Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Determination of a plasma retinol reference interval in eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris)","authors":"Brandon J. Louth , Stephen A. Smith , McAllister Council-Troche","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Eastern collared lizard (<em>Crotaphytus collaris</em>) is a species of lizard native to the United States and Mexico and is growing in popularity in the exotic community around the world. There is minimal knowledge known on the analyte breakdown of this or closely related species. As this species becomes more popular in the exotic community more medical conditions are being identified that can be assisted in diagnosis with the establishment of ranges of the different essential analytes. Being an insectivorous lizard, this species may suffer from hypovitaminosis A. There has been a lack of antemortem diagnostics available for minimally invasive and appropriate diagnosis of this disease. Recent studies have been performed in other small insectivore species establishing plasma retinol reference intervals. Reference intervals for retinol have not been published or validated in collared lizards or any closely related species.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Plasma, with a sample volume of only 50 µl, from forty clinically healthy captive bred Eastern collared lizards, twenty males and twenty females were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine plasma retinol concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Using UPLC-MS/MS analysis, data was normally distributed and a reference interval for plasma retinol in the Eastern collared lizard was 1.57-3.07 µg/mL (0.237-0.464 µmol/L). A mean of 0.31µg/mL; with a lower limit 95% confidence interval being 1.34-1.80 µg/mL and upper limit of 2.84-3.30 µg/mL. Vitamin A (retinol) levels were significantly different when comparing a captive bred line called Blazing Blue (n = 4), with all other sampled captive bred localities. Including a closely related Aquaflames (n = 16), (Sky Blue) (n = 2), Western yellowhead (n = 5), Fancy Spotted (n = 4), Aquamarine (n = 3), and Lightning Yellow (n = 6); with the Blazing Blue morph being significantly lower using a t-Test comparison assuming equal variations. There was only 1 statistical variation seen in age groups between the 1-year-old and 6-year-old age groups with the 6-year-old age group being significantly lower than the 1-year-old age group. There was no variation based on sex.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This study provides the first established plasma retinol range in a species in the suborder iguania. Values are valuable in assistance in diagnosing and treating hypovitaminosis A and to provide advice on dietary supplementation and dietary improvement for the collared lizards and possibly other related species as well. In addition, these values can be used to design and evaluate other studies for nutritional needs of this species. Limitations of this study include only a single season of collection, no same time comparison to liver values, some age groups were limited to only 1 individual, and the evaluation of only","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 4-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of enrofloxacin administered subcutaneously or orally on the fecal microbiota of chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera)","authors":"Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yuhong Wu ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Xinyi Ma ,&nbsp;Luo Yang ,&nbsp;Lan Jiang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Lu ,&nbsp;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a vital role in the digestion of chinchillas. Antibiotics may exert negative effects on the gut microbiota, with relatively limited research conducted on chinchillas in this regard. This pilot study aimed to assess the effects of enrofloxacin via subcutaneous injection or oral administration on the fecal microbiota of chinchillas.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a prospective, randomized, blinded, before and after experiment, nine healthy adult chinchillas were randomly assigned to one of three groups receiving no treatment (n = 3), enrofloxacin injection administered subcutaneously (SC) at 10 mg/kg (q12h, for 5 days, n = 3) and enrofloxacin tablet administered orally (PO) at 10 mg/kg (q12h, for 5 days, n = 3). Fecal samples collected from each group on Day 0, Day 6 and Day 14 underwent 16S rRNA sequencing and the results were statistically analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The richness of the fecal microbiota was significantly decreased by Day 14 after administration of enrofloxacin in both SC and PO groups, but there was no significant difference between these two groups. Complete separations of bacterial composition were also observed in the PCoA and NMDS plots in PO group between Day 6 and Day 0, in SC group between Day 14 and Day 0. Significant changes in the relative abundance of dominant microbiota at both phylum and genus levels were noted on Day 14 in PO group. Specifically, there were significantly increased in the abundance of genus <em>Bacteroides</em> and <em>norank_f_Oscillospiraceae</em>. No significant changes in the dominant taxa were seen in SC group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg SC or PO q12h for 5 days led to a significant decrease in the fecal microbiota diversity and alternations in its composition. Oral administration of enrofloxacin had a more significant effect on specific dominant taxa than subcutaneous injection, although the result needs to be interpreted cautiously as it is possible that the observed changes in microbiome could be due to the stress related to the administration process. Obvious clinical impact was not observed in any of the groups during the study. Therefore, administration of enrofloxacin at 10mg/kg SC and PO q12h for 5 days were both considered clinically safe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of oral capromorelin on food intake and body weight in healthy, four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris)","authors":"Gail L. Huckins,&nbsp;Christoph Mans,&nbsp;Grayson A. Doss","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although inappetence is a common clinical sign in ill four-toed hedgehogs (<em>Atelerix albiventris</em>), there is limited information on the use of appetite stimulants in this species. Capromorelin is a growth hormone secretagogue that acts as a selective ghrelin receptor agonist. It has been demonstrated to increase food intake in dogs and cats with normal appetite as well as in dogs with inappetence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The effects of capromorelin on food intake and body weight were studied in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, complete cross-over study in 10 healthy adult hedgehogs. Baseline food intake and body weight were recorded, and hedgehogs were administered either capromorelin (10 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume (0.33 mL/kg) of an oral compounding vehicle PO via syringe daily in the early evening for 5 days. Food intake and body weight were measured daily for 4 days following the last dose.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Hedgehogs produced foamy saliva during oral administration regardless of treatment. Over the 5-day treatment period, hedgehogs administered capromorelin ate more food (median: 11%, range: −37% to 71%) than hedgehogs in the control group, and 7/10 (70%) hedgehogs administered capromorelin had an increase in food intake. However, this change in food intake was not statistically significantly different when compared to the control group. Body weight did not increase following capromorelin administration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance</h3><div>Unlike in other species, repeated daily oral administration of capromorelin doses at 10 mg/kg does not appear to induce the same degree of appetite stimulation in hedgehogs. Further research is needed to determine if capromorelin is effective in hedgehogs with inappetence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral cataract associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHPV/PHTVL) in a dwarf rabbit","authors":"Caterina Morera ,&nbsp;Isabella Costantino ,&nbsp;Domenico Caivano ,&nbsp;Noemi Nisini ,&nbsp;Claudia Massone ,&nbsp;Rolando Arcelli","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHPV/PHTVL) is a congenital anomaly of normal development of the primary vitreous. Depending on the severity, this condition can lead to multiple different complications. Unilateral PHPV/PHTVL has been described in a young rabbit with visual impairment but without cataract. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, ultrasonographic findings, surgical treatment, and outcome of a symmetric, bilateral, mature cataract associated with PHPV/PHTVL in a rabbit.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>An intact 2-year-old male dwarf rabbit presented with intermittent tearing. Complete and mature cataracts were observed in both eyes. Despite complete blindness, the owner did not report any abnormal behavior. Ocular ultrasound showed a hyperechoic linear structure in the vitreous, suggestive of PHPV/PHTVL, with similar findings in both eyes. Microvascular Doppler (MicroV) was able to detect blood flow in the tunica vasculosa lentis within the retrolenticular area. The surgery was conducted without significant complications, and functional vision was maintained postoperatively during the 4-month follow-up period.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>This case represents the first report of symmetrical, bilateral cataracts caused by PHPV/PHTVL in rabbits. This report highlights the effectiveness of microV Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic technique. Cataract surgery could be considered a feasible and routine procedure for rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 43-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful medical management of a rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 infection in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Albert Phouratsamay ,&nbsp;Alix Barbarino ,&nbsp;Gabrielle Marolles ,&nbsp;Gabrielle Juster ,&nbsp;Elise Martinot ,&nbsp;Paul Raymond ,&nbsp;Patricia Muffat-es-Jacques ,&nbsp;Patrick Verwaerde ,&nbsp;Charly Pignon ,&nbsp;Thomas Coutant","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>RHDV2 infection carries a variable risk of mortality in pet rabbits and there is no specific antiviral treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>An 8-month-old unvaccinated neutered male dwarf rabbit was presented for decreased appetite and reduced faecal output over 12 hours. The rabbit was lethargic and had an uncomfortable cranial abdominal palpation. Abdominal radiography revealed incipient signs of gastric stasis. Blood tests showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase activities and a total hyperbilirubinaemia, a thrombocytopenia, a regenerative anaemia and an increase in clotting times for both activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. On abdominal ultrasound, peritoneal effusion was found in small quantity between liver lobes. RHDV2 infection was confirmed by PCR on a blood sample. Intensive care was initiated, and an 18 mL/kg plasma transfusion was performed. The blood donor rabbit was a healthy and vaccinated 1-year-old New Zealand White neutered male rabbit. Following plasma transfusion, clear clinical improvement was observed. The rabbit was discharged after 6 days with improved blood parameters. The rabbit recovered uneventfully after 1 week. Six months posthospitalization, the rabbit was vaccinated with a trivalent vaccine against myxomatosis, RHDV1 and RHDV2. After 15 months, the rabbit remained healthy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>This case reports a detailed successful medical management of a RHDV2 infection in a pet rabbit using supportive treatments and a transfusion of convalescent plasma from a vaccinated rabbit. Convalescent plasma therapy is a relatively simple and affordable treatment that should be considered in case of RHDV2 infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 38-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycobacteriosis in the swim bladder caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum in a blood parrot cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus × Paraneetroplus synspilus)","authors":"Sirawich Srisiri ,&nbsp;Onanong Charoenwai ,&nbsp;Teerapat Yongprapat ,&nbsp;Patharapol Piamsomboon ,&nbsp;Thanida Haetrakul","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Swim bladder disorders occur frequently in several fish species, with bacterial infections being a primary cause. However, infections caused by mycobacteria are not usually reported.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A blood parrot cichlid (<em>Amphilophus citrinellus</em> × <em>Paraneetroplus synspilus</em>) presented with a recurrent unresponsive swim bladder disorder. The fish had undergone several unsuccessful aspirations of the swim bladder and antimicrobial treatments. Ultrasonography and radiography indicated fluid accumulation in the swim bladder. A turbid-yellowish fluid containing numerous acid-fast–positive bacilli was obtained during swim bladder aspiration. The fish was subsequently euthanized, and the necropsy revealed a fluid-filled enlarged swim bladder with yellowish sediments. Histopathological examination using Ziehl–Neelsen staining identified multiple granulomas encapsulating acid-fast–positive bacilli in several internal organs. <em>Mycobacterium fortuitum</em> infection was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction assay and genetic analysis<em>.</em></div></div><div><h3>Conclusion and case relevance</h3><div>This primary report documents the unusual pathology of <em>M. fortuitum</em> infection in this particular cichlid species, in which the bacteria colonized the swim bladder cavity, leading to a buoyancy disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 54-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian & Exotic News","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 36-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Joanna K. Webb DVM, MS, DACZM","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"51 ","pages":"Page 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of time and anticoagulant type on hematologic values in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)","authors":"Gretel Tovar-Lopez ,&nbsp;Krista A. Keller ,&nbsp;A Russell Moore ,&nbsp;Sangeeta Rao ,&nbsp;Miranda J. Sadar","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Avian hematologic characteristics complicate evaluation; therefore, complete blood cell counts require manual analysis for best accuracy. Furthermore, the quality of samples may be affected by prolonged shipment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Blood was collected from the right jugular vein of twenty-four, 7-year-old (14 male, 10 female), wild-type cockatiels (<em>Nymphicus hollandicus</em>)<em>.</em> Smears were prepared using fresh, untreated blood. The remainder was divided into dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and lithium heparin microtainers. A hematocrit tube and blood smear were prepared at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours after venipuncture. Packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), estimated white blood cell (WBC) count, WBC differential (heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), hemolysis index (HI), and preparation quality were assessed and compared to baseline. After log transformation, the effects of anticoagulants across time points were compared.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Heparinized samples had significant differences in WBC, heterophil, and lymphocyte counts at 48 hours, and PCV and TS at 72 hours compared to baseline. There was a positive proportional bias in PCV and TS from EDTA anticoagulant samples at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and from heparinized samples at 48 and 72 hours compared to baseline. The EDTA samples had increased PCV and TS compared to heparin at all time points, and higher WBC and heterophil counts at 48 hours compared to baseline. A type II methodological error cannot be excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>These results suggest that the anticoagulant used and time spent in anticoagulant alters hematologic values in cockatiels, which may have significant clinical implications. The importance of sample processing within 24 hours and anticoagulant-specific reference intervals for hematologic variables should be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 48-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstracts from the literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 33-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}