Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Zein-based sponges functionalized with glucose and loaded with ellagic acid for wound treatment","authors":"Thayná O. Corrêa ,&nbsp;Daniel F.R. Bernal ,&nbsp;Zakaria Hafidi ,&nbsp;Francisco F.O. Sousa","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to design and characterize zein sponges functionalized with glucose and loaded with ellagic acid for wound treatment. The sponges were obtained by an easy two-step’ procedure, consisting of homogenization and freeze-drying of zein-ellagic acid mixtures. Subsequently, glucose solutions were added to the surface of the pre-lyophilized sponges, which were then incubated in an oven at 120 °C for 2 h to induce the Maillard reaction. The formulations were characterized in terms of thickness, contact angle, water sorption, solubility, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), release kinetics, docking molecular, biodegradability, irritative potential using the HET-CAM assay and <em>ex-vivo</em> antibiofilm activity against <em>S. aureus</em>. The sponges obtained presented a homogeneous aspect, appropriate mechanical resistance with highly hydrophilic (contact angles &lt;44°) and porous surfaces. All formulations presented a high sorption capacity, together with a limited solubility, vital aspects for the clinical applicability of wound dressing materials. The functionalization with glucose enhanced their solubility and also the ellagic acid release. The formulation with glucose exhibited a sustained release pattern, reaching 47 % after 240 h. Molecular docking revealed a transient affinity between glucose and ellagic acid, which may have contributed to the increased release observed. Also, ellagic acid contributed to increase the biodegradation rate of the sponges, reaching 40 % after 35 days. The HET-CAM assay showed minimal irritant effects, supporting their topical application. Accordingly, the zein-based sponges containing ellagic acid represent a promising alternative as bioactive wound dressings. They combine suitable morphological properties, controlled release of ellagic acid, high exudate absorption capacity, low solubility, minimal irritancy potential and fast biodegradability, highlighting their potential in advanced wound care applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107500"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of tumor tissue-derived exosomes as promising bionanocarriers for targeted anticancer therapy","authors":"Hong-Ki Lee ,&nbsp;Da-Eun Kim ,&nbsp;Yo Han Song ,&nbsp;Suyeon Hwang ,&nbsp;Minki Jin ,&nbsp;Jung-Woo Chae ,&nbsp;Cheong-Weon Cho ,&nbsp;Young-Guk Na","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tumor tissue-derived exosomes (tdEXOs) have emerged as promising nanocarriers for personalized cancer therapy, offering native membrane compositions that reflect the tumor microenvironment. In this study, tdEXOs were isolated directly from patient-derived ovarian tumor tissues and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) using an ammonium sulfate gradient method. The resulting DOX-tdEXOs exhibited high encapsulation efficiency, preserved vesicular morphology, and stable physicochemical properties. Compared to free DOX, DOX-tdEXOs demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells. The tdEXOs also showed selective uptake by homologous cancer cells, suggesting a homotypic targeting mechanism mediated by membrane protein preservation. <em>In vivo</em> biodistribution imaging further revealed preferential accumulation of tdEXOs in tumor tissues following systemic administration. These results support the feasibility of tdEXOs as autologous, origin-specific delivery vehicles and underscore their potential to improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107503"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From bench to biology: Unraveling the efficiency of novel brijosomes for trans-tympanic drug delivery","authors":"Sadek Ahmed ,&nbsp;Mennatullah M. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Bander Balkhi ,&nbsp;Heba Attia ,&nbsp;Diana E. Aziz","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute otitis media (AOM) is a prevalent middle ear infection, affecting nearly one-third of children in the U.S. This study focused on enhancing non-invasive trans-tympanic delivery of ciprofloxacin (CFX) by encapsulating it within Brijosomes, a novel nano-vesicular system for improved ototopical treatment. Brijosomes were formulated using the ethanol injection technique and optimized through a 2³ full factorial design, investigating the effects of surfactant: limonene ratio, cholesterol: drug ratio, and Brij 92 concentration. Key parameters evaluated included entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP). The optimized formulation, selected via Design Expert® software, demonstrated a high desirability value of 0.979, with EE% of 91.68 %, PS of 196.85 nm, and ZP of −25.45 mV. Characterization studies revealed that the optimized Brijosomal formula had a spherical morphology, exhibited a bi-phasic <em>in vitro</em> release profile, and remained stable for three months at 5 ± 3 °C. <em>Ex vivo</em> permeation studies demonstrated superior penetration and flux compared to CFX solution, with a 2.15-fold enhancement ratio. Microbiological assessments confirmed improved antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the optimized formulation. Additionally, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) validated deeper penetration, consistent with the <em>ex vivo</em> findings. Histopathological examination confirmed the formulation's safety for ototopical application. These findings collectively emphasize the potential of CFX-loaded Brijosomes as an effective, non-invasive drug delivery system for AOM treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107493"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanohybrid aerogels in drug delivery: Emerging platforms for controlled and targeted therapeutics","authors":"Jigal Hirawala ,&nbsp;Abhishek Joshi ,&nbsp;Aashka Bhatt ,&nbsp;Sachin Sharma ,&nbsp;Bhupendra G. Prajapati ,&nbsp;Devesh U. Kapoor","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanohybrid aerogels have emerged as next-generation platforms in drug delivery due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, ultra-low density, high porosity, and customizable surface functionalities. By integrating nanoscale materials such as metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, and polymeric systems into aerogel matrices, these hybrid constructs exhibit synergistic properties conducive to controlled and targeted therapeutics. This review critically examines the structural attributes, classifications, and synthesis strategies of nanohybrid aerogels, emphasizing their biomedical versatility. Key fabrication methods, including sol–gel processing and advanced drying techniques, are discussed in the context of their influence on drug loading and release. The review comprehensively explores their therapeutic potential across various domains, such as oncology, antimicrobial therapy, transdermal delivery, and mucosal administration. Finally, the review highlights translational challenges, including scalability, cost-efficiency, and regulatory hurdles, while proposing future directions like AI integration and stimuli-responsive design for personalized medicine. These insights underscore nanohybrid aerogels as promising candidates in the evolution of smart drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107483"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Applications of Carbon Dots for the Treatment of Diabetes","authors":"Hadiqa Shahid ,&nbsp;Tehreem Sohail ,&nbsp;Aneeqa Noor ,&nbsp;Saima Zafar","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which is defined by persistent hyperglycemia and long-term complications which include neuropathy, nephropathy, and impaired wound healing. Conventional therapies face limitations like side effects, poor drug bioavailability, and invasive monitoring methods. This systematic review examines the recent studies that have been done for the use and administration of carbon dots (CDs), that are small biocompatible nanomaterials for diabetes treatment and diagnosis. Drawing from <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies, we highlight the nitrogen-doped CDs for α-glucosidase inhibition, plant-derived CDs for glucose regulation, sulfur and boron/sulfur-doped CDs for non-enzymatic glucose sensing, nitrogen-doped and metformin-derived CDs for insulin delivery, chiral CDs for amyloid aggregation control, Arg CDs and pristine C₆₀ fullerenes for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, Zingiberis-based CDs for hepatoprotection, Zn/C-dots and VEGF-loaded nanodots for wound repair and nerve regeneration and glucose-derived CDs for blood-brain barrier penetration. These functionalized systems use heteroatom doping and surface engineering to combine therapeutic and diagnostic potential, protect β-cells, improve medication absorption, and allow non-invasive glucose monitoring. Notably, several nanodots originally developed for unrelated biomedical purposes have also shown properties beneficial for diabetes management, showing opportunities for repurposing, though further validation in diabetic models is required. While CDs show promise as an integrated platform for managing diabetes and its complications, critical challenges remain in achieving scalable, reproducible synthesis, ensuring long-term safety, and optimizing targeted biodistribution. Future work should prioritize standardized production, mechanistic studies and extended preclinical and clinical evaluation to facilitate translation into effective, patient-friendly nanotherapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun bioactive fibers of PCL/Starch loaded with bioglass nanoparticles with potential application in bone tissue engineering: An in vitro and in vivo study","authors":"Alexander Cordoba ,&nbsp;Deborah Cordova ,&nbsp;Felipe Gutierrez ,&nbsp;Marcela Saavedra ,&nbsp;Daniel Canales ,&nbsp;Sebastián Zapata ,&nbsp;Diana G. Zarate-Triviño ,&nbsp;Juan José Martinez-Sanmiguel ,&nbsp;Carlos David Grande-Tovar ,&nbsp;Carlos Humberto Valencia-Llano ,&nbsp;Viviana Moreno-Serna ,&nbsp;Paula A. Zapata","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regenerating damaged bone tissue is a clinical challenge that can be tackled through bone tissue engineering using biopolymers and bioactive particles. This study developed bioactive electrospun fibers by incorporating 5 wt% bioglass nanoparticles (BG) into a polycaprolactone (PCL) and starch solution. The morphology, water retention, degradation, thermal and mechanical properties, and <em>in vitro</em> bioactivity of the fibers were examined. The fibers had diameters ranging from 311 to 438 nm. The PCL/Starch/BG scaffolds showed a 1700 % increase in water absorption after 24 h and a 37 % degradation rate, higher than neat PCL. Thermal analysis revealed that starch increased crystallinity by 9 %, while BG reduced it by 7 %, resulting in intermediate crystallinity in the composite scaffold. The incorporation of starch, BG, or both into the PCL scaffolds reduced Young's modulus and tensile strength but increased the elongation at break compared to pure PCL. After 14 days, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, and XRD analyses indicated a biomineralization increase in PCL/Starch/BG scaffolds, confirming the synergistic effect of starch and bioglass nanoparticles in enhancing bioactivity. The scaffolds promoted the cell adhesion and viability of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. <em>In vivo</em>, the scaffolds showed superior biocompatibility and bioresorbability after 60 days of subdermal implantation in Wistar rats. These bioactive, biocompatible, and bioresorbable PCL/Starch/BG scaffolds show promise for bone tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposomal sprays for nasal vaccination: a comparative study of cationic and anionic formulations involving stability upon nebulization, sprayability, and in vitro immune activation","authors":"Matteo Aroffu ,&nbsp;Federica Fulgheri ,&nbsp;Rita Abi Rached ,&nbsp;Ines Castangia ,&nbsp;Annunziata Corteggio ,&nbsp;Paola Italiani ,&nbsp;Luciana D'Apice ,&nbsp;Myriam Sainz-Ramos ,&nbsp;Fátima García-Villén ,&nbsp;Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets ,&nbsp;Maria Manconi ,&nbsp;José Luis Pedraz ,&nbsp;Maria Letizia Manca ,&nbsp;Anna Maria Fadda","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nasal immunization is a promising non-invasive route, enabling needle-free self-administration and activating immune cells in the mucosal tissue of the upper airways. This vaccination method is particularly appealing when paired with biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers like liposomes, which serve as an effective tool for the nasal delivery of antigenic molecules. In the present study, the model antigen ovalbumin was encapsulated in liposomes using an eco-friendly method. Negative and positive liposomes were formulated with Phospholipon® 90 G alone (anionic liposomes) or combined with 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (cationic DOTAP-liposomes). These liposomes were smaller than 130 nm and remained stable for up to 3 months. Their sprayability was assessed based on criteria established by the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration for nasal products. Both formulations were easily sprayable, generating droplets larger than 5 μm, which are expected to deposit in the nose while avoiding the lungs. Furthermore, after nebulization, they retained their dimensions, structures, and high encapsulation efficiencies (&gt;70 %). In a co-culture system of dendritic cells and B3Z OT-I hybridoma cells, it was shown that they enhanced antigen delivery and presentation, producing approximately 6–9 times more interleukin-2 compared to the ovalbumin solution. Lastly, when tested on macrophages, they did not induce any proinflammatory effect. However, due to their higher muco-adhesiveness (∼88 % vs ∼8 %) and better deposition in the posterior nasal cavity (∼52 % vs ∼43 %) compared to anionic liposomes, cationic DOTAP-liposomes appeared more suitable for nasal administration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and in vivo evaluation of a novel semi-solid nanostructured lipid carrier of fluticasone propionate for the treatment of atopic dermatitis using a quality by design approach","authors":"Gulin Amasya ,&nbsp;Ulya Badilli ,&nbsp;Ceyda Tuba Sengel-Turk ,&nbsp;Arzu Onay-Besikci ,&nbsp;Buket Aksu ,&nbsp;Nilufer Tarimci","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that significantly affects patients’ quality of life. This study focuses on the development of an innovative semi-solid nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) dispersion containing fluticasone propionate (FP), aimed at enhancing therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of AD while minimising the systemic side effects associated with corticosteroids. The semi-solid NLC dispersions were prepared using a novel single-step preparation method. This method allows the formulations to maintain a colloidal particle size despite their high lipid content and semi-solid consistency. Particle size and drug release rate were identified as critical attributes, and Quality by Design (QbD)-assisted optimisation was carried out using computer-based modelling. The optimum formulation had an average particle size of 187.6 ± 4.613 nm, which was within the targeted range. The polydispersitiy index (PDI) value of 0.229 ± 0.019 indicates a relatively narrow size distribution. Furthermore, the amount of FP released from the optimum formulation at 24 h was 11.26 ± 0.14 %, the highest among all the semi-solid NLCs prepared in the study. Results from the skin bleaching assay, paw oedema test, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement, and histopathological evaluation in rats with induced chronic atopic dermatitis demonstrated both the enhanced therapeutic potential, and the favourable safety profile of the optimum formulation compared to conventional formulations. These findings suggest that semi-solid NLCs may serve as a promising alternative for the effective topical treatment of atopic dermatitis and other skin diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107491"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro immunomodulatory activity of a Turkish propolis extract encapsulated in poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles","authors":"Toghrul Sadikhov ,&nbsp;Adil M. Allahverdiyev ,&nbsp;Nazli Arda","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comprehensive studies highlight various biological and pharmacological activities of propolis, which are associated mainly with its phenolic content. However, the undesirable properties of propolis, such as strong sticky behavior, pungent taste and low water solubility, are the main barriers to its widespread use. The objective of the present study was to entrap Turkish propolis extract in a poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) polymer to eliminate its undesirable features and investigate its effects on several immune response-related biomarkers <em>in vitro</em> in comparison with its crude form. Similar experiments were also conducted with quercetin, which is a phenolic compound that possesses anti-inflammatory activity, for comparison. The single emulsion‒solvent evaporation method was used to fabricate propolis-PCL (256 ± 1.7 nm) and quercetin-PCL (249 ± 2.6 nm) nanoparticles, with satisfactory polydispersity index values (0.08 ± 0.005 and 0.07 ± 0.02, respectively). The <em>in vitro</em> release rates of the nanoparticles displayed an initial burst stage, followed by a persistent release stage extending for more than 300 h. The cumulative release rates for propolis-PCL nanoparticles at neutral (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 6.8) conditions were 70 % and 77 %, respectively. Propolis-PCL significantly increased the production of the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-γ (approximately 2-fold, <em>p &lt; 0.001</em>), while it also inhibited nitric oxide generation (by more than 3-fold, <em>p &lt; 0.001</em>) in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. In conclusion, the data obtained in this study demonstrate for the first time that propolis-PCL nanoparticles possess regulatory effects on the immune response and that these nanoparticles can be used to develop propolis products with high immunomodulatory properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart nanophotonics for enzyme-driven drug resistance sensing and controlled therapeutic release","authors":"Bakr Ahmed Taha ,&nbsp;Ali J. Addie ,&nbsp;Marwa Amin Al-Rawi ,&nbsp;Adawiya J. Haider ,&nbsp;Amit K. Yadav ,&nbsp;Dhiraj Bhatia ,&nbsp;Majid S. Jabir ,&nbsp;Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf ,&nbsp;Norhana Arsad","doi":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drug resistance is a major worldwide health issue, with a growing incidence leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Molecular diagnostics require solutions that combine sensitivity, flexibility, and responsiveness. This review summarizes current understanding of the involvement of enzymes in the many processes that drive drug resistance and discusses the possible uses of enzyme-responsive nanomaterials. It investigates modern strategies used in the literature to monitor and mitigate drug resistance processes, such as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), fluorescence imaging, CRISPR-based diagnostics, and near-infrared (NIR) detection. Published research shows that combining enzyme-responsive nanomaterials with photonic technology is a potential technique for detection of drug resistance and molecular sensing. These nanoplatforms allow for the quick and selective detection of disease biomarkers, such as enzymes associated with diseased states and resistant phenotypes, using enzyme-triggered activation mechanisms and photonic signal transduction. As a result, localized therapeutic release is demonstrated to enhance therapy specificity and reduce systemic toxicity. Moreover, insights into the molecular processes that underpin drug resistance improve our understanding of drug modification and metabolism. Advances in nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are increasing our ability to analyze enzyme behavior and inform treatment plans. By incorporating diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities into adaptable nanoplatforms, the reviewed approaches represent a significant step forward in smart nanomedicine. Consequently, it provides new possibilities for the treatment of drug-resistant cancers and infectious diseases in an environmentally friendly approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 107488"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}