Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Surgical excision and subsequent radiation therapy of an oral squamous cell carcinoma of a four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)","authors":"Adelaide N. Basco,&nbsp;Javier G. Nevarez,&nbsp;Jayme Looper,&nbsp;José Cesar Menk,&nbsp;Emi Sasaki,&nbsp;Fabio Del Piero,&nbsp;Nathalie Rademacher","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common, fast-growing, typically locally invasive and aggressive epithelial cell tumor in African pygmy hedgehogs, with previously reported treatments showing limited success.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 4-year-old, female intact, African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) was presented with an acute history of painful right-sided swelling of the right lateral face. A mass originated from the lateral margin of the right-sided body of the mandible. Biopsy of the mass confirmed OSCC. Computed tomographic (CT) scan confirmed a bone lesion of the right mandible, with focal lysis of the lateral mandibular aspect with non-contrast enhancing mild soft tissue swelling. A hemimandibulectomy was performed, and strontium-90 radiation therapy (RT) was prescribed at 120 Gy delivered in one fraction to the healed site. There were no apparent early adverse events of radiation; possible ocular late effects were seen. Further occurrences of OSCC outside of the prior treatment site were treated with a linear accelerator, delivering 8 Gy in 3 fractions for a total of 24 Gy. The hedgehog died 343 days post-diagnosis from multisystemic lymphoma without regrowth of any treated OSCC masses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>In this hedgehog, the combination of surgical hemimandibulectomy and adjuvant strontium-90 radiotherapy resulted in apparent clinical cure of OSCC for approximately 281 days. Further studies are required for full understanding of clinical side effects and long-term outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 36-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian & exotic news","authors":"Marian Allison","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 46-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148730821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a natural ingredient formulation for the treatment of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with external otitis","authors":"Camilo Romero Núñez,&nbsp;Galia Sheinberg Waisburd,&nbsp;Alberto M. Cordero,&nbsp;Rafael Heredia Cárdenas,&nbsp;Laura Miranda Contreras,&nbsp;Ariadna Flores Ortega,&nbsp;Linda G. Bautista Gomez","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Otitis externa associated with <em>Psoroptes cuniculi</em> is a frequent problem in pet rabbits and is often complicated by adherent exudate that hinders ear cleaning and topical drug delivery. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a natural otic formulation (PYOClean® Oto) containing honey, propolis, red myrtle essential oil, N-acetylcysteine, and green-apple lipo-amino acids compared with saline.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty New Zealand white rabbits with <em>P. cuniculi</em>–associated otitis externa were randomly allocated (1:1) to treatment or control (0.9% saline). The investigator performing otoscopy, lesion scoring, and cytological evaluation was blinded to group allocation using identical, third-party–coded vials. Treatments were applied once weekly on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Between-group comparisons were performed at each time point. For dichotomous outcomes (mite positivity), relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and exact two-sided Fisher’s p-values were calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>On day 7, the treated group showed significantly fewer mite-positive ears than controls (right ear: RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.40–0.93, p = 0.01; left ear: RR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.29–0.82, p = 0.002). From day 14 through day 35, no treated ears were mite-positive, whereas all control ears remained positive (RR = 0.03; p &lt; 0.001). Cytological inflammation and extracellular cocci resolved in treated rabbits by day 7, while control rabbits showed persistence or progression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Weekly administration of PYOClean® Oto achieved rapid clinical and parasitological remission of <em>P. cuniculi</em>–associated otitis externa, outperforming saline treatment. Reporting intergroup effect estimates with confidence intervals improves transparency and clinical interpretability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 24-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematological parameters in rabbits: A meta-analysis of compiled reference data and confounding factors","authors":"Sara Richter,&nbsp;Jutta Hein,&nbsp;Sven Reese","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Numerous studies have investigated reference values for hematological parameters in rabbits and their confounders. However, the results vary widely due to differences in the populations of animals studied, environmental conditions and measurement methods. Currently, a comprehensive summary of these studies is lacking, which makes it difficult to keep track of the different reference values.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This article aims to compile and summarize standardized reference values for common hematological parameters in rabbits, and to identify significant confounders.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic review and statistical analyses of 144 studies involving 9631 rabbits published worldwide between 1920 and 2023 was conducted. Multiple meta-analyses were performed to aggregate published reference data and identify significant confounders for each hematological parameter.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Pooled estimates of reference values were calculated for the following hematological parameters: red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), reticulocyte count, white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte and platelet (PLT) counts, mean platelet volume (MPV) and plateletcrit (PCT). Age, sex, pregnancy status, season, housing condition, measurement material, and the measurement method were identified as significant confounders (P &lt; 0.05; Cohen's d &gt; 0.5).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This review provides a statistical summary of standardized reference values, which will aid in the interpretation of blood test results in veterinary practice and research. It emphasizes the importance of considering demographic, seasonal, environmental and methodological factors when analyzing hematological data in rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 7-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful management of hemochromatosis in sugar glider","authors":"Chu-Yung Weng","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hemochromatosis is a clinically significant form of iron storage disease (ISD) characterized by excessive iron accumulation leading to progressive organ dysfunction. Although reported in various avian and exotic mammalian species, hemochromatosis is rarely documented in sugar gliders (<em>Petaurus breviceps</em>), and information regarding diagnosis and long-term management remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 6-year-old intact male sugar glider was presented with a two-month history of progressive anorexia, chronic intermittent vomiting, and diarrhea. The patient was fed a non-commercial diet without controlled iron content and housed with a clinically normal conspecific. Physical examination revealed cranial abdominal discomfort. Hematologic and serum biochemical analyses were within reference ranges. Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography identified diffuse hepatic enlargement, hyperechoic hepatic plaques, and splenic lesions. Surgical liver biopsy was performed, and histopathological examination revealed severe hepatic hemochromatosis with extensive hemosiderin deposition, fibrosis, and regenerative nodules, confirmed by Prussian blue staining. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Dietary modification was instituted, and oral iron chelation therapy with deferiprone was initiated. Clinical signs resolved completely. Follow-up ultrasonography at three months demonstrated improvement in hepatic parenchymal changes. Deferiprone therapy continued for six months and subsequently discontinued. At one-year follow-up, the patient remained clinically normal with no recurrence of gastrointestinal signs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Hemochromatosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in sugar gliders presenting with chronic nonspecific gastrointestinal signs, even in the absence of hematologic or biochemical abnormalities. Advanced imaging, histopathological confirmation, dietary evaluation, and oral iron chelation therapy can result in favorable long-term outcomes in this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 20-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary hyperparathyroidism and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) presenting with a mineralized biliary cyst","authors":"Marina Liles,&nbsp;David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman,&nbsp;Adam Moreno,&nbsp;Nicole Mikoni,&nbsp;Peter Delisser,&nbsp;Melissa Chromik,&nbsp;Anna Vincek,&nbsp;Krista Keller","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Primary hyperparathyroidism is rarely reported in rabbits.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 9-year-old spayed female rabbit was referred for chronic rhinitis, head tilt, and a palpable abdominal mass previously identified via radiographs. Physical examination confirmed a large cranial abdominal mass. Bloodwork revealed moderate hypercalcemia; other parameters were unremarkable. Computed tomography identified a large, fluid- and mineral-filled mid-abdominal cystic structure suspected to be hepatic in origin. Fluid analysis and cytology was consistent with marked calcification; bacterial culture was negative. Surgical excision was performed and histopathology identified the structure as a biliary cyst. Three weeks post-operatively, the rabbit developed limb splaying, progressive hypercalcemia, and mild hyperphosphatemia and azotemia. The patient presented four days later with an acute left femoral fracture. Radiographs showed diffusely decreased osseous density and patchy remodeling of the cancellous bone of all imaged long bones, consistent with osteopenia. Bloodwork revealed progressive hyperphosphatemia, azotemia, and elevated symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and normocalcemia. Due to poor prognosis and multiple comorbidities, euthanasia was elected. Postmortem findings included a parathyroid adenoma, bilateral femoral fractures, fibrous osteodystrophy of the femurs and mandible, chronic interstitial nephritis with fibrosis, widespread soft tissue mineralization, and multifocal <em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em> encephalitis. Parathyroid hormone levels were measured using banked heparinized plasma and found to be mildly elevated at initial presentation and markedly elevated at the time of necropsy, compared to an age- and sex-matched control and other reported values.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This case highlights a presentation of parathyroid gland adenoma in conjunction with chronic renal disease in a rabbit that developed progressive fibrous osteodystrophy and soft tissue mineralization. Clinicians should consider both primary hyperparathyroidism and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in rabbits presenting with unexplained hypercalcemia, especially with skeletal pathology or soft tissue mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 28-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traumatic injuries of the os penis in ferrets: 2 cases (2024-2025)","authors":"Rodrigo Reinoso,&nbsp;Randall Arguedas","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Traumatic injuries involving the <em>os penis</em> (baculum) are rarely described in domestic ferrets (<em>Mustela putorius furo</em>), and information regarding their clinical presentation and outcomes remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective manual review of ferret medical records from a veterinary referral clinic (2020–2025) was performed to identify male ferrets presenting with traumatic lesions involving the <em>os penis</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 125 ferret records reviewed, including 88 males, five cases with genitourinary abnormalities were identified and further evaluated. Two ferrets met the inclusion criteria for traumatic baculum injury. The first case involved complete traumatic avulsion and loss of the <em>os penis</em> associated with hematuria and pain, but without urinary obstruction. The second case consisted of a fractured baculum with apparent inversion of the distal segment, identified incidentally during diagnostic imaging for gastrointestinal disease. Conservative management resulted in favorable outcomes in both cases, and no long-term urinary complications were observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Severe traumatic injuries of the baculum may occur in domestic ferrets without severe urinary complications when urethral integrity is preserved. Diagnostic imaging is essential for identification of these lesions, and environmental hazards should be considered as potential contributing factors<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 48-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148730853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and medical management of a Gerbode defect in a Holland Lop rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Ryan J. Chang,&nbsp;Tacy Rupp,&nbsp;Justin Thomason","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Gerbode defect is a rare intracardiac shunt between the left ventricular outflow tract and right atrium. Congenital heart disease is rare in rabbits, and a Gerbode defect has not been previously described.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A three-year-old, male neutered, Holland Lop rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) was referred for evaluation of a heart murmur. At initial cardiac evaluation, the rabbit was doing well clinically with no cardiorespiratory clinical signs. A grade III/VI left apical systolic heart murmur was heard on cardiothoracic auscultation and the remainder of his physical examination was within normal limits. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a Gerbode defect (left ventricular outflow tract to right atrial communication), left atrial dilation, left ventricular dilation, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, right atrial dilation, and mitral regurgitation. Pimobendan was initiated. At five month follow-up evaluation, the rabbit was doing well with no clinical signs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>Gerbode defect should be considered as a differential diagnosis in rabbits with a heart murmur. This case presents follow-up evaluation following initiation of pimobendan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First diagnosis and treatment of acquired autoimmune myasthenia gravis in a dwarf rabbit","authors":"Do Na Lee,&nbsp;Seung-Yoon Ahn,&nbsp;Seong Chan Yeon","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by generalized weakness due to impaired neuromuscular transmission. Although rabbits have long served as experimental model for MG, spontaneous clinical MG has not been documented in companion rabbits.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 3-year-old spayed female dwarf rabbit presented with a 3-month history of progressive generalized weakness, advancing from sialorrhea to non-ambulatory tetraparesis despite prior antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and corticosteroid therapy. Neurologic examination revealed ambulatory tetraparesis with decreased postural reactions that worsened with repeated testing, consistent with fatigability, and absent withdrawal reflexes in all limbs. Following neostigmine administration, strength and postural reactions improved, findings that are in favour of a neurolocalization to the neuromuscular system. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titres were elevated compared with those of clinically normal control rabbits when measured using a rabbit-specific ELISA with an internal standard curve. Although this assay is not the gold-standard radioimmunoassay and has not been validated for the diagnosis of MG in rabbits, these findings, in combination with the clinical presentation and response to neostigmine administration, supported a presumptive diagnosis of MG.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This report describes the clinical diagnosis and successful treatment of naturally occurring MG in a rabbit, emphasizing that certain causes of generalized weakness in rabbits may be reversible with appropriate diagnostic evaluation and therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 33-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of two water-based ophthalmic lubricants on tear production and subsequent corneal injury after butorphanol-midazolam-isoflurane anesthesia in clinically normal New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Daneeya Guthrie,&nbsp;Greta Doden,&nbsp;Pratyaydipta Rudra,&nbsp;Emily McCool,&nbsp;Julianne E. McCready,&nbsp;João Brandão","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of two water-based ophthalmic lubricants (Optixcare® and GenTeal®) on Schirmer Tear Test 1 (STT-1) values during and following balanced anesthesia (butorphanol-midazolam-isoflurane), with or without a heated anesthesia circuit, and subsequent corneal injury development in clinically normal New Zealand white rabbits.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>10 clinically healthy, approximately 4-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were used in a randomized, masked, crossover study with a paired-eye (split-body) design whereby the random variables were anesthesia circuit (heated/non-heated) and eye lubricants. STT-1 values were evaluated during and following 60-minute anesthesia with a butorphanol-midazolam-isoflurane protocol. Subsequent corneal injury development and STT-1 values were assessed after the anesthesia period. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and a linear mixed model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The baseline STT-1 value for this rabbit population was 8.15 ± 2.15 mm/min. All rabbits had their STT-1 values returned to baseline 48 h after the anesthetic event. A consistent and significant decrease in STT-1 values was detected 30 min after intubation, regardless of lubricant, eye (left or right), or heated anesthesia circuit. All corneal injuries were corneal erosion, and no ulceration was observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>General anesthesia with butorphanol-midazolam-isoflurane, regardless of lubricant or heated anesthesia circuit, decreased the STT-1 value in this rabbit population. Post-anesthesia corneal injury was common but subjectively minor and occurred without clinical ocular discomfort. This study highlights the corneal vulnerability in rabbits during general anesthesia. Further research is needed to determine the most effective method for minimizing perianesthetic corneal injury in rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 40-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}