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Toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants 有机磷阻燃剂的毒性
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1177/07349041231161493
B. Howell
{"title":"Toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants","authors":"B. Howell","doi":"10.1177/07349041231161493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231161493","url":null,"abstract":"As the development and use of organophosphorus flame retardants have become more prevalent, concerns about potential toxicity are being raised. To date, most studies on potential toxicity have focused on simple phosphate esters and often include both alkyl and aryl esters or, in some cases, even halogenated phosphate esters (which should more properly be included among organohalogen flame retardants). The inclusion of several kinds of esters into a single study leads to muddled conclusions. Each class of phosphate esters should be subjected to toxicity assessment separately. Furthermore, the potential toxicity of the more effective (lower level of oxygenation at phosphorus: phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides) organophosphorus flame retardants has been little explored. The few results available suggest that these compounds exhibit no or minimal toxicity (lower than that of phosphates?). This represents an area that should be the focus of careful detailed studies to establish any potential toxicity.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":"102 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43734640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impact of additive manufacturing on reaction to fire 增材制造对火灾反应的影响
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/07349041231158990
T. Nazé, F. Poutch, F. Bonnet, M. Jimenez, S. Bourbigot
{"title":"Impact of additive manufacturing on reaction to fire","authors":"T. Nazé, F. Poutch, F. Bonnet, M. Jimenez, S. Bourbigot","doi":"10.1177/07349041231158990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231158990","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing, including fused deposition modelling, is a growing technology opening up wide perspectives in material sciences. However, the ability to produce suitable fire-retarded materials via this process has never been studied extensively. This work focuses on understanding the relation between reaction to fire and numerous additive manufacturing parameters. The goal was to determine the impact of those parameters on standard fire tests such as flame propagation test (UL94V) and cone calorimetry. The results were compared with material samples formulated via usual processes. On one hand, flame propagation results are impacted by many additive manufacturing parameters, such as the design of the part and the material flow. On the other hand, cone calorimeter results are only influenced by parameters having an impact on the sample mass.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":"53 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49648713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Old age and fire injury 老年与火伤
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/07349041231153040
M. Taylor, H. Francis, J. Fielding
{"title":"Old age and fire injury","authors":"M. Taylor, H. Francis, J. Fielding","doi":"10.1177/07349041231153040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231153040","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies indicated that the elderly are vulnerable to fire injury. In this article, the nature of such vulnerability in terms of fire injury risk factors including age band, gender, occupancy level, deprivation, mobility, alcohol consumption and attempting to fight the fire is examined in a UK Fire and Rescue Service between April 2011 and April 2022. Fire injury risk was more common the greater the age of the elderly individual, more likely for males up to 74, but more likely for females above that age, possibly due to the greater proportion of females to males above age 74 in the area and time period studied. Elderly fire injuries mainly occurred in single occupancy housing and in more deprived areas. Cooking-related fire injuries accounted for 60.2% of elderly fire injuries, followed by smoking-related fire injuries (14.3%) and heating-related fire injuries (7.2%). Fire fatalities were not included in the analysis.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":"16 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42090403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Analysis of solid combustion products to establish a theoretical model of the causes of thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion battery overcharge and heating 固体燃烧产物的分析建立三元锂离子电池过充发热热失控原因的理论模型
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1177/07349041221146221
W. Liu, F. Zhao, Song Yin, Tengzhou Ma, Jiang Qing
{"title":"Analysis of solid combustion products to establish a theoretical model of the causes of thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion battery overcharge and heating","authors":"W. Liu, F. Zhao, Song Yin, Tengzhou Ma, Jiang Qing","doi":"10.1177/07349041221146221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221146221","url":null,"abstract":"It is difficult to determine whether ternary lithium-ion batteries (t-LIBs) were the “source” of the actual fire scene because of the little available direct evidence left after thermal runaway combustion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the lack of relevant analytical methods for t-LIBs after complete combustion. As a result, a large number of fires involving t-LIBs are controversially identified as the cause every year. In this paper, we conducted experiments on the two most common thermal runaway types of t-LIBs to investigate the correlation model between their combustion products and thermal runaway types. In the case of overcharge, the combustion products (black powder) of t-LIBs contain aluminum elements, which may be due to the thermal reaction of aluminum. In contrast, in the case of heating, the combustion products of t-LIBs have almost no detectable elemental aluminum. The reason may be due to the ability of the electrode material to continuously decompose and precipitate a large amount of metal oxides under the overcharge condition, which constitutes the condition for the occurrence of the aluminum thermal reaction, making the presence of Al2O3 in the combustion products. However, the lack of continuous current action under the heating condition prevents the generation of the aluminum thermal reaction.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":"3 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48067348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Sensitivity analysis applied to the pyrolysis of charring and non-charring materials under a cone calorimeter 灵敏度分析应用于锥形量热计下炭化和非炭化物料的热解
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/07349041221134486
Manon Fleurotte, O. Authier, S. Bourbigot, G. Fontaine, G. Debenest, A. Amokrane
{"title":"Sensitivity analysis applied to the pyrolysis of charring and non-charring materials under a cone calorimeter","authors":"Manon Fleurotte, O. Authier, S. Bourbigot, G. Fontaine, G. Debenest, A. Amokrane","doi":"10.1177/07349041221134486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221134486","url":null,"abstract":"A sensitivity analysis is performed using the Morris method to prioritize the input parameters of a pyrolysis model according to their degree of influence on the heat release rate (HRR). Moreover, this sensitivity analysis aims determining possible interactions between the input parameters. Indeed, this important aspect is original and at our best knowledge has never been studied in the past. Two materials are studied under cone calorimeter: a non-charring (poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) and a charring one (polyvinyl chloride (PVC)). Different thicknesses and external heat fluxes are studied to determine their effects on the parameters influence. With regard to PMMA, the most influent parameters are the activation energy, the emissivity, the density and the heat capacity. For the PVC, the most influent parameters are the activation energies. For the PVC, this study showed the existence of interactions between input parameters. This result is original and shows the importance of considering this in sensitivity analysis studies.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"405 - 443"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46370785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Fire-extinguishing performance and gas-phase pollution characteristics of different foam agents in extinguishing transformer oil pool fire 不同泡沫剂在变压器油池火灾中的灭火性能及气相污染特性
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/07349041221142509
Jiaqing Zhang, Fengju Shang, Wencheng Zhou, Fei Xiao, Dengfeng Cheng
{"title":"Fire-extinguishing performance and gas-phase pollution characteristics of different foam agents in extinguishing transformer oil pool fire","authors":"Jiaqing Zhang, Fengju Shang, Wencheng Zhou, Fei Xiao, Dengfeng Cheng","doi":"10.1177/07349041221142509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221142509","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, aqueous film-forming foam, fluoroprotein foam, and synthetic foam were applied to extinguish the transformer oil pool fires. The fire-extinguishing performance and burn-back resistance were investigated using a laboratory fire-extinguishing system. Moreover, the emission products were analyzed to evaluate the gas-phase pollution characteristics. Results show that aqueous film-forming foam presents the highest fire-extinguishing efficiency, while fluoroprotein foam has the best burn-back performance. Flue gas and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer analyses demonstrate that the use of fluoroprotein foam results in much higher CO emissions than other foams, and the pollutants are mainly from various hydrocarbons produced by incomplete combustion of transformer oil. Synthetic foam and aqueous film-forming foam lead to higher SO2 and NO emissions, and pollutants are mainly dominated by alcohols and ethers. Noteworthily, when using aqueous film-forming foam to extinguish oil pool fire, a persistent organic pollutant, perfluorooctanoic acid, is detected in the gas phase.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"463 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47971045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The study of firefighter operation radio attenuation during fire disaster 火灾期间消防员操作无线电衰减的研究
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/07349041221137683
C. Weng, Yuan-Ming Chiu, Ya-wen Yang
{"title":"The study of firefighter operation radio attenuation during fire disaster","authors":"C. Weng, Yuan-Ming Chiu, Ya-wen Yang","doi":"10.1177/07349041221137683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221137683","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of environmental and human factors on communication attenuation as well as to improve radio signal attenuation. In this study, a fire training containerized structure for firefighters and commercial rescue portable radios were used for a communication experiment in a fire scene. It was found that the firefighter’s relief communication posture reduced radio communication power. The prone posture had the greatest effect on radio communication attenuation. Also, smoke caused a decrease in communication power regardless of flame burning conditions or temperature effects. The results of the study showed that the communication power can be improved by changing the radio antenna orientation and operating the radio in a non-dense smoke layer. Finally, this study proposed that a new portable radio protection bag with thermal protection designed for firefighters wearing radios on oxygen cylinder straps could effectively improve the communication attenuation problem.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"444 - 462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43293308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of accelerated and natural weathering on fire-retarded industrial wood composite 加速和自然风化对阻燃工业木材复合材料的影响
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-27 DOI: 10.1177/07349041221102059
G. Fontaine, V. Marchetti, S. Bourbigot
{"title":"Effects of accelerated and natural weathering on fire-retarded industrial wood composite","authors":"G. Fontaine, V. Marchetti, S. Bourbigot","doi":"10.1177/07349041221102059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221102059","url":null,"abstract":"This study shows the impact of aging on the fire behavior of a fire-retarded polyvinyl chloride wood composite cladding intended for outdoor use. Two sets of composite wood cladding elements were examined: one aged naturally under exposed outdoors conditions for 1 year and the second, which underwent artificial accelerated aging. Optical microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of 27Al were used to investigate changes in the material properties after aging, distribution of chemical compounds, and aluminum environment. This study reveals the impact of different aging procedures on the physicochemical modifications of the composite material. In addition, after aging, the fire behavior of the two sets of composites as a function of fire exposure time was evaluated by cone calorimetry. Then, the natural aged composite was evaluated on a larger scale with the single burning item. The results surprisingly demonstrate that whatever the aging, the fire behavior of these wood composite was not affected.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"385 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48019945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Electrical applications in Internet of things and e-vehicles: Passive fire safety needs and solutions 物联网和电动汽车中的电气应用：被动消防安全需求和解决方案
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-07 DOI: 10.1177/07349041221108643
J. Troitzsch
{"title":"Electrical applications in Internet of things and e-vehicles: Passive fire safety needs and solutions","authors":"J. Troitzsch","doi":"10.1177/07349041221108643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221108643","url":null,"abstract":"The exponential growth of electrical devices in Internet of things and e-vehicles will lead to new fire safety challenges. As electric fires rank second among all fires and electrical equipment recalls show safety gaps, fire safety requirements must be better enforced and improved. The analysis of the current qualitative pass/fail requirements for electrotechnical products shows that they provide a basic level of fire safety. Fire testing of car and bus interiors, mandatory worldwide, is too low level. Alternative tests, such as the microscale combustion calorimeter, are discussed. Buses have to comply with additional fire tests. E-vehicles must meet a fire exposure test for electric powertrain and specifications to prevent thermal runaway of batteries. Charging stations must comply with fire and overheating requirements for enclosures, plugs, and sockets. Passive fire safety needs are primarily met by using flame retardants, and for preventing thermal runaway of batteries, by intumescent coatings, interlayers, and ceramifying products.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"347 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46443019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experiments in aerial firefighting with and without additives and its application to suppress wildfires near electrical transmission lines 有添加剂和无添加剂的空中灭火实验及其在抑制输电线路附近野火中的应用
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1177/07349041221098171
Tejun Zhou, Jiazheng Lu, Lifu He, Chuanping Wu, Jing Luo
{"title":"Experiments in aerial firefighting with and without additives and its application to suppress wildfires near electrical transmission lines","authors":"Tejun Zhou, Jiazheng Lu, Lifu He, Chuanping Wu, Jing Luo","doi":"10.1177/07349041221098171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221098171","url":null,"abstract":"A comparison scheme is proposed to extinguish non-uniform fire scenes and continuously uniform fire scenes using a helicopter’s bucket fire-extinguishing device to spray extinguishing agent. Pure water, and Class AB, gel, and Class A extinguishing agents were added to the bucket fire-extinguishing device to spray 4-layer, 6-layer, and 12-layer wood crib fires. It was discovered that the depth (the distance from the top of the wood crib) of effective cooling and prevention of temperature recovery by extinguishing agents was 0.36 m and that the cooling performance of the extinguishing agents in sequence from high to low was Class A extinguishing agent > gel extinguishing agent > Class AB extinguishing agent > pure water. Their capacity to prevent temperature recovery in the wood crib fires in sequence from high to low was gel extinguishing agent > Class A extinguishing agent > Class AB extinguishing agent > pure water. A device has been developed that can add extinguishing agent to the helicopter bucket efficiently, and its application on-site during the 2020–2021 Spring Festival and other events showed that it can quickly extinguish small-area wildfires near electrical transmission lines to reduce line trips due to wildfire.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"313 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47963876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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