Journal of Eye Movement Research最新文献

{"title":"Application of Eye-Tracking Technology in Assessing Binocular Vision Function in Paediatric Populations: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Ong Huei Koon, Noor Ezailina Badarudin, Byoung-Sun Chu","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> This review discusses the application of eye-tracking technology in the detection and monitoring of binocular vision anomalies among children. <b>Methods:</b> A scoping review using PRISMA guidelines was conducted through Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed using the keywords \"eye-tracking,\" \"binocular,\" \"vision,\" \"anomalies,\" \"paediatrics,\" and \"children\" from 2015 to 2025. Studies excluded were not written in English, did not apply the eye tracker as a research tool, involved an ineligible population, or involved non-human subjects. <b>Results:</b> The search strategy identified 77 citations, yet only 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. This review revealed a variety of binocular vision anomalies detectable through eye-tracking systems, along with the specific models and parameters employed in these assessments. Application of eye-tracking technology in diagnosing conditions such as strabismus and amblyopia demonstrated potential for improved accuracy and early detection. <b>Discussion:</b> Eye-tracking technology demonstrates considerable potential for the detection and monitoring of binocular vision anomalies in children, particularly as a non-invasive method for early screening, thereby strengthening its clinical applicability. By assessing fixation stability, saccadic movements, and vergence responses, eye-tracking allows for the early detection of subtle visual anomalies, especially in the paediatric population. <b>Conclusions:</b> Eye-tracking technology represents a valuable advancement in paediatric vision care, enabling the more objective and earlier detection of binocular vision anomalies in the paediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Insights into E-Learning: A Comprehensive Review of Eye-Tracking Applications in Learning Systems.","authors":"Safia Bendjebar, Yacine Lafifi, Rochdi Boudjehem, Aissa Laouissi","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last few years, universities have increasingly implemented online learning environments, allowing students to study at their own pace. These environments utilize technological tools and implement methods to support training, deliver content, and promote the acquisition of new knowledge and skills. As an example of these technologies, eye tracking has emerged as a powerful tool for studying visual attention, cognitive processes, and learning behaviors. The main aim of this study is to provide a scoping review of recent eye-tracking research across diverse learner populations, ranging from K-12 students to university-level learners and educators. The present study examined recent advances in eye-tracking technologies, focusing on their potential, especially when combined with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as machine learning. It analyzed 54 empirical studies in the last few years, highlighting their applicability, strengths, and limitations. The research findings highlight the promise of eye-tracking technology to transform educational practices by providing data-driven insights regarding student behavior and cognitive processes. Future research must address implementation and data-analysis challenges to maximize the educational benefits of eye tracking.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Reality Orthoptic Interventions for Binocular Vision Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Clara Martinez-Perez, Noelia Nores-Palmas, Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga, Maria J Giraldez, Eva Yebra-Pimentel","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating digital orthoptic interventions, including virtual reality (VR)-based approaches, for convergence insufficiency and intermittent exotropia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and AMSTAR-2 standards and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to December 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs comparing VR-based or digital orthoptic interventions with conventional therapy, placebo VR, or control conditions. Primary outcomes included near point of convergence, ocular deviation, fusional reserves, and stereopsis. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 and certainty of evidence with GRADE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four RCTs (184 participants) were included. In convergence insufficiency, digital orthoptic interventions, including VR-based approaches, significantly reduced near heterophoria (mean difference [MD] -1.64 prism diopters; 95% CI -3.17 to -0.12), with no significant effects on near point of convergence or positive fusional reserves. In intermittent exotropia, VR-based interventions significantly improved near point of convergence (MD -1.60 cm; 95% CI -2.64 to -0.55), although this change did not reach the ≥4 cm threshold considered clinically meaningful according to the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial. Improvements were also observed in stereopsis (MD -0.19 log units; 95% CI -0.33 to -0.04), while changes in near deviation were not significant. Evidence certainty ranged from low to moderate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>VR-based and digital orthoptic interventions may offer modest, outcome-specific benefits as adjunctive treatments for selected binocular vision disorders. Larger, well-designed RCTs with standardized outcomes are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye-Tracked Visual Attention to Anthropomorphic Appearance and Empathic Responses in AI Medical Conversational Agents: Dissociating Trust Gains from Attentional Synergy.","authors":"Wumin Ouyang, Hemin Du, Yong Han, Zihuan Wang, Yuyu He","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how users perceive and attend to the anthropomorphic appearance and empathic responses of artificial intelligence medical conversational agents (AIMCAs) can help reveal the key judgment cues underlying trust formation and use decisions, while also informing interface and dialog design. To this end, this study employs a 3 (appearance anthropomorphism: high, medium, low) × 2 (empathic response: present, absent) within-subject eye-tracking experiment, combined with subjective scales and brief post-task open-ended feedback. During a static prototype viewing task based on hypothetical consultation scenarios, we concurrently recorded trust, behavioral intention, and visual measures for key areas of interest (AOIs; appearance area, conversational content area, and overall interface area). Eye-tracking measures were normalized by AOI coverage proportion to improve cross-AOI comparability. The results show that both anthropomorphic appearance and empathic response significantly increased users' trust in AIMCAs and their behavioral intention. An interaction between these two types of social cues was also observed, suggesting that when visual embodiment and linguistic style are aligned at the social level, users are more likely to form favorable overall judgments. At the level of visual processing, however, no interaction effect was found, and the eye-tracking measures showed only partial main effects, indicating that subjective synergy does not necessarily correspond to synergistic changes in attentional allocation. Overall, anthropomorphic appearance and empathic response exerted consistent facilitating effects on outcome variables, but displayed different patterns of attentional allocation and information prioritization at the visual level. Accordingly, AIMCA design should emphasize consistency between appearance cues and conversational strategies, optimize users' initial judgments and interface comprehension, and use intention through verifiable information organization and clear boundary cues.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplifying the Diagnosis of Vertical Diplopia: Is It Skew or Not?","authors":"Anas Igbariye, Noa Hadar, Basel Obied, Adi Berco, Alon Zahavi, Inbal Man Peles, Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ocular tilt reaction (OTR) and trochlear nerve palsy (TNP) can induce cyclotorsion. We aimed to assess the utility of fundus photography in distinguishing between these disorders. The database of a neuro-ophthalmology hospital-based clinic was retrospectively searched for patients referred for new-onset vertical diplopia between 2020 and 2023. Medical data were collected, and the angle between the optic disc and fovea was measured using ImageJ software to quantify torsion. Distinct torsional patterns were identified between the groups. OTR was characterized by variable, often conjugate torsion, whereas TNP demonstrated consistent disconjugate extorsion. Analysis of interocular torsional relationships, rather than magnitude alone, provided useful diagnostic discrimination. Fundus photography may be useful for differentiating OTR from TNP in complicated neurological cases, particularly in patients who are difficult to examine. This study emphasizes the practical clinical value of fundus photography as a simple, accessible, and objective tool for differentiating OTR from TNP, by contributing the torsional component of OTR triad, particularly in emergency or diagnostically challenging settings where standard examination may be limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Phoria, Oculomotor Skills and Visual Symptoms in Children Aged 5 to 8 Years.","authors":"Carmen Bilbao, Julia Cavero, Jorge Ares, Alba Carrera, Diana Gargallo","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the relationship between oculomotor skills, phorias, and visual symptoms in pediatric population aged 5 to 8 years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 children, divided into three age groups. Each participant underwent a full optometric examination, including the Maddox test for dissociated phoria, and the Northeastern State University College of Optometry (NSUCO) and Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) tests for oculomotor function. In addition, the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS V-15) questionnaire was administered to assess visual symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of binocular and oculomotor dysfunctions varied by age and sex. Differences in saccadic and pursuit eye movement performance were observed between groups. Older children showed patterns of association between phoria measurements, oculomotor performance, and possible visual symptoms, particularly in girls over 6 years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides additional descriptive data for the pediatric population and highlights that oculomotor dysfunction and phoria frequently coexist. Symptom scores measured by the CISS V-15 tended to increase with age. The results should be considered preliminary and potentially hypothesis-generating, pending the future availability of a validated questionnaire to assess phoria-related symptoms in children from 5 years of age. Overall, this study underscores the importance of comprehensive binocular vision assessments in school-aged children.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13116892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging Reduces the Efficiency of Parafoveal Lexical Activation During Chinese Sentence Reading.","authors":"Yiu-Kei Tsang, Ming Yan, Jinger Pan","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study utilized the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm to examine age-related changes in parafoveal processing during Chinese sentence reading. A community sample of 65 older readers and 68 younger readers from Hong Kong read 130 sentences while their eye movements were recorded. In each sentence, an invisible boundary was placed just before a critical target word. Before the readers' eye gaze crossed the boundary, a parafoveal preview was presented in the position of the target word. The preview could be identical, orthographically related, phonologically related, semantically related, or unrelated to the first character of the target word. Once the eye gaze passed the boundary, the preview characters changed to the target. For the younger readers, the related parafoveal previews facilitated the subsequent foveal processing of the target compared to the unrelated previews across early and late eye movement measures. In contrast, the older readers demonstrated a reduced identical preview benefit in early eye movement measures. They also showed benefits in other preview conditions only in later measures. These results suggest that older Chinese readers can extract linguistic information from parafoveal vision despite reduced visual acuity. However, the efficiency of parafoveal processing is reduced, potentially due to slower processing speed and less efficient spreading activation within the lexical network.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Emotion Perception and Gaze Sharing on Collaborative Experience and Performance in Multiplayer Games.","authors":"Lu Yin, He Zhang, Renke He","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19020034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared to traditional offline collaboration, current online collaboration often lacks nonverbal social cues, resulting in lower efficiency and a reduced emotional connection between teammates. To address this issue, this study used a two-player collaborative puzzle game as the experimental setting to explore the impact of two nonverbal social cues, emotion and gaze, on collaborative experience and performance. Specifically, this study designed four collaborative modes: with and without teammates' facial expressions, and with and without teammates' gaze points. Sixty-two participants took part in the experiment, and each pair was required to complete these four patterns. Subsequently, we analyzed their collaborative experience through subjective questionnaires, objective facial expressions, and gaze overlap rates. The experimental results revealed that teammates' gaze could effectively enhance collaborative efficiency, while facial expression is key to optimizing subjective experience. Combining both cues further acquires advantages in cognitive and emotional dimensions, leading to improved performance outcomes. The study also indicated that facial expressions could alleviate the social pressure triggered by shared gaze from teammates. Additionally, the study also examined how personality differences influenced collaborative experiences and performance. The results indicated that individuals with high agreeableness actively seek social cues, leading to more positive collaborative experiences. This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the interactive mechanisms of cognitive and emotional processes during online collaboration, and points the way toward designing adaptive, personalized intelligent collaborative systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual Attention in Real Classrooms: A Study with Eye-Tracking in Urban and Rural Schools of Chile.","authors":"Marco Villalta-Paucar, Jéssica Verónica Rebolledo-Etchepare","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020032","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19020032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Student gaze behavior has been scarcely studied in real Latin American primary school classrooms. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between primary students' eye behavior and cognitive development in urban and rural contexts. A quantitative method was employed, including 126 primary school students aged 6 to 8 years old, from urban and rural schools in Chile. Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM) measured cognitive development, and students' eye behavior was recorded during a real class using eye-tracking glasses. Eye behavior was analyzed in six areas of interest: (1) Own material (2) teacher, (3) teacher's material, (4) peer, (5) peer's material, and (6) non-interactional gaze. The results indicate that the CPM scale demonstrates adequate reliability (α = 0.89). In addition, no significant differences, nor relationship between eye behavior and cognitive development, were found by sex; however, significant differences were found by environment (urban versus rural). The regression analysis is significant (F(7, 102) = 6.173, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and suggests that gazing at the teacher's material and one's own material are negative predictors of non-interactional gaze or students' disconnection from the class. In conclusion, distraction in the classroom is influenced by learning-related contextual variables rather than sex or cognitive development.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147504168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Data-Driven Approach for Comparing Gaze Allocation Across Conditions.","authors":"Jack Prosser, Anna Metzger, Matteo Toscani","doi":"10.3390/jemr19020033","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19020033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gaze analysis often relies on hypothesised, subjectively defined regions of interest (ROIs) or heatmaps: ROIs enable condition comparisons but reduce objectivity and exploration; while heatmaps avoid this, they require many pixel-wise comparisons, making differences hard to detect. Here, we propose an advanced data-driven approach for analysing gaze behaviour. We use DNNs (adapted versions of AlexNet) to classify conditions from gaze patterns, paired with reverse correlation to show where and how gaze differs between conditions. We test our approach on data from an experiment investigating the effects of object-specific sounds (e.g., church bell ringing) on gaze allocation. ROI-based analysis shows a significant difference between conditions (congruent sound, no sound, phase-scrambled sound and pink noise), with more gaze allocation on sound-associated objects in the congruent sound condition. However, as expected, significance depends on the definition of the ROIs. Heatmaps show some unclear qualitative differences, but none are significant after correcting for pixelwise comparisons. We showed that, for some scenes, the DNNs could classify the task based on individual fixations with accuracy significantly higher than chance. Our approach shows that sound can alter gaze allocation, revealing task-specific, non-trivial strategies: fixations are not always drawn to the sound source but shift away from salient features, sometimes falling between salient features and the sound source. Crucially, such fixation strategies could not be revealed using a traditional hypothesis-driven approach. Overall, the method is objective, data-driven, and enables clear comparisons of conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147504141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}