Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology最新文献_第7页

The function of the medial superior olive in small mammals: temporal receptive fields in auditory analysis. 小型哺乳动物内侧上橄榄的功能:听觉分析中的颞感受野。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050441

B Grothe, G Neuweiler

{"title":"The function of the medial superior olive in small mammals: temporal receptive fields in auditory analysis.","authors":"B Grothe, G Neuweiler","doi":"10.1007/s003590050441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050441","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, the medial superior olive, a mammalian auditory brainstem structure, is considered to encode interaural time differences, the main cue for localizing low-frequency sounds. Detection of binaural excitatory and inhibitory inputs are considered as an underlying mechanism. Most small mammals, however, hear high frequencies well beyond 50 kHz and have small interaural distances. Therefore, they can not use interaural time differences for sound localization and yet possess a medial superior olive. Physiological studies in bats revealed that medial superior olive cells show similar interaural time difference coding as in larger mammals tuned to low-frequency hearing. Their interaural time difference sensitivity, however, is far too coarse to serve in sound localization. Thus, interaural time difference sensitivity in medial superior olive of small mammals is an epiphenomenon. We propose that the original function of the medial superior olive is a binaural cooperation causing facilitation due to binaural excitation. Lagging inhibitory inputs, however, suppress reverberations and echoes from the acoustic background. Thereby, generation of antagonistically organized temporal fields is the basic and original function of the mammalian medial superior olive. Only later in evolution with the advent of larger mammals did interaural distances, and hence interaural time differences, became large enough to be used as cues for sound localization of low-frequency stimuli.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 5","pages":"413-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21723034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 36

Variability in the role of the gasbladder in fish audition. 在鱼类听觉中，气囊作用的可变性。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050443

H Y Yan, M L Fine, N S Horn, W E Colón

{"title":"Variability in the role of the gasbladder in fish audition.","authors":"H Y Yan, M L Fine, N S Horn, W E Colón","doi":"10.1007/s003590050443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050443","url":null,"abstract":"The teleost gasbladder is believed to aid in fish audition by transferring pressure components of incoming sound to the inner ears. This idea is primarily based on both anatomical observations of the mechanical connection between the gasbladder and the ear, followed by physiological experiments by various researchers. The gasbladder movement has been modeled mathematically as a pulsating bubble. This study is extending the previous work on fish with a physical coupling of the gasbladder and ear by investigating hearing in two species (the blue gourami Trichogaster trichopterus, and the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau) without a mechanical linkage. An otophysan specialist (the goldfish Carassius auratus) with mechanical coupling, is used as the control. Audiograms were obtained with acoustically evoked potentials (e.g., auditory brainstem response) from intact fish and from the same individuals with their gasbladders deflated. In blue gourami and oyster toadfish, removal of gas did not significantly change thresholds, and evoked potentials had similar waveforms. In goldfish thresholds increased by 33-55 dB (frequency dependent) after deflation, and major changes in evoked potentials were observed. These results suggest that the gasbladder may not serve an auditory enhancement function in teleost fishes that lack mechanical coupling between the gasbladder and the inner ear.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 5","pages":"435-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21723036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 149

Neuronal representation of optic flow experienced by unilaterally blinded flies on their mean walking trajectories. 单侧盲蝇平均行走轨迹的光流神经元表征。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050445

R Kern, M Lutterklas, M Egelhaaf

{"title":"Neuronal representation of optic flow experienced by unilaterally blinded flies on their mean walking trajectories.","authors":"R Kern, M Lutterklas, M Egelhaaf","doi":"10.1007/s003590050445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050445","url":null,"abstract":"Asymmetries in the optic flow on both eyes may indicate an unintended turn of an animal and evoke compensatory optomotor responses. On a straight path in an evenly structured environment, the optic flow on both eyes is balanced corresponding to a state of optomotor equilibrium. When one eye is occluded an optomotor equilibrium is expected to be reached on a curved path provided that the translatory optic flow component is cancelled by a superimposed rotation. This hypothesis is tested by analysing how the HSE cell, a constituent element of the fly's optomotor system, represents optic flow in behavioural situations. The optic flow as seen on the average trajectory of freely walking monocular flies is reconstructed. This optic flow is used as stimulus of the HSE cell in electrophysiological experiments and as input of a model of the fly's optomotor system. The responses of the HSE cell and of the model fluctuate around the resting potential. On average, they are much smaller than the responses evoked by optic flow experienced on a straight path. These results corroborate the hypothesis that the mean trajectory of monocular flies corresponds to a path of optomotor equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 5","pages":"467-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21723038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

Pupillary dilation response as an indicator of auditory discrimination in the barn owl. 仓鸮瞳孔扩张反应作为听觉辨别的指标。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050442

A D Bala, T T Takahashi

{"title":"Pupillary dilation response as an indicator of auditory discrimination in the barn owl.","authors":"A D Bala, T T Takahashi","doi":"10.1007/s003590050442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050442","url":null,"abstract":"The pupil of an awake, untrained, head-restrained barn owl was found to dilate in response to sounds with a latency of about 25 ms. The magnitude of the dilation scaled with signal-to-noise ratio. The dilation response habituated when a sound was repeated, but recovered when stimulus frequency or location was changed. The magnitude of the recovered response was related to the degree to which habituating and novel stimuli differed and was therefore exploited to measure frequency and spatial discrimination. Frequency discrimination was examined by habituating the response to a reference tone at 3 kHz or 6 kHz and determining the minimum change in frequency required to induce recovery. We observed frequency discrimination of 125 Hz at 3 kHz and 250 Hz at 6 kHz--values comparable to those reported by others using an operant task. Spatial discrimination was assessed by habituating the response to a stimulus from one location and determining the minimum horizontal speaker separation required for recovery. This yielded the first measure of the minimum audible angle in the barn owl: 3 degrees for broadband noise and 4.5 degrees for narrowband noise. The acoustically evoked pupillary dilation is thus a promising indicator of auditory discrimination requiring neither training nor aversive stimuli.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 5","pages":"425-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21723035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 59

Light-dependent repetitive Ca2+ spikes induced by extracellular application of neomycin in honeybee drone photoreceptors. 新霉素在蜜蜂雄蜂光感受器细胞外应用诱导的光依赖性重复Ca2+峰值。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050448

B Walz, B Zimmermann, K Ukhanov

{"title":"Light-dependent repetitive Ca2+ spikes induced by extracellular application of neomycin in honeybee drone photoreceptors.","authors":"B Walz, B Zimmermann, K Ukhanov","doi":"10.1007/s003590050448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050448","url":null,"abstract":"Photoreceptor cells of the honeybee drone fire, in the presence of the polycationic aminoglycoside neomycin, repetitive slow spike-like potentials superimposed on the receptor potential plateau phase. We have used conventional intracellular recordings and microfluorometric intracellular Ca2+ measurements to characterize these spike potentials. We have shown that the spike frequency increases in a light-intensity-dependent manner. The spikes are fired only when light stimuli depolarize the cell from a resting potential of -50 to -60 mV to at least -40 to -45 mV; they are tetrodotoxin insensitive and blocked by the Ca2+ channel blockers Ni2+, Cd2+, omega-agatoxin TK, verapamil and methoxyverapamil. Depolarization of the photoreceptors with high extracellular K+ in the presence of neomycin in darkness does not generate spikes. Small intracellular Ca2+ oscillations superimposed on the plateau phase of the light-induced increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration have a similar temporal pattern as the spike-like potentials. We conclude that the spike-like potentials require stimulation by light and are generated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels localized on the soma of the photoreceptors, distal to the basal lamina.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 5","pages":"497-503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21723041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The need for speed. II. Myelin in calanoid copepods. 对速度的需求。2类鱿鱼桡足类的髓磷脂。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050435

T M Weatherby, A D Davis, D K Hartline, P H Lenz

{"title":"The need for speed. II. Myelin in calanoid copepods.","authors":"T M Weatherby, A D Davis, D K Hartline, P H Lenz","doi":"10.1007/s003590050435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050435","url":null,"abstract":"Speed of nerve impulse conduction is greatly increased by myelin, a multi-layered membranous sheath surrounding axons. Myelinated axons are ubiquitous among the vertebrates, but relatively rare among invertebrates. Electron microscopy of calanoid copepods using rapid cryofixation techniques revealed the widespread presence of myelinated axons. Myelin sheaths of up to 60 layers were found around both sensory and motor axons of the first antenna and interneurons of the ventral nerve cord. Except at nodes, individual lamellae appeared to be continuous and circular, without seams, as opposed to the spiral structure of vertebrate and annelid myelin. The highly organized myelin was characterized by the complete exclusion of cytoplasm from the intracellular spaces of the cell generating it. In regions of compaction, extracytoplasmic space was also eliminated. Focal or fenestration nodes, rather than circumferential ones, were locally common. Myelin lamellae terminated in stepwise fashion at these nodes, appearing to fuse with the axolemma or adjacent myelin lamellae. As with vertebrate myelin, copepod sheaths are designed to minimize both resistive and capacitive current flow through the internodal membrane, greatly speeding nerve impulse conduction. Copepod myelin differs from that of any other group described, while sharing features of every group.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 4","pages":"347-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21646214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 57

Visual pigments, oil droplets, ocular media and cone photoreceptor distribution in two species of passerine bird: the blue tit (Parus caeruleus L.) and the blackbird (Turdus merula L.). 蓝山雀(Parus caeruleus L.)和黑鹂(Turdus merula L.)两种雀形目鸟类的视色素、油滴、眼介质和视锥感受器分布。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050437

N S Hart, J C Partridge, I C Cuthill, A T Bennett

{"title":"Visual pigments, oil droplets, ocular media and cone photoreceptor distribution in two species of passerine bird: the blue tit (Parus caeruleus L.) and the blackbird (Turdus merula L.).","authors":"N S Hart, J C Partridge, I C Cuthill, A T Bennett","doi":"10.1007/s003590050437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050437","url":null,"abstract":"The spectral absorption characteristics of the retinal photoreceptors of the blue tit (Parus caeruleus) and blackbird (Turdus merula) were investigated using microspectrophotometry. The retinae of both species contained rods, double cones and four spectrally distinct types of single cone. Whilst the visual pigments and cone oil droplets in the other receptor types are very similar in both species, the wavelength of maximum sensitivity (lambda(max)) of long-wavelength-sensitive single and double cone visual pigment occurs at a shorter wavelength (557 nm) in the blackbird than in the blue tit (563 nm). Oil droplets located in the long-wavelength-sensitive-single cones of both species cut off wavelengths below 570-573 nm, theoretically shifting cone peak spectral sensitivity some 40 nm towards the long-wavelength end of the spectrum. This raises the possibility that the precise lambda(max) of the long-wavelength-sensitive visual pigment is optimised for the visual function of the double cones. The distribution of cone photoreceptors across the retina, determined using conventional light and fluorescence microscopy, also varies between the two species and may reflect differences in their visual ecology.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 4","pages":"375-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21646216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 456

Neural inhibition sharpens auditory spatial selectivity of bat inferior collicular neurons. 神经抑制使蝙蝠下丘神经元的听觉空间选择性增强。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050438

X M Zhou, P H Jen

{"title":"Neural inhibition sharpens auditory spatial selectivity of bat inferior collicular neurons.","authors":"X M Zhou, P H Jen","doi":"10.1007/s003590050438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050438","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the role of neural inhibition in auditory spatial selectivity of inferior collicular neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, using a two-tone inhibition paradigm. Two-tone inhibition decreases auditory spatial response areas but increases the slopes of directional sensitivity curves of inferior collicular neurons. Inferior collicular neurons have either directionally-selective or hemifield directional sensitivity curves. A directionally-selective curve always has a peak which is at least 50% larger than the minimum. A hemifield directional sensitivity curve rises from an ipsilateral angle by more than 50% and either reaches a plateau or declines by less than 50% over a range of contralateral angles. Two-tone inhibition does not change directionally-selective curves but changes most hemifield directional sensitivity curves into directionally-selective curves. Auditory spatial selectivity determined both with and without two-tone inhibition increases with increasing best-excitatory frequency. Sharpening of auditory spatial selectivity by two-tone inhibition is larger for neurons with smaller differences between excitatory and inhibitory best frequencies. The effect of two-tone inhibition on auditory spatial selectivity increases with increasing inhibitory tone intensity but decreases with increasing intertone interval. The implications of these findings in bat echolocation are discussed.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 4","pages":"389-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21646217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Behavioral evidence of the role of lumbosacral anatomical specializations in pigeons in maintaining balance during terrestrial locomotion. 鸽子腰骶解剖特征在陆地运动中维持平衡作用的行为证据。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050440

R Necker, A Janssen, T Beissenhirtz

引用次数: 32

Encoding of forces by cockroach tibial campaniform sensilla: implications in dynamic control of posture and locomotion. 蟑螂胫骨钟形感受器对力的编码:在姿势和运动的动态控制中的意义。

Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology Pub Date : 2000-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s003590050436

A L Ridgel, S F Frazier, R A DiCaprio, S N Zill

{"title":"Encoding of forces by cockroach tibial campaniform sensilla: implications in dynamic control of posture and locomotion.","authors":"A L Ridgel, S F Frazier, R A DiCaprio, S N Zill","doi":"10.1007/s003590050436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050436","url":null,"abstract":"Forces exerted by a leg in support and propulsion can vary considerably when animals stand upon or traverse irregular terrains. We characterized the responses of the cockroach tibial campaniform sensilla, mechanoreceptors which encode force via strains produced in the exoskeleton, by applying forces to the leg at controlled magnitudes and rates. We also examined how sensory responses are altered in the presence of different levels of static load. All receptors exhibit phasico-tonic discharges that reflect the level and rate of force application. Our studies show that: (1) tonic discharges of sensilla can signal the level of force, but accurate encoding of static loads may be affected by substantial receptor adaptation and hysteresis; (2) the absolute tonic sensitivities of receptors decrease when incremental forces are applied at different initial load levels; (3) phasic discharges of sensilla accurately encode the rate of force application; and (4) sensitivities to changing rates of force are strictly preserved in the presence of static loads. These findings imply that discharges of the sensilla are particularly tuned to the rate of change of force at all levels of leg loading. This information could be utilized to adapt posture and walking to varying terrains and unexpected perturbations.","PeriodicalId":15522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology","volume":"186 4","pages":"359-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s003590050436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21646215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 58