Journal of Eye Movement Research最新文献

{"title":"Visual Harmony and Complexity Shape Subjective Judgments More than Detectable Overt Attention: Evidence from Eye-Tracking and Facial Coding.","authors":"Horacio Rostro-Gonzalez, Ana M S Gonzalez-Acosta, Victor H Jimenez-Arredondo","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050105","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how visual structure shapes attentional allocation is central to models of perceptual processing. Less is known about how formal properties like harmony and complexity shape exploration independent of salience or semantic content. This study examined how controlled structural variations relate to attention, facial engagement, and subjective judgment using eye-tracking and webcam-based facial coding. Participants (N=40) viewed stimuli derived from a common geometric base, manipulated into three conditions: high harmony (symmetrical, low complexity), high complexity (asymmetrical, disorganized), and structured complexity (high complexity with underlying order). Eye movements and facial expressions were recorded during free viewing. Metrics included time to first fixation, fixation duration, number of fixations, scanpath entropy, spatial dispersion, and facial-coding indices (neutral, happy, and surprise expression, and the ambient/focal coefficient <i>K</i>). None of the eye-tracking or facial-coding metrics differed significantly across conditions; given that the study was powered to detect only medium-to-large effects, this indicates no detectable difference under the present webcam-based, brief-exposure design rather than evidence that visual structure has no effect on attention. Subjective complexity ratings differed robustly across conditions, surviving correction for multiple comparisons: unexpectedly, the high-complexity condition was rated as less complex than the harmony and structured-complexity conditions, indicating the intended manipulation did not translate into perceived complexity as designed. A nominally significant difference in pleasantness ratings did not survive this correction. Using repeated-measures correlation to account for the non-independence of within-participant observations, scanpath entropy showed a nominal negative association with pleasantness that did not survive correction for multiple comparisons, and the coefficient <i>K</i> showed a weaker and partly inconsistent pattern of association with independent oculomotor indices than initial uncorrected analyses suggested. These findings indicate that, in the present study, formal visual structure shaped subjective complexity judgments more robustly than it shaped overt attentional or facial-affective engagement, a pattern consistent with-though not conclusive proof of-a broader dissociation between evaluative and attentional responses reported in face perception and developmental aesthetics research. Beyond this substantive finding, we report in detail how accounting for repeated-measures non-independence and applying an explicit multiplicity strategy changed our statistical conclusions, offering a worked methodological example for similarly structured webcam-based eye-tracking and facial-coding studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Does Peripheral Vision Feel Rich? A Selective Review.","authors":"Amelia Beatson, Anna Metzger, Matteo Toscani","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050104","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human vision is profoundly non-uniform. Spatial resolution, contrast sensitivity, colour discrimination decrease, and the appearance of visual features become increasingly distorted with retinal eccentricity, yet visual experience appears remarkably rich and stable across the entire visual field. This apparent paradox has been a central challenge in vision science: how can a perceptually rich world emerge from a sensory system that samples only a small fraction of the environment with high precision? We argue that cognitive biases alone may be insufficient to explain the apparent richness of peripheral vision and review evidence suggesting that perceptual processes may also contribute. Information sampled in central vision can be extrapolated to peripheral appearance, while prior knowledge and learned regularities allow the visual system to infer missing or distorted peripheral information. These processes operate within the constraints of active vision, where eye movements selectively sample task-relevant information rather than building a complete detailed representation of the scene. We propose that the interaction between centre-to-periphery extrapolation and learned predictions may contribute to rich peripheral experience, specially where we direct attention, allowing the visual system to maintain a coherent and useful representation of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye-Tracking Research: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on Scopus.","authors":"Mehmet Fatih Özalp, Hicran Hanım Halaç, Nuray Özkaraca Özalp, Fikret Bademci","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050103","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eye tracking is an interdisciplinary research method used in many fields, including engineering, architecture, health sciences, psychology, marketing, and human-computer interaction. Although it is often perceived as a modern research method, its origins can be traced back to the nineteenth century. This study aims to identify the developmental trends and thematic structure of eye-tracking research from its early history to the present. Bibliometric analysis was used to evaluate studies in the field of eye-tracking. A total of 45,230 publications identified in the Scopus database using eye-tracking search terms were analyzed. The most productive authors, institutions, countries, publication sources, keywords, and thematic trends were examined using Bibliometrix in the RStudio environment. The findings show substantial growth in eye-tracking research during 2020-2025, with 22,130 publications recorded during this period. The analysis also shows that the share of eye-tracking publications in total Scopus output increased from 0.0134% in 2000 to 0.0963% in 2025, while the search sensitivity analysis demonstrates that terminology choices substantially affect the size and composition of the retrieved corpus. Computer Science accounted for the largest share of publications. The United States had the highest number of publications. Based on Scopus affiliation records, the University of California system had the highest publication count among the institutional structures identified in the dataset, although this figure may reflect the combined representation of different campuses and affiliated units and should therefore not be interpreted as a direct comparison of individual campuses. In addition to fundamental concepts such as eye movements and visual attention, themes such as EEG, virtual reality, augmented reality, computer vision, machine learning, and deep learning have become more prominent in recent years. Overall, the findings reveal academic orientations and temporal trends in eye-tracking research. They also provide a framework for potential future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looking Back While Reading Ahead: Regressive Fixations and Temporal Anticipation in Music Sight-Reading.","authors":"Michel A Cara, Divna Mitrovic","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050102","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined how regressive fixations relate to temporal anticipation and unfolding temporal dynamics during music sight-reading. Eye-movement, performance, and respiratory data were recorded from 28 flutists performing three scores differing in musical and metrical structure; performance recordings were MIDI-aligned with eye-movement and respiratory measures. Regressive fixations were defined as fixations following regressions toward previously viewed score notes. A participant-grouped random forest model explained 60% of the out-of-fold variance in regressive-fixation count, highlighting fixation count, mean fixation duration, and time-based eye-hand span as leading predictors. Mixed-effects analyses showed that time-based eye-hand span was the most consistent predictor, while performance duration and mean fixation duration provided additional information. Rhythmic accuracy moderated the relationship between temporal anticipation and regressive-fixation count, with a stronger positive association in more accurate performances (β = 1.062, 95% CI [0.282, 1.842], <i>p</i> = 0.008). This interaction remained significant when regressive-fixation count was modeled relative to performance duration and after controlling for mean fixation duration. An additional analysis found no evidence that shorter fixation durations attenuated the association between more regressions and longer relative performance duration. These findings suggest that regressive fixations are associated with temporal anticipation during music sight-reading and may inform cross-domain research on the role of regressive eye movements in reading comprehension.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Playback Speed on Eye Movement Behavior During News Viewing: An Eye-Tracking Study.","authors":"Melissa Gurdián-Franceschi, Miguel Ángel Martín-Pascual, Celia Andreu-Sánchez","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050101","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing use of accelerated playback in digital media consumption has raised questions regarding its effects on viewers' perception. This study examined whether playback speed in TV news videos (1× vs. 2×) affects viewers' subjective responses, memory performance, and eye-tracking behavior. We presented news videos under either normal or accelerated playback conditions to a total of <i>N</i> = 146 participants. Our results showed that accelerated playback was associated with lower valence, reduced perceived comprehension, lower credibility evaluations, poorer memory performance, and lower recommendation-intention ratings. In contrast, arousal ratings were higher under accelerated playback conditions. Eye-tracking measures revealed differences in visual attention patterns between conditions, including fixation behavior and attention allocated to lower-third captions. However, the fixation-rate difference should be interpreted cautiously, as increased stimulus velocity may have influenced fixation classification. These findings suggest that accelerated playback was associated with differences in audience evaluation and viewing behavior during news consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal Fixational Eye Movements in Ophthalmic Disease: Implications for Visual Function and Clinical Assessment.","authors":"Sophia Castro, Nancy O Mahfouz, Simrat Renu, Kathiana Jeanty, Elana Safonova, Doris Prela, Ola Abozid, Ayesha Mulla, Josey M Spiers, Robert G Alexander","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050100","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ophthalmic disorders cause pathological abnormalities in fixational movements. Across disorders, recent studies demonstrate that fixation can be disrupted, often with reported changes in stability and other oculomotor dynamics as the conditions progress. Some of these changes are functionally linked to reduced visual acuity, degraded reading performance, and impaired binocular function. In this narrative review, we synthesize recent work on fixational eye movements and fixation instability in ophthalmic disease. We argue that fixational measures may provide research biomarkers and clinical correlates of disease progression. These metrics could eventually contribute to treatment monitoring applications. The development of accessible and non-invasive eye-tracking tools could enhance clinical interventions. Continued progress will depend on establishing robust normative datasets and determining which oculomotor metrics provide reliable clinical information across disease states.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Performance Evaluation of WebGazer Webcam-Based Eye Tracking with Spatial and Angular Error Analysis.","authors":"Evgenia Psarra, Vassilios Krassanakis, Anastasios L Kesidis","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050099","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eye tracking technologies have become increasingly accessible through webcam-based solutions such as WebGazer, enabling large-scale and low-cost experimentation. However, their performance remains sensitive to several experimental and device-related parameters. This study presents a controlled experimental framework developed to systematically evaluate WebGazer under configurable experimental conditions. Within this framework, we design and implement a controlled experimental protocol to investigate the effect of key parameters, including (i) joint calibration/evaluation point-density configuration, (ii) evaluation-point distribution, (iii) target presentation duration, (iv) stimulus color, and (v) stimulus (target) size. WebGazer's performance is assessed using both device-pixel spatial error metrics and angular error (delta), providing complementary measures of gaze accuracy. Results from 20 participants show that denser point configurations were associated with lower mean spatial error, from 1383 to 1009 device pixels, and lower mean angular error, from 13.556 to 10.322 degrees, within the tested conditions. Across the aggregated condition summaries, the joint point-density configuration showed the widest spatial-error range, whereas target presentation duration showed the widest angular-error range. Taken together, these two factors displayed the clearest descriptive differences, followed by evaluation-point distribution. Pseudo-random layouts were associated with moderately higher errors than fixed layouts. In contrast, visual properties such as color and size showed comparatively smaller and less consistent differences, with stimulus size displaying a non-monotonic pattern. Overall, temporal and calibration-related settings showed the clearest descriptive associations with WebGazer performance, while visual design choices showed smaller differences. This study provides a practical quantitative framework for systematically assessing webcam-based eye tracking systems under realistic usage conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Wearable Eye Tracker Pupil Labs Neon for Gaze Fixation Analysis in Screen-Based Fixation Tasks: Comparison with Tobii Pro Fusion.","authors":"Madara Alecka, Evita Serpa, Viktorija Arhipenko, Linda Krauze, Ilze Ceple","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050098","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable eye-tracking devices are primarily used for eye movement analysis in real-world environments. Owing to their increasing availability and ability to provide measurements with high ecological validity, it is important to determine whether they can also be applied to gaze fixation analysis involving screen-based stimuli. This study evaluated the performance of the wearable eye tracker Pupil Labs Neon for gaze fixation analysis under controlled laboratory conditions by comparing it with the screen-based Tobii Pro Fusion. A total of 46 participants were enrolled in the study. Eye-tracker accuracy was assessed across different gaze directions, whereas fixation stability was evaluated exclusively during central fixation. Tobii Pro Fusion demonstrated significantly higher overall accuracy compared to Pupil Labs Neon. Notably, the accuracy of both devices was affected by stimulus background. Furthermore, the Tobii Pro Fusion showed significantly better accuracy at central positions than at peripheral gaze positions; in contrast the Pupil Labs Neon exhibited no significant variations in relation to stimulus eccentricity. Finally, no significant differences in fixation stability during central fixation were observed between the two devices. Considering its significantly higher overall accuracy, Tobii Pro Fusion appears better suited for gaze fixation analysis in screen-based tasks, especially within the central positions, whereas Pupil Labs Neon may provide more stable data quality across different gaze positions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye Tracking and AI-Generated Content: A Systematic Literature Review of Visual Attention, Cognitive Processing, and User Engagement.","authors":"Hakile Resulbegoviq, Valentina Hlebec, Mirjana Pejić Bach, Irina Stamatović","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050097","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Generative artificial intelligence increasingly produces text, images, feedback, summaries, advertisements, synthetic faces, and audiovisual content evaluated alongside human-produced material. This systematic review synthesized comparative eye-tracking evidence on visual attention, cognitive processing, and engagement with AI-generated content. Searches of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed yielded 896 records; 23 studies met the eligibility criteria and contributed 778 participants in the review-relevant eye-tracking components. The evidence covered textual, static visual, audiovisual, and interactive outputs. Across heterogeneous designs and tasks, no modality-independent gaze pattern emerged. AI-generated material sometimes attracted more focal inspection, sometimes received less task-relevant attention, and often redistributed gaze across interface elements. Where supported by task characteristics or complementary outcomes, longer viewing was more often associated with processing difficulty, uncertainty, or checking than with preference. Generated summaries supported learning in some settings, whereas realistic synthetic media remained difficult to identify despite focused inspection. Methodological appraisal identified recurrent limitations in sampling, stimulus matching, confounder control, eye-tracking reporting, and documentation of model versions, prompts, generation settings, and output selection. Observed gaze differences were context-dependent and varied with modality, task, comparator, source belief, expertise, output quality, and measurement choices. Standardized reporting and stronger links between gaze and functional outcomes are needed for cumulative inference.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looking to Deceive: Voluntary Gaze Control Reduces the Discriminative Power of Eye-Movement-Based Concealed Information Testing.","authors":"Nikola Milosavljević, Miloš Panjevac, Milica M Janković, Vanja Ković","doi":"10.3390/jemr19050096","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19050096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Concealed Information Test (CIT) detects whether an individual recognizes crime-relevant information, and eye tracking has been proposed as a non-invasive method for detecting this recognition. It remains unclear, however, whether individuals who are motivated to conceal their knowledge can voluntarily control their gaze and thereby undermine the test's validity. We developed a novel free-viewing, parallel-presentation eye-movement-based CIT and administered it to 75 participants randomly assigned to three groups: Innocent, Informed Innocent, and Guilty. For each participant, twelve eye-tracking measures were calculated as differential (crime-relevant minus control) scores and analyzed using four supervised classifiers under a participant-wise, leave-two-out cross-validation, with accuracy reported at both the trial and participant levels. Cumulative dwell- and duration-based measures, together with glance and fixation counts, carried most of the discriminative signal. The classifiers demonstrated high accuracy when distinguishing between the naive and knowledgeable but non-concealing individuals, as well as between knowledgeable non-concealing individuals and culpable individuals. However, classification performance fell to chance-level probability when distinguishing naive and culpable individuals. Thus, participants who were motivated to avoid detection markedly reduced their distinctive eye-movement signature with voluntary gaze control, becoming indistinguishable from truly naive individuals. We discuss methodological implications for designing eye-movement-based CITs that exhibit greater resilience against voluntary gaze modulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}