Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Cerebrovascular accident in a domestic ferret diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"McKenzie Livengood ,&nbsp;Eric Hostnik ,&nbsp;Nicholas Jew","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This case report describes a presumed cerebrovascular accident in a domestic ferret presenting with acute neurologic symptoms. A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is defined as an acute event that causes neurologic dysfunction due to disruption in cerebral blood supply, infarction, or hemorrhage, and which is nonprogressive after 24 hours.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>The ferret presented to the emergency service with an acute onset of neurologic symptoms: dull mentation, circling to the left, and a right-sided proprioceptive ataxia. The CVA was identified by magnetic resonance imaging. A left cerebral arterial territory restricted diffusion and edematous imaging pattern was seen, consistent with a left middle cerebral artery occlusion. The ferret was treated with supportive care and anti-inflammatory corticosteroids (prednisolone). A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging was performed, showing an abnormality in a similar location, interpreted as a chronic nonhemorrhagic vascular event with resolving edema.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>CVAs have been reported and described in veterinary medicine in cats and dogs, but a clinical case has not been reported in ferrets. Overall, this case demonstrates an important differential to consider in a ferret exhibiting acute central neurologic symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 15-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147703926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suspected lung lobe torsion and successful lobectomy in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Grace Grotz ,&nbsp;Natasha M. Hottmann ,&nbsp;Marcie Logsdon ,&nbsp;Jonathan Miller ,&nbsp;Ashley Warren","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lung lobe torsion is a rare and life-threatening condition in mammals. Based on the literature search described below, no previous reports have documented lung lobe torsion in a rabbit. The present case describes the diagnosis and successful surgical treatment of suspected right cranial lung lobe torsion in a domestic rabbit.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 6-year-old neutered male rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) presented with increased respiratory effort, sneezing, and worsening cough over several days. The rabbit had a history of respiratory disease and right cranial lung lobe inflammatory lower airway disease. Physical examination revealed pale mucous membranes and decreased lung sounds on the right. On computed tomography of the thorax, the right cranial lung lobe was dorsally positioned, hyperinflated, and reduced in vascularity. Right cranial lung lobe torsion with concurrent pneumonia was highly suspected. An emergency right cranial lung lobectomy was performed. Diffuse changes in the affected lobe were observed with no visible torsion. Postoperatively, the rabbit recovered uneventfully with an improved appetite. Histopathology was performed on the excised lung lobe, and findings were compatible with lung lobe torsion.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>For rabbits presenting with respiratory signs and lobar changes on imaging, lung lobe torsion should be included as a differential. Lung lobectomy is the recommended treatment and contributed to the rabbit’s good outcome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen screening in adult frozen feeder mice commonly reveals zoonotic rodent-adapted Cryptosporidium spp.","authors":"Hayley S. Stratton ,&nbsp;Ashley E. Cave ,&nbsp;Gregory A. Lewbart ,&nbsp;Larry S. Christian ,&nbsp;Daniel S. Dombrowski","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Feeder rodents include mice, rats, and occasionally other rodents that are used to feed animals under human care including reptiles, amphibians, birds of prey, and other zoological species. Feeder rodents have previously been associated with numerous outbreaks and isolated infections of zoonotic diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Frozen adult feeder mice (<em>Mus musculus</em>) from several popular commercial sources were screened for the presence of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp., Hantaan virus, <em>Leptospira</em> spp., lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, <em>Salmonella</em> spp., and <em>Streptobacillus moniliformis</em> via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was performed on pooled fecal samples for <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. and on pooled oral swabs and fecal samples for the remaining pathogens. Samples were pooled from multiple mice, but sources were tested independently.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>None of the pooled samples tested positive for Hantaan virus, <em>Leptospira</em> spp., lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, <em>Salmonella</em> spp. or <em>Streptobacillus moniliformis</em>; however, <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. were detected in pooled fecal samples from a majority of rodent sources (8/10, 80.0%). The majority of the positive isolates (6/8; 75%) were identified as <em>Cryptosporidium tyzzeri</em>, a rodent-adapted <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. with zoonotic potential.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Results of this pilot study suggest that rodent-associated <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. including <em>C. tyzzeri</em> are common in frozen adult feeder mice; however, the viability and infectivity of these organisms following freezing is unknown. Due to the infectious and zoonotic potential of these pathogens, pet owners and animal caretakers should take precautions to prevent disease transmission when handling frozen feeder rodents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147604232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathologic description of reproductive tracts and use of a vessel sealing device for elective ovariohysterectomy in domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus)","authors":"Aiden E. Masri ,&nbsp;Jet’aime D. Lewis ,&nbsp;Chris Schiller ,&nbsp;Ramona Skirpstunas ,&nbsp;Sierra Imanse ,&nbsp;Kyra J. Berg","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While rats are commonly studied in research settings, little information is available regarding normal reproductive histopathology of domestic pet rats. This study aimed to describe histopathologic findings in healthy domestic rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH), document postoperative outcomes up to 4 weeks after surgery, and evaluate the feasibility of a vessel-sealing device (VSD) in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six apparently healthy female domestic rats (&gt;3 months old) were examined prior to elective ventral midline OVH. Uterine and ovarian tissues were submitted for histopathologic evaluation. Two and four-week postoperative owner surveys were collected.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Histopathologic evaluation of the reproductive tracts of all six rats revealed findings considered incidental when compared to laboratory rat histopathology. These incidental findings included increased cellular turnover and apoptosis of endometrial epithelial cells, eosinophilic infiltration within the endometrial stroma and myometrium, focal aggregates of hemosiderophages surrounding congested vessels in the uterine horns and body, ovarian bursal cystic dilatation, and mild, diffuse endometrial hyperplasia. Incision-site abscess formation and reduced postoperative activity and appetite were the only postoperative complications noted in this study. The VSD implementation was determined to be feasible and easy to use; however, complete uterine body excision was not achieved in three out of six rats.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This study establishes baseline reproductive tract histopathology in pet rats, including characterization of incidental lesions. While minimal complications occurred, a technique using a VSD requires further refinement before its use is recommended for OVH in domestic pet rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147703925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian & exotic news","authors":"Marian Allison","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 22-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Streptococcus canis-associated pneumonia and pyothorax in a pet chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)","authors":"Enrique Yarto-Jaramillo ,&nbsp;Cinthia Hernández R ,&nbsp;Daniel Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Miroslava Alonso ,&nbsp;Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney ,&nbsp;Irindi Çitaku","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A one-year-old, 0.545 kg intact male pet chinchilla (<em>Chinchilla lanigera</em>) presented for a two-day progression of labored breathing, hyporexia, and lethargy. No history of trauma or any direct contact with the dog in the home was reported. Physical examination revealed polypnea, a restrictive respiratory pattern, and decreased breathing sounds in both hemithoraxes. The chinchilla was hospitalized due to respiratory compromise with oxygen saturation of 67% and for overall intensive medical support. Orthogonal radiographs revealed a pattern suggestive of pneumonia and pleural effusion. In-hospital supportive care consisted of 100% cage oxygen therapy for 4 hours, anxiolytics and opioid for sedation while continuing with other diagnostic studies. Thoracic ultrasound confirmed pleural effusion thus a guided fine-needle aspiration was performed obtaining a whitish purulent material. Culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and computed tomography to assess the extension of lung damage were performed. Computed tomography revealed a severe pneumonic process, an interstitial-alveolar pattern on the entire left hemithorax and pulmonary atelectasis of the right hemithorax. Three day in-hospital management included broad-spectrum antibiotics, intermittent oxygen therapy as needed according to oxygen saturation values, analgesia, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anxiolytics, and assisted feeding. Culture from the pleural effusion revealed the presence of <em>Streptococcus canis</em>. Outpatient management included antibiotics, nebulization, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. This is the first report of pneumonia and pyothorax caused by <em>Streptococcus canis</em> in chinchillas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 18-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147740769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description and outcome of cystotomy in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): 43 cases (2017–2023)","authors":"Olivia Roose ,&nbsp;Marie-Pierre Rainville ,&nbsp;Andréanne Rondeau ,&nbsp;Andreas Brieger ,&nbsp;Isabelle Langlois","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to describe the indications, perioperative diagnostics, and surgical techniques used during cystotomies in ferrets, and to identify associated surgical complications.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six veterinary hospitals were contacted to participate in the study. Cases were identified by research of the billed items for the word “cystotomy” amongst ferret patients, using the corresponding veterinary hospitals’ software. History, signalment, diagnostic tests, duration of anesthesia and surgery, urolith composition, and complications were recorded. Complications were defined as minor or major based on the need for medical intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Medical records from 43 ferrets that underwent cystotomy between 2017 and 2023 across five veterinary hospitals were reviewed retrospectively. A significant difference in the distribution of sexes (<em>P</em> = 0.001) was observed with 32 of 43 (74%) ferrets being male. The median surgical time was 70 minutes. Data regarding patient outcome and complications related to the surgery were specified in 38 of 43 cases. Minor complications occurred in 14 of 38 cases (37%), and major complications in 8 of 38 (21%). The most common major complication was incomplete removal of uroliths (4/38, 10.5%). Intraoperative euthanasia was performed in one patient, and no other intraoperative mortality was reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Uroliths are often encountered in ferrets and cystotomy is commonly chosen as the treatment to remove these stones. Cystotomies performed in ferrets of the present study had a minor complication rate comparable to that reported in cats and dogs, but the major complication rate appeared higher. Larger-scale studies are warranted to validate these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 24-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein and amino acid concentrations of commercially available diets for pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)","authors":"Jonathan Stockman ,&nbsp;Jake Decker ,&nbsp;Shachar Malka ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Larsen ,&nbsp;Raphael Vanderstichel","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Commercial diets intended for ferrets (<em>Mustela putorius furo</em>) are widely available; however, the nutritional requirements for ferrets are mostly unknown. Protein and amino acid requirements are mostly extrapolated from mink and cats. The study aimed to analyze and report proximate analysis values and selected amino acid concentrations of commercial ferret diets. Diet comparisons were performed according to grain and legume inclusion.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 12 ferret diets were purchased, aliquoted, and sent for proximate analysis and amino acid analysis. The caloric density for each diet was calculated, and the amino acid content was determined on a metabolizable energy basis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All 12 diets exceeded the recommended allowance values for protein for both adult cats and mink, and for essential amino acids in adult cats in maintenance. There were no significant differences in sulfur amino acid concentrations between grain-free and grain-inclusive diets or between legume-free and legume-inclusive diets.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>All sampled diets appear to provide sufficient protein and essential amino acids based on feline requirements; however, further research is needed to establish requirements in ferrets. No evidence was found for an abundance of sulfur amino acids in grain-free diets or legume-inclusive diets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 37-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of acellular fish skin grafts for complicated soft-tissue wound management in multiple exotic companion animal species: Three cases (2023–2024)","authors":"Cassie Seebart ,&nbsp;Hannah Kunzman ,&nbsp;Grayson Cole ,&nbsp;Sue Chen","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2026.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Xenografting with acellular fish skin graft (FSG) has shown improved wound healing for complex and chronic soft-tissue wounds in human medicine. FSGs have been successfully applied in veterinary medicine for wound healing in dogs and cats, but little is described regarding their use in exotic species. FSGs have unique characteristics that promote healing and reportedly reduce inflammation and infection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This case series describes FSG application in three zoological companion animal cases with different wound etiologies: a two-year-old female spayed rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) with progressive facial ischemic necrosis, a three-year-old female ball python (<em>Python regius</em>) with suspected cutaneous adverse injection site reactions, and an 11-year-old female Quaker parrot (<em>Myiopsitta monachus</em>) with a chronic nonhealing keel wound. A commercial FSG (Kerecis® VET) was placed after wound debridement in all cases.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All cases demonstrated progression of healing, but the rate of healing varied between species. The rabbit healed rapidly with full resolution of the wound at five weeks, the ball python over seven weeks, and the Quaker parrot developed complications and required a second wound debridement performed at five weeks. Graft desiccation and failure of adherence to the wound bed were common complications. Secondary infection and retained shed were also noted. Comorbidities may limit graft efficacy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This case series documents the possible utility of FSGs in wound care for zoological companion animals, but species-specific considerations are important for case management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 42-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in cardiac tissue of reptiles with two different immunoassays","authors":"Lauren E. Mumm ,&nbsp;Sarah M. Ozawa ,&nbsp;Kursten V. Pierce ,&nbsp;Larry J. Minter ,&nbsp;Maria Serrano ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Mochizuki","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a cardiac-specific biomarker used to detect myocardial injury in mammals, has only undergone cursory investigation in reptiles. This study’s objectives were to determine feasibility of cTnI detection in reptilian cardiac tissue, skeletal muscle, and plasma utilizing two different immunoassays, and compare tissue concentrations between immunoassays and taxonomic groups (chelonians, lizards, snakes).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Tissue homogenates were created and total protein concentrations determined from cardiac tissue and skeletal muscle collected from 30 individual reptiles representing 25 different species. Heparinized plasma was collected from seven reptiles. Samples were analyzed on both point-of-care (i-STAT) and high-sensitivity (ADVIA) immunoassays when feasible, and standardized concentrations compared between sample type, immunoassay, and taxonomic group.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>cTnI was detected above the lower limit of detection (LoD) in cardiac tissues from 24/25 species on the i-STAT and 22/22 species on the ADVIA. Only one sample produced analyzer error, occurring on the i-STAT. Cardiac tissue had significantly higher cTnI in chelonians (<em>p</em>_adj = 0.034) and lizards (<em>p</em>_adj = 0.049) than snakes on the i-STAT, and in chelonians than both lizards (<em>p</em>_adj = 0.015) and snakes (<em>p</em>_adj &lt; 0.01) on the ADVIA. The i-STAT and ADVIA had poor agreement for cardiac tissue samples. Most skeletal muscle samples reported analyzer error (20/30) or concentrations below the LoD (9/30) on the i-STAT. On the ADVIA all skeletal muscle samples were above the LoD (25/25), and four snakes had higher cTnI concentrations in skeletal muscle than cardiac tissue. All plasma samples had detectable cTnI on both immunoassays, but most on the i-STAT were below the LoD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>At least 22 reptile species have detectable cTnI in cardiac tissue on two different immunoassays. Due to variability between taxonomic groups and immunoassays, establishment of both species-specific and assay-specific reference intervals are warranted for clinical utility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Pages 28-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}