Journal of Eye Movement Research最新文献

{"title":"Do Two Eyes Identify Better than One? Interpretable Binocular Dynamics for Virtual Reality Gaze Biometrics.","authors":"Yiyu Zhang, Huijun Tang, Xiajing Yao","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040080","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virtual reality (VR) headsets with built-in eye trackers can record binocular gaze, but prior biometric studies have largely emphasized monocular gaze or general spatial trajectories, leaving the identity value of interocular coordination largely untested. We test whether that geometry provides identity information beyond monocular gaze dynamics. Using the GazeBaseVR dataset, we derive disparity, vergence-dynamic, and fixation disparity features and evaluate them in cross-session identification, task transfer, sequence modeling, replay detection, and return-visit analyses. Adding binocular features to monocular features improves cross-session Rank-1 identification, while binocular features alone provide complementary but limited discrimination. Performance is strongest when enrollment and probe tasks match and weakens sharply across tasks. Per-recording disparity centering leaves much of the binocular-only result intact, and a matched-input temporal convolutional network (TCN) performs better with binocular input than with duplicated monocular input. The TCN embedding overlaps with the disparity and vergence features, and simple feature-level fusion does not improve Rank-1 performance. Left-right gaze consistency can reject simple monocular replay attempts in this constrained setting, but score query adaptation reduces detection performance. In this setting, binocular dynamics are best treated as auxiliary evidence for VR gaze biometrics rather than as a standalone authenticator.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148828896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Gaze and Classroom Conversation in Primary Education in Chile: A Comparison by Sex and Urban-Rural Context.","authors":"Marco Antonio Villalta-Paucar, Jéssica Verónica Rebolledo-Etchepare, Lautaro Barriga-Carvajal","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040079","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analyzes the relationship between verbal interaction and eye behavior among 112 primary school students in urban and rural classrooms in Chile, using wireless eye-tracking technology. The results reveal statistically significant differences based on socioeducational context and sex. Linear regression analyses show that gaze is a significantly more robust predictor of class participation in rural contexts (R² adjusted = 0.671) than in urban contexts (R² adjusted = 0.342). Furthermore, eye behavior explained 71% of the variance in male students, compared to 37.7% in female students. While female students focused their attention primarily on teachers, male students relied on a shared visual distribution between the teacher and peers to regulate their participation in class. In conclusion, the gaze acts as a differentiated scaffolding whose importance intensifies in boys and rural environments. These findings suggest distinct maturational trajectories that require teachers to implement visually intentional instructional strategies to ensure communicative efficiency in the classroom.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antisaccade Performance in Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evidence from a Familial-Risk Design.","authors":"Oguz Bilal Karakus, Ayse Akca, Muhammed Said Demirkan, Zeynep Ahsen Ozcan, Didem Cek Ozturk, Ilayda Barankoglu Sevin, Sumeyra Karakus, Ibrahim Selcuk Esin, Onur Burak Dursun","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040078","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to compare antisaccade performance among adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), their unaffected siblings, and healthy controls, and to examine whether this performance may serve as a candidate familial-risk marker for OCD. The study included 48 adolescents aged 12-18 years with OCD, 35 unaffected siblings, and 39 healthy controls. Participants completed an antisaccade task using an eye-tracking device. Antisaccade correct response rate and latency were evaluated as the primary outcomes, whereas saccadic velocity was examined as an exploratory measure of oculomotor execution. The OCD group showed lower antisaccade correct response rate and longer latency compared with healthy controls, whereas the sibling group demonstrated intermediate performance. Exploratory analyses identified statistically significant group differences in mean saccadic velocity; however, this finding should be interpreted cautiously. Regression analyses indicated that both OCD diagnosis and sibling status were independently associated with antisaccade correct response rate and latency, whereas findings for saccadic velocity should be considered exploratory. These findings suggest that impairments in antisaccade performance may not be specific to OCD but may also be present, albeit to a milder extent, in unaffected siblings, providing preliminary evidence supporting antisaccade performance as a candidate familial-risk marker for OCD that warrants further investigation within an endophenotype framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Sleep Monitoring Terminal Displays-Related Factors on User Visual Perception via Eye-Tracking and Tasks.","authors":"Jianghao Xiao, Jinyi Zhi, Shiyu Dong, Yao Zhou, Yao Xiao, Dengkai Chen","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040077","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sleep monitoring terminal display (SMTD) designated for sleep cabins provides data visualizations of sleep profiles, yet poses challenges concerning visually informed interfaces. Given the scarcity of research on the SMTD interface, this study aims to evaluate the influence of SMTD-related factors, including stimulus areas of interest (AOIs), user experiences and tasks, on user visual perceptions while interacting with the SMTD system. Eye-tracking experimental contexts drawn from authentic settings are used to examine how the SMTD interfaces affect visual perceptions under varying tasks. Forty valid samples were collected, and pupil sizes (PSs), task performances, satisfaction, and usability were statistically compared and evaluated. The findings indicated that tasks had no significant effects, but user experiences and stimuli AOIs had significant main effects on PSs. In addition, task completion time ratio and tracking ratio between the two tasks varied; physical demand exceeded mental demand in task 1, whereas it was the opposite in task 2. The effectiveness of post-optimized interfaces was additionally substantiated through combining subjective ratings and objective metrics. The SMTD study provides novel insights for digital interface development and helps enhance users' integrated visual perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"gp3tools: An R Package for Reproducible Analysis and Reporting of Gazepoint GP3 Eye-Tracking Exports.","authors":"Stefanos Balaskas","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040076","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reproducible eye-movement research requires a documented path from device exports to structured, quality-checked, and reportable data objects. Gazepoint GP3 and Gazepoint Analysis provide accessible gaze, fixation, pupil, timing, media, and area-of-interest data, but their folder-based CSV exports are not automatically analysis-ready. Existing R tools support important stages of eye-tracking and pupillometry analysis, but they generally assume that data have already been organised into suitable structures; they do not provide a Gazepoint-aware workflow beginning with export-folder checks, all-gaze/fixation pairing, sampling and tracking-quality diagnostics, and preservation of preprocessing decisions through reporting. This article presents gp3tools, an open-source R package (R version 4.6.1) that converts Gazepoint GP3/Gazepoint Analysis exports into structured R objects, diagnostic summaries, preprocessing outputs, model-ready tables, interoperability objects, and reproducible reports. Rather than introducing a new statistical estimator, the package provides an export-aware workflow scaffold for import checking, quality control, pupil preprocessing, area-of-interest, fixation and transition summaries, model preparation, interoperability, and reporting. A synthetic Gazepoint-style demonstration dataset was used to evaluate workflow execution without exposing private participant data. The demonstration identified all expected file pairs and produced sample-level gaze/pupil tables, fixation tables, sampling-quality summaries, area-of-interest summaries, review flags, and reporting outputs. A small, private real-export compatibility check further showed that the workflow could process one empirical Gazepoint folder without manual restructuring. These results support a bounded software-evaluation claim: gp3tools executes the tested Gazepoint-style workflow and returns expected diagnostic and reporting objects, but the evidence does not establish hardware accuracy, preprocessing accuracy, computational scalability, general robustness across all Gazepoint exports, or substantive psychological or perceptual effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Coupling Between Shannon Entropy and Dwell-Time Entropy Across Emotional and Safety-Critical Visual Tasks.","authors":"Yejin Lee, Kwangtae Jung","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040075","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the relationship between fixation-frequency-based Shannon entropy and dwell-time-based entropy across two different visual task domains: emotional evaluation of automotive exterior designs and safety-critical monitoring of nuclear power plant emergency scenarios. Although gaze entropy has been widely used to explain emotional responses, task performance, and situation awareness, the relationship between entropy measures derived from fixation counts and fixation durations remains insufficiently examined. Eye-tracking data were analyzed from two experiments with different attentional characteristics. In the emotional visual task, 10 participants evaluated three automotive design images. In the safety-critical task, 20 participants performed four nuclear power plant emergency monitoring scenarios. Shannon entropy and dwell-time entropy were calculated using fixation count and fixation duration distributions across Areas of Interest, respectively. Pearson correlation and simple regression analyses were conducted within each task domain. The results showed strong positive associations between Shannon entropy and dwell-time entropy in both domains. The emotional task showed a correlation of r = 0.844, while the safety-critical task showed a correlation of r = 0.890. These findings suggest that fixation-frequency-based and dwell-time-based entropy measures exhibit substantial overlap across different visual task contexts. However, the observed associations may partly reflect mathematical dependency between fixation frequency and cumulative dwell-time, and the findings should be interpreted as exploratory evidence rather than proof of metric interchangeability. The study highlights that gaze entropy metrics should be interpreted in relation to task-dependent attentional contexts. Higher entropy may be associated with exploratory visual attention in emotional evaluation, whereas lower entropy may be associated with focused monitoring in safety-critical tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye-Movement-Assisted Time-Frequency EEG Decoding for Multimodal Robotic Arm Control.","authors":"Xiangyang Sun, Wenjun Zhang, Jiahua Wu, Xingwei Xiong, Haixia Mei","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040074","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology has shown potential for future rehabilitation-related and assistive control applications. Nevertheless, single-modality electroencephalography-based motor imagery (EEG-MI) signals are susceptible to interference, whereas existing algorithmic models suffer from limited classification accuracy and insufficient actionable control commands for interactive devices, thereby impeding their practical deployment. To tackle these limitations, this study presents a multimodal human-computer interaction control scheme that integrates eye-movement command encoding with EEG motor imagery decoding. Self-collected EEG-MI and eye-movement datasets were established to support the proposed multimodal control framework. In this framework, eye movements are not used merely as auxiliary inputs, but are encoded as discrete commands for start, stop, grasp, and release, thereby reducing the command burden of EEG-MI decoding. The EEG-TransNet model is enhanced by integrating a time-frequency feature branch and replacing the original convolutional encoder with an adaptive multi-branch EEG feature gating module, strengthening the representation and fusion of multi-domain features. The model yields average classification accuracies of 86.96% and 88.73% on the BCI IV-2a dataset and the self-collected EEG dataset, respectively. Four independent SVM binary classifiers are adopted to identify four eye movement patterns. The EEG and eye movement classification results are binary-encoded to generate hardware-compatible control commands. Robotic-arm grasping experiments with healthy trained participants showed an average task completion time of 17 s, and the repeated grasping success-rate results further provide preliminary evidence for the real-time feasibility of the multimodal control framework under controlled laboratory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Pictogram and Typeface Complexity on Visual Attention: Eye-Tracking Study.","authors":"Klementina Možina, Dorotea Kovačević, Petra Buljat, Iva Šarčević, Barbara Blaznik, Tanja Medved, Maja Brozović","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040073","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated how congruence between pictogram complexity and typographic complexity influences visual processing and perceived appropriateness in multimodal communication. Drawing on theories of visual communication, legibility and aesthetic perception, the study examined whether simple or complex pictograms harmonise more effectively with sans-serif or serif typefaces. Ninety participants viewed stimuli from three thematic categories (cobbler, herbal pharmacy and gluten-free restaurant), while their eye movements were recorded using a Tobii Pro Fusion eye-tracking device. Measures included reading time, fixation count and saccade count, together with subjective evaluations of pictogram-typeface suitability. The results show that reading time was the most sensitive indicator of formal congruence. In the cobbler and gluten-free restaurant categories, simple pictograms increased reading time with sans-serif typography but decreased it with serif typography. In the herbal pharmacy category, simple pictograms and sans-serif typography independently supported faster reading performance. Subjective evaluations showed no significant differences between combinations, indicating that participants perceived all pairings as similarly appropriate despite measurable differences in processing efficiency. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of pictogram-typeface combinations depends on both formal complexity and thematic context. Eye-tracking proved valuable for revealing subtle cognitive processing differences not reflected in subjective judgements.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Signatures of Emotional Processing via Pupil Diameter, Galvanic Skin Response, and Gaze Behavior: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Miwa Horiuchi-Hirose","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040072","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This pilot study investigated the effects of emotional images on gaze behavior, pupil diameter, and galvanic skin response (GSR). After measuring trait anxiety, 37 healthy adults were shown images (disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, or neutral) from the International Affective Picture System for 4 s each while recording eye tracking and physiological responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Recorded data included total fixation duration, average fixation duration, fixation count, first fixation duration, mean pupil diameter during fixation, and average GSR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to images depicting happiness, those depicting fear were associated with longer average fixation duration, fewer fixations, and larger pupil diameters. Compared with neutral images, those showing happiness were associated with larger pupil diameters. No significant differences in GSR were observed across emotion categories. Regarding anxiety levels, fear-inducing images tended to be associated with fewer fixations and larger pupil diameters across all anxiety groups. In moderate- and high-anxiety groups, there was a tendency for longer fixation duration compared to images evoking happiness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that while individuals tend to fixate on fear images less often than on happiness images, they fixate for longer on them, which may cause pupil dilation. However, no significant response was observed depending on the level of trait anxiety. Further research using a larger sample size is needed to confirm these initial observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmune Diseases and the Vestibular and Oculomotor System: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment.","authors":"Felix K Schwarz, Gerald Wiest, Paulus Rommer","doi":"10.3390/jemr19040071","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jemr19040071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertigo, dizziness, and oculomotor disturbances may occur as manifestations of immune-mediated disorders affecting the inner ear, central vestibular pathways, or multisystem autoimmune disease. Although uncommon, these conditions are clinically important because delayed recognition may lead to irreversible hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, or neurological disability. This review summarizes the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment of immune-mediated vestibular and oculomotor disorders. We suggest a practical classification into isolated immune-mediated inner ear disease, systemic autoimmune disorders with audio-vestibular involvement, and autoimmune disorders of the central or peripheral nervous system affecting balance and eye movements. Red flags for such conditions include bilateral or progressive symptoms, fluctuating audio-vestibular deficits, associated neurological signs, and accompanied autoimmune disease. Corticosteroids remain the main first-line treatment in many of these disorders, mainly due to missing data from controlled trials. Steroid-sparing immunosuppressants, biologics, and tumor-directed therapies are effective in many cases; however, because of the missing data, they are only used in selected entities without any other choice. A structured neuro-otological and immunological workup is essential to improve diagnostic accuracy and enable timely therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}