to predict neuropsychological test scores of participants with PCC from ET metrics using machine and deep learning models. ET data was collected from 172 participants performing a battery of visual tasks designed to elicit smooth pursuit and fixational eye movements, as well as pupil responses to light. Cognitive performance was assessed through established neuropsychological tests. We applied regression and classification models (e.g., Random Forest, XGBoost, and deep neural networks) to predict neuropsychological performance. Models were trained using ET data alone and in combination with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, a widely used neuropsychological test for global cognitive screening. Although predicting individual test scores was challenging, combining them into a global composite measure improved performance. Model sensitivity and specificity reached 88% and 34% using ET data alone, and 87% and 60% when integrating ET with MoCA. This last trained model outperformed the conventional MoCA, highlighting the potential of ET as a rapid screening support tool for cognitive assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ab Initio Binocular Formulation of Listing's Law.","authors":"Jacek Turski","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030056","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human eyes do not have perfectly aligned optical components; the fovea is displaced from the posterior pole, and the crystalline lens is tilted away from the eye's optical axis. Important in the study of vision quality, it is included here in binocular and oculomotor research. In the binocular system, with the eye's optical asymmetry, all axes differ. The eye's posture change is decomposed into the torsion-free part that gives the change in visual axis direction and the torsional part that best approximates the rotation about the lens's optical axis. This geometric formulation, supported by computer simulations and modern ophthalmology studies, leads to binocular Listing's law and the related half-angle rule, important for oculomotor control by constraining the eye's redundant torsional degree of freedom. The eye's primary position and the Listing plane, indispensable ingredients of Listing's law, are replaced with the binocular eyes' posture corresponding to the eye muscles' natural tonus resting position, which serves as a zero-reference level for convergence effort. Further, the binocular constraints couple 3D changes in the torsional positions of the eyes within the ab initio formulation of Listing's law here, which was previously proposed ad hoc. Finally, the noncommutativity rule underlying Listing's law and the half-angle rule are discussed by specifying the configuration space of sequences of fixations of binocularly constrained eyes, which are visualized in 3D simulations. The results obtained in this study should be a part of the answers to the questions posted in the literature on the relevance of Listing's law to clinical practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye-Tracking Evidence That Verifiable Explanations Support Visual Evidence Checking in AI-Assisted Chest Radiograph Interpretation.","authors":"Yong Han, Wumin Ouyang, Hemin Du, Mengyun Ma, Guanning Wang","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030055","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evaluations of medical artificial intelligence (AI) explanations often rely on self-reported trust, perceived usefulness, acceptance, or final decision outcomes, while less directly characterizing whether users check evidence around AI outputs during decision making. In AI-assisted chest radiograph interpretation, a critical process-level question is whether users return from the AI output to the original image evidence when further scrutiny is needed. To address this question, we examined whether verifiable explanations-explanations designed to make AI recommendations checkable against the original image evidence-are associated with process markers of visual evidence checking in AI-assisted chest radiograph interpretation using eye-tracking and human-factors process measures. A 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment manipulated verifiable explanations (present vs. absent) and risk context (high vs. low), with AI recommendation correctness embedded at the trial level. Fifty-six clinically trained participants each completed 24 interpretation trials. Analyses focused primarily on gaze transitions between the AI output and the original image and dwell time on the original image, with response time and exploratory verification-related behavioral states used as auxiliary process measures. Verifiable explanations did not simply increase acceptance of AI recommendations. Instead, when AI recommendations were incorrect, they were most clearly associated with more frequent AI-image transitions and longer absolute dwell time on the original image evidence. Exploratory state-based analyses further suggested a lower tendency toward no-verify adopt under incorrect AI recommendations, but these findings were treated as complementary rather than primary evidence. Overall, the value of verifiable explanations lies not only in final decisions but in whether they make AI recommendations more inspectable against the original evidence. These findings provide eye-tracking evidence consistent with visual evidence checking in AI-assisted diagnostic interfaces and underscore the value of process-sensitive human-factors measures in medical AI evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Mechanisms of Predictive Processing in Chinese Reading: An Eye-Movement Analysis Based on the Ex-Gaussian Distribution.","authors":"Wen Tong, Xiaojiao Li, Yingdi Liu, Zhifang Liu","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030054","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study employed the Ex-Gaussian distribution model to analyse eye-tracking data, to elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying predictive processing during Chinese reading. Using a single-factor, two-level within-subjects design (contextual predictability: high vs. low), data from 32 adult readers were analysed across the pre-target and target word regions. The results revealed that predictive reading follows a three-stage cognitive model. In the expectation generation stage (pre-target region), a significant negative τ effect indicated resource pre-allocation driven by strong contextual constraints, thereby facilitating the construction of predictive lexical representations. In the verification and integration stage (target word region), a significant negative μ effect in the later measurement window indicated that successful prediction-input matching accelerated lexical identification and enhanced integration efficiency; the σ parameter did not reach significance in either measurement window. In the conflict resolution stage (pre-target and target word regions), a significant positive τ effect indicated that verification failure triggered lexical activation competition at the target word, driving regressive fixations to the pre-target region for contextual reanalysis; conflict resolution costs were markedly higher under the low-predictability condition, owing to the absence of a dominant activation anchor. These findings suggest that contextual predictability influences reading through a dual mechanism: the μ parameter modulates the automatic processing speed of lexical identification, whereas the τ parameter regulates the cognitive control processes underlying expectation generation and conflict resolution. Together, these results provide empirical support for the integration of predictive coding theory and cognitive control frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Convergence Excess: Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Signs Associated with Near Esophoria.","authors":"Pilar Cacho-Martínez, Mario Cantó-Cerdán, Zaíra Cervera-Sánchez, Ángel García-Muñoz","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030053","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To propose which tests may be used for diagnosing convergence excess. A prospective study of a consecutive clinical sample was performed. Patients (18-35 years) attending optometric care underwent subjective refraction, cover test, and Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (SQVD). Based on cover test and SQVD scores, two groups were recruited: 64 symptomatic subjects with near esophoria and 64 asymptomatic with normal binocular vision. Accommodative and binocular tests were assessed, identifying those with significant statistical differences between groups. Diagnostic validity was analysed using ROC curves, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. A serial testing strategy combining tests was also evaluated. ROC analysis showed best diagnostic accuracy for binocular accommodative facility (BAF) failing with -2.00 D (area under the curve, AUC = 0.865) and vergence facility (VF) failing with base-in prisms (AUC = 0.864). Using cutoffs from ROC analysis (BAF: ≤8.25 cpm and VF ≤ 12.75 cpm), their combination showed best validity (S = 0.625, Sp = 0.938, LR+ = 10, LR- = 0.4). The combined AUC was 0.932. The proposal for diagnosing convergence excess is to use, in addition to near esophoria with normal distance heterophoria, the combination of failing BAF with negative lenses and failing vergence facility with base-in prisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Word Frequency, Word Length, and Visual Complexity on Chinese Sentence Oral Reading: An Eye Movement Comparison Study Between Children and Adults.","authors":"Kunyu Lian, Junhui Pei, Feifei Liang, Jie Ma, Rong Lian, Xuejun Bai","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030052","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated how word frequency, word length and visual complexity affect lexical processing during Chinese sentence oral reading, and whether these effects differ between developing and skilled readers. Third-grade children and adults read sentences aloud while their eye movements were recorded with an EyeLink 1000 Plus eye-tracker. Linear mixed-effects models revealed three main findings. First, children showed larger word-frequency and visual-complexity effects than adults, indicating less efficient lexical processing in developing readers. Second, word length moderated the effects of word frequency and visual complexity. Frequency effects were amplified for two-character words, whereas visual-complexity effects were stronger for single-character words on early measures and followed a different pattern on some late measures. Third, at the sentence level, children exhibited shorter forward saccades, more regressions and longer total reading times than adults. These findings provide developmental evidence for the visual and linguistic constraints hypothesis and show how visual recognition and overt phonological output jointly shape foveal lexical processing in Chinese oral reading.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye Movement Patterns as Robust Biomarkers for Schizophrenia Identification Using a Novel Data Transformation Approach.","authors":"Lijin Huang, Senhao Li, Zhi Liu, Dan Zhang, Lihua Xu, Tianhong Zhang, Jijun Wang","doi":"10.3390/jemr19030051","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19030051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although eye movement abnormalities are documented in schizophrenia (SZ), their translation into objective diagnostic biomarkers remains limited. In this study, we propose a novel identification framework that integrates a Sparsity-Scoring Kernel Entropy Component Analysis (SSKECA) algorithm with a multidimensional eye movement feature set. A total of 40 patients with SZ and 50 healthy controls (HC) completed a free-viewing task involving 100 distinct semantic images. The proposed SSKECA algorithm optimizes multidimensional feature representations to capture latent eye movement patterns characteristic of SZ. The SSKECA-AdaBoost model achieved competitive performance, with an accuracy of 0.933 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.960. Notably, when restricted to only 25 highly discriminative images, the SSKECA-XGBoost model achieved an accuracy of 0.922. Feature ablation analyses not only reproduced previously reported eye movement findings but also highlighted additional atypical patterns. Misclassification analyses revealed more pronounced eye movement deficits in incorrectly classified SZ patients. Overall, the proposed framework translates complex eye movement patterns into robust indicators for subject-level identification, offering a practical and efficient tool to support objective assessment in SZ.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}