Journal of forensic sciences最新文献_第3页

Taphonomic impact of vertebrate scavengers on degradation and dispersal of remains, southeastern British Columbia 不列颠哥伦比亚省东南部脊椎动物食腐动物对遗骸退化和扩散的影响。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15620

Shari L. Forbes PhD, Meaghan Huculak MA, Christopher J. Watson PhD

{"title":"Taphonomic impact of vertebrate scavengers on degradation and dispersal of remains, southeastern British Columbia","authors":"Shari L. Forbes PhD, Meaghan Huculak MA, Christopher J. Watson PhD","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15620","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15620","url":null,"abstract":"Vertebrate scavengers represent important taphonomic agents that can act on a body, particularly when in an outdoor environment. Understanding the effects of these agents will direct how and where to search for human remains and influence the likelihood of discovery in a particular region. The current study aimed to identify the taphonomic impact of scavenger guilds in the peri-urban and rural regions of southeastern British Columbia. Vertebrate scavenger activity on pig carcasses was recorded remotely using trail cameras and analyzed to determine temporal scavenging profiles. Both the peri-urban and rural environments produced comparable scavenger guilds, namely: turkey vultures, American crows/northern ravens (classified as “corvids”), American black bears, and coyotes. Although the two locations had different study lengths due to variable degrees of scavenging, for the period that was common to both locations (summer to early fall), the black bear was the most frequent scavenger followed by coyote. However, the dispersal of remains by the mammalian scavengers was distinctly different between sites. Only 12%–33% of skeletal elements were recovered at the rural sites compared to 80%–90% recovered at the peri-urban sites, even though the latter sites had a longer study timeframe. The extended timeframe of the peri-urban sites confirmed that certain scavengers (e.g., turkey vultures and black bears) are only seasonally active in this region. These findings demonstrate the variability of scavenger behavior and the need to assign caution and local ecological knowledge when predicting scavenger trends. Such taphonomic information is relevant for human remains searches in regions with comparable scavenger guilds.","PeriodicalId":15743,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1556-4029.15620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A nondestructive technique for the sex identification of third instar Cochliomyia macellaria larvae 一种无损技术，用于鉴定鞘氨醇 macellaria 三龄幼虫的性别。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15619

Aidan P. Holman BSc, Davis N. Pickett HSD, Abigail E. Orr, Aaron M. Tarone PhD, Dmitry Kurouski PhD

{"title":"A nondestructive technique for the sex identification of third instar Cochliomyia macellaria larvae","authors":"Aidan P. Holman BSc, Davis N. Pickett HSD, Abigail E. Orr, Aaron M. Tarone PhD, Dmitry Kurouski PhD","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15619","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15619","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic entomology plays an important role in medicolegal investigations by using insects, primarily flies, to estimate the time of colonization. This estimation relies on the development of the flies found at the (death) scene and can be affected (and sometimes corrected) by external factors, such as temperature and humidity, and internal factors, such as species and sex. This study leverages infrared (IR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning models—Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting trees Discriminant Analysis (XGBDA)—to differentiate between male and female Cochliomyia macellaria larvae, commonly found on human remains. Significant vibrational differences were detected in the infrared spectra of third instar C. macellaria larvae, with distinct peaks showing variations in relative absorbance between sexes, suggesting differences in biochemical compositions such as cuticular proteins and lipids. The application of PLS-DA and XGBDA yielded high classification accuracies of about 94% and 96%, respectively, with female spectra consistently having higher sensitivity than males. This non-destructive approach offers the potential to refine supplemental post-mortem interval estimations significantly, enhancing the accuracy of forensic analyses.","PeriodicalId":15743,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improving forensic examiner decision-making through deliberate practice 通过刻意练习改进法医的决策。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15609

Mohammed A. Almazrouei PhD, Max Houck PhD

引用次数: 0

Correction to: Evaluation of porcine decomposition and total body score (TBS) in a central European temperate forest 对欧洲中部温带森林中猪腐烂和总体分数（TBS）的评估的更正Indra L, Giles S, Alfsdotter C, Errickson D, Lösch S. 《欧洲中部温带森林中猪腐烂和总体分数（TBS）的评估》。J Forensic Sci. 2024; 6(3):784-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15497.

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15616

引用次数: 0

How signature complexity affects expert and lay ability to distinguish genuine, disguised and simulated signatures 签名的复杂性如何影响专家和非专业人员区分真实签名、伪装签名和模拟签名的能力。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15605

Nicholas Scurich PhD, Miriam Angel MS, Hal Stern PhD, William C. Thompson JD, PhD

{"title":"How signature complexity affects expert and lay ability to distinguish genuine, disguised and simulated signatures","authors":"Nicholas Scurich PhD, Miriam Angel MS, Hal Stern PhD, William C. Thompson JD, PhD","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15605","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15605","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined how variations in signature complexity affected the ability of forensic document examiners (FDEs) and laypeople to determine whether signatures are authentic or simulated (forged), as well as whether they are disguised. Forty-five FDEs from nine countries evaluated nine different signature comparisons in this online study. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed that FDEs performed in excess of chance levels, but performance varied as a function of signature complexity: Sensitivity (the true-positive rate) did not differ much between complexity levels (i.e., 65% vs. 79% vs. 79% for low vs medium vs high complexity), but specificity (the true-negative rate) was the highest (95%) for the medium complexity signatures and lowest (73%) for low complexity signatures. The specificity of high-complexity signatures (83%) was between these values. The sensitivity for disguised comparisons was only 11% and did not vary across complexity levels. One hundred-one novices also completed the study. A comparison of the area under the ROC curve (AUCs) revealed that FDEs outperformed novices in medium and high-complexity signatures but not low-complexity signatures. Novices also struggled to detect disguised signatures. While these findings elucidate the role of signature complexity in lay and expert evaluations, the error rates observed here may differ from those in forensic practice due to differences in the experimental stimuli and circumstances under which they were evaluated. This investigation of the role of signature complexity in the evaluation process was not intended to estimate error rates in forensic practice.","PeriodicalId":15743,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1556-4029.15605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Commentary on: Gutierrez RE, Prokesch EJ. The false promise of firearms examination validation studies: lay controls, simplistic comparisons, and the failure to soundly measure misidentification rates. J Forensic Sci. 2024;69(4):1334–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15531 评论： Gutierrez RE, Prokesch EJ：Gutierrez RE, Prokesch EJ.枪支检查验证研究的虚假承诺：非专业人员的控制、简单化的比较以及未能正确衡量错误识别率。J Forensic Sci. 2024; 69(4):1334-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15531.

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15612

John Marshall BS, MBA

引用次数: 0

Forensic alcohol calculations in individuals under the age of 18 对 18 岁以下的人进行法医酒精计算。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15608

Peter D. Maskell PhD, Jane A. Officer MS, Carolyn Lowrie PGDip, Fiona M. Wylie PhD

{"title":"Forensic alcohol calculations in individuals under the age of 18","authors":"Peter D. Maskell PhD, Jane A. Officer MS, Carolyn Lowrie PGDip, Fiona M. Wylie PhD","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15608","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15608","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol calculations are carried out in many forensic case types. On occasion, individuals under the age of 18 are involved, and alcohol calculations may be beneficial. To date, there are no studies that have determined the best way to estimate total body water (TBW) or alcohol elimination rates in juveniles for alcohol calculations. We utilized a data set of 207 females and 218 males, aged 3–18 years, from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, where TBW had been empirically measured, to evaluate the best anthropometric equation to use to estimate TBW in juveniles. For males aged 3–15 years and females aged 2–13 years, the equation of Wells et al. was the most accurate and precise (RMSE of ≤10.4% in males and ≤9.9% in females). For males aged 16+ years and females aged 14+ years, the equation of Watson et al. was more appropriate (RMSE ≤11.5% and ≤12.4%, respectively). Based on published studies where the alcohol elimination rate was determined in 43 juveniles (aged 10-17 years) who were hospitalized due to alcohol consumption, a mean alcohol elimination rate of 16 mg/100 mL/h should be used. The recommended range being 9–25 mg/100 mL (5th–95th percentile). This study provides evidence that there are valid anthropometric equations to determine TBW and alcohol elimination rates that can be used for alcohol calculations in juveniles between the ages of 10 and 17.","PeriodicalId":15743,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Self-induced extreme intoxication akin to automatism: A psycholegal tug of war 自我诱导的极度中毒，类似于自动症：一场心理法律拔河比赛。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15611

Dennis Curry MD, MSc, Amir Rezaei Ardani MD, Jason Quinn MD, FRCPC

{"title":"Self-induced extreme intoxication akin to automatism: A psycholegal tug of war","authors":"Dennis Curry MD, MSc, Amir Rezaei Ardani MD, Jason Quinn MD, FRCPC","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15611","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15611","url":null,"abstract":"Self-induced extreme intoxication akin to automatism (SIEA) is a complicated and controversial legal concept resistant to jurisdictional consensus. In the United States, SIEA has, at times, been considered under the concept of “settled insanity.”. In the United Kingdom, the defense may be allowed for specific intent crimes, though the defendant's awareness of the foreseeability of risk is addressed at trial. In Canada, recent jurisprudence has led to legal and practice landscape changes related to self-induced extreme intoxication. Here, we provide an overview of automatism and an update on the Canadian perspective with a review of the facts and an analysis of the Supreme Court of Canada's landmark decision in R v. Brown, where the court permitted the SIEA defense to be utilized for general intent crimes and acquitted Matthew Winston Brown, a 26-year-old male with no history of mental illness, with respect to two counts of “break and enter” and one count of “aggravated assault.” We review the social and legislative response to the changing case law as well as related implications for expert testimony, which may be provided by forensic mental health professionals. Given the judicial and legal implications of the recent changes for both perpetrators and victims of violent crime and given the dynamic international landscape on extreme intoxication in criminal law, the review is thought to be of interest to a broad category of stakeholders including policymakers and those working in forensic psychiatry and law.","PeriodicalId":15743,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1556-4029.15611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Authors' response 作者回复。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15613

Richard E. Gutierrez JD, Emily J. Prokesch JD

引用次数: 0

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry for screening of common new psychoactive substances and other drugs in biological samples 高效液相色谱法与 Orbitrap 质谱联用技术用于筛查生物样本中常见的新型精神活性物质和其他药物。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15607

Manqing Nie BSc, Tianai Zhang BSc, Xuan Wang BSc, Xuan Zhao MM, Chunying Luo PhD, Lian Wang PhD, Xiaoli Zou PhD

{"title":"High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry for screening of common new psychoactive substances and other drugs in biological samples","authors":"Manqing Nie BSc, Tianai Zhang BSc, Xuan Wang BSc, Xuan Zhao MM, Chunying Luo PhD, Lian Wang PhD, Xiaoli Zou PhD","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15607","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15607","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of the drug market and the constant updating of drugs have been challenging issues for drug regulatory authorities. With the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, forensic and toxicology laboratories have had to adopt new drug screening methods and advanced instrumentation. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we developed a screening method for common NPS and other drugs. Two milliliters of mixed solvent of n-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1, v:v) were added to 500 μL of blood or urine sample for liquid–liquid extraction, and methanol extraction was used for hair samples. The developed method was applied to 3897 samples (including 332 blood samples, 885 urine samples, and 2680 hair samples) taken from drug addicts in a province of China during 2019–2021. For urine and blood samples, the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 1.68 pg/mL to 10.7 ng/mL. For hair samples, the LODs ranged from 3.30 × 10−5 to 4.21 × 10−3 ng/mg. The matrix effects of urine, blood, and hair samples were in the range of 47.6%–121%, 39.8%–139%, and 6.35%–118%, respectively. And the intra-day precision was 3.5%–6.0% and the inter-day precision was 4.18%–9.90%. Analysis of the actual samples showed an overall positive detection rate of 58.9%, with 5.32% of the samples indicating the use of multiple drugs.","PeriodicalId":15743,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0