Journal of Cultural Heritage最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness and environmental performance of dry ice blasting for graffiti removal from outdoor metallic sculptures","authors":"Aina Vega-Bosch,&nbsp;Laura Osete-Cortina,&nbsp;Virginia Santamarina-Campos,&nbsp;Vicente Dolz-Ruiz","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂-based cryogenic cleaning by dry ice blasting is increasingly regarded as a low-impact alternative for the removal of unwanted deposits from sensitive surfaces. The present study investigates the application of this method to the removal of unauthorised graffiti from contemporary outdoor metallic sculptures, focusing on steel and aluminium substrates protected with acrylic-urethane and acrylic-styrene clear coats. These protective coatings represent the original surfaces to be preserved, whereas the aerosol paint layers constitute the removable material. The experimental assessment evaluates removal efficiency, the persistence and morphology of residual paint deposits, and the energy demand and CO₂ consumption associated with the process. The characterisation of cleaning performance and residue distribution was achieved through the utilisation of high-speed imaging and optical and electron microscopy. The findings indicate that dry ice blasting enabled effective removal of a wide range of synthetic aerosol paints. No residual paint was detected on the acrylic-urethane coated steel substrate M; residual areas on substrate N remained below 0.023%, and most values on the acrylic-styrene coated aluminium substrate R were below 0.24%, except for the A94 aerosol, which reached 2.07%. Removal times for a fixed area of 4.34 cm² ranged from 0.46 to 4.35 s, while energy demand ranged from 0.41 to 2.28 kWh/m² depending on aerosol formulation and coating response. Overall, CO₂-based cryogenic cleaning can be considered a selective and controlled method for graffiti removal on synthetic clear coats commonly used in outdoor contemporary artworks, provided that CO₂ use, energy demand and repeated-treatment effects are transparently assessed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 291-301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Elusive Orchil: Degradation and detection insights","authors":"Pauline Claisse,&nbsp;Charlotte Marembert,&nbsp;Faustine Massera,&nbsp;Sarah Petitcolas,&nbsp;Rémy Chapoulie,&nbsp;Mohamed Dallel,&nbsp;Aurélie Mounier","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orchil, a dye extracted from lichens and known since Antiquity, has been identified in <em>La Vue</em>, one of the six tapestries of The Lady and the Unicorn. This dye is particularly known for its photochemical instability. Initially, it appeared violet on the front of the tapestry. Over time, due to light exposure, the colour gradually shifted to pale blue. In contrast, the back of the tapestry, protected by the lining, retains its original shade. The identification of the orchil was achieved through a multidisciplinary analytical approach, combining the study of historical sources and the creation of a database of wool dyed with <em>Lasallia pustulata</em> [3]. Contactless analytical methods, such as hyperspectral imaging and fluorimetry, revealed characteristic spectral features consistent with orchil. In contrast, additional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector (HPLC–PDA) performed on a sample from the tapestry did not detect the dye. This raises a critical question: why does orchil remain spectrally detectable through non-invasive techniques after degradation, yet remain undetectable by HPLC–PDA, one of the most sensitive dye identification techniques?</div><div>An exploratory study was therefore undertaken using freshly dyed samples produced in collaboration with dyer Charlotte Marembert, which were subjected to controlled ageing in a xenon test chamber for 100 h to further investigate the dye’s degradation. A multi-technique analytical approach, including HPLC–PDA and hyperspectral imaging, revealed significant transformations. Chromatographic data showed an exponential decrease in main peaks associated with orchil, with degradation products appearing as early as three hours of exposure. The characteristic absorption band of orchil at 545 nm gradually decreased in intensity and shifted toward shorter wavelengths until disappearing completely after 27 h (ΔE₂₀₀₀*= 11.93). Fluorescence analysis revealed the emergence of a new emission band at 575 nm after 21 h, while the main emission band at 620 nm gradually faded and shifted before vanishing entirely. These investigations provide valuable insights into the photodegradation behavior of orchil under controlled conditions, contributing to a deeper understanding of its long-term alteration and the challenges it poses for analytical detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 309-317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled delivery of microemulsion via a PVA-PAA double-network hydrogel for safe removal of smoke deposits from murals","authors":"Ting Zhao,&nbsp;Yan-Xia Di,&nbsp;Ping-Chuan Gao,&nbsp;Ying Wu,&nbsp;Yi Liu,&nbsp;Yuan Fang,&nbsp;Zhuo Wang,&nbsp;Jian-Feng Zhu,&nbsp;Wen-Zong Yang,&nbsp;Yi Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a significant heritage of human civilization, murals often develop hydrophobic smoke deposits on their surfaces due to the combustion of incense, candles, and Yak butter, posing a serious threat to their long-term preservation. Traditional cleaning methods fail to meet the stringent requirements of cultural relic conservation, particularly with regard to safety, controllability, and non-destructiveness, thereby highlighting the urgent need for a gentle, safe, and controllable cleaning strategy. To address this challenge, this study developed a polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid (PVA-PAA) double-network hydrogel loaded with an oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion (composed of AEO-9, SDBS, n-pentanol, liquid paraffin, and water) via a solvent displacement method. The hydrogel forms a three-dimensional network through the synergistic interaction between PVA and PAA, achieving stable cross-linking primarily through hydrogen bonding. The influence of varying PVA:PAA mass ratios on hydrogel performance was systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that the hydrogel with a mass ratio of 7:3 exhibited optimal mechanical properties(the tensile stress is 0.66 MPa and the strain is 700%.), swelling capacity(110%), and liquid retention(the water retention rate is 67% after working at 60 degrees celsius for 4 h.). The cleaning evaluation demonstrates that following treatment with the system, the surface morphology, color difference, and contact angle of the simulated mural samples with smoke deposits mural closely resemble those of the original sample. This indicates that the system can gently penetrate the contamination layer, effectively promote the emulsification and dispersion of pollutants, and preserve the structural integrity of the underlying mural substrate. This research presents a novel, controllable, and non–destructive cleaning strategy for the removal of complex hydrophobic contaminants from cultural relic surfaces, offering strong potential for practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 519-530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148641106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the multiple heritage designation paradox through landscape integrity assessment: A case study from a GIAHS site","authors":"Moucheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In heritage management, cultural sites are increasingly subject to institutional layering through multiple designations, including World Heritage (WH), Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), Natural Reserve (NR), and so on. Yet whether such accumulation improves conservation effectiveness remains insufficiently tested. Using the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces in southwest China as a case study, this study develops a landscape integrity-based assessment framework integrating overall landscape structural stability and the dynamic protection effectiveness of key heritage elements. Based on multi-temporal remote sensing data from 2016 to 2024, conservation outcomes were compared across single-, dual-, and triple-designation zones. The results suggest a “protection paradox”: conservation effectiveness does not improve linearly with the number of designations. While single- and dual-designation areas maintained moderate scores (approx. 74), the triple-designated core zones (GIAHS+WH+NR) exhibited a marked decline to 60.75. A profound structural mismatch emerged during the study period: forest cover expanded by 6.52%, yet rice paddies, the essential carrier of the site’s cultural and agricultural value, contracted by 30.02%. These case-study findings highlight the need for better coordination among overlapping conservation frameworks to sustain the integrity of living agricultural heritage landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 439-445"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-technique investigative approach unveils new compositional insights into the Pompeian red in the Domus di Arianna","authors":"Sofia Brizzi,&nbsp;Silvia Vettori,&nbsp;Matteo M.N. Franceschini,&nbsp;Iacopo Osticioli,&nbsp;Barbara Salvadori,&nbsp;Donata Magrini,&nbsp;Laura Chiarantini,&nbsp;Renata Picone,&nbsp;Arianna Spinosa,&nbsp;Cristiano Riminesi","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the iconic red pigments, symbol of the Roman city of Pompeii buried by Vesuvius in AD 79. Found extensively in wall paintings and in artifacts decoration, the red pigment has left an indelible mark on the history of Roman art and culture. These include iron-based pigments, such as red ochre and sinopia, rare, less stable and toxic pigments like red lead, realgar and the prestigious cinnabar. In addition, recent studies have shown that certain red pigments recognized in Pompeii are the products of thermal transformation of yellow ochre in red ochre due to the intense heat impact of the pyroclastic flow from the eruption. The aim of the research is to recognize the executive techniques and the composition of red pigments in wall paintings in the context of the <em>Domus di Arianna</em> in Pompeii. A multi-technique approach involving portable and non-invasive techniques and micro-sampling-based analyses such as μ-Raman, SEM-EDS and synchrotron radiation high lateral resolution techniques (μ-XRD), was adopted. The <em>Domus di Arianna</em> is one of the largest houses in Pompeii and well known for the wall paintings polychromy. Built in stages over different periods (from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD), it features different architectural styles. The analytical process has been adapted to the peculiarities of the domus and optimized, providing CH professionals with an operational protocol for their investigation campaigns aimed at understanding the composition materials and their painting techniques. The analysis of the red pigments composition confirmed the presence of red ochres and mixtures of red ochres with cinnabar and with different lead compounds, including cerussite and laurionite with traces of wulfenite. A comparative analysis of the various wall paintings found in the domus reveals similarities and differences in terms of the ground layers and pigment palettes used during this period. These results are discussed in the context of existing literature which makes no mention of laurionite and wulfenite in the coloration of the wall paintings in Pompeii.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 459-469"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced mechanical properties of archaeological Chinese fir wood restored by CNF/CNFC: Insights from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Jing Du,&nbsp;Yanwei Liu,&nbsp;Haoran Xu,&nbsp;Xueyi Ma,&nbsp;Xunming Gao,&nbsp;Lihua Fei,&nbsp;Naisheng Li,&nbsp;Jian Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The long-term preservation of archaeological wood cultural relics from marine environments presents a fundamental challenge, as the synergistic effect of salt intrusion, acid erosion, and high humidity irreversibly degrades the microstructure and mechanical integrity of the cell wall. Although nanocellulose shows promise for conservation, the multiscale mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain poorly understood. Using archaeological Chinese fir (<em>Cunninghamia lanceolata</em>) wood from the Quanzhou Song Dynasty shipwreck as a model system, this study integrates nanoindentation experiments with molecular dynamics simulations to systematically unveil, from atomic to microscopic scales, the repair mechanisms of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) and their cationically modified Cellulose Nanofiber (CNFC). The experimental results demonstrate that CNFC most effectively restores mechanical properties, achieving an elastic modulus of 16–24 GPa and a hardness of 0.72 GPa in treated specimens, which represents a 20–40% enhancement over unmodified CNF. Mechanistically, molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the superior performance of CNFC stems from a triple-synergistic effect. First, the surface cationic groups block salt crystallization and acid-driven degradation through targeted ion sequestration. Secondly, it blocks water-molecule migration through nanoscale filling. Finally, it reconstructs the hydrogen-bond network to enhance interfacial binding, and the molecular basis that underpins the macroscopic mechanical restoration. This work not only deciphers the active repair mechanisms of nanocellulose in complex environments but also provides a quantitative theoretical basis and design principles for developing next-generation, environmentally adaptive materials for cultural heritage conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 282-290"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ours Elsevier","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1296-2074(26)00161-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1296-2074(26)00161-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Page iv"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148730436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrophobic protection and consolidation of porous stone: Between multifunction and multilayer treatments","authors":"B. Sena da Fonseca,&nbsp;S. Mègre Pires,&nbsp;I. Almeida,&nbsp;A. Rodrigues,&nbsp;C. Reis Santos,&nbsp;A.P. Ferreira Pinto","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compares multifunction and multilayer conservation treatments designed to couple both hydrophobic and consolidation effects in porous stones, having in common ethyl-silicate based products. The practical difference lies in how the products are applied and where their effects concentrate. Multifunction treatments result from the application of products that co-deposit a consolidant and a hydrophobic agent in a single deep-penetrating step, whereas in multilayer treatments, a consolidant is first applied and then a hydrophobic product that acts mainly near the surface.</div><div>Both strategies were investigated in two stones (limestone and sandstone) characterized by contrasting pore structures and mineralogy, using complementary assessments. The treatments met the primary objective of limiting liquid-water ingress while restoring cohesion, delivering comparable in-depth consolidation, more evident in silicate stone, and broadly similar changes in water-vapour permeability, which were governed by stones pore size. The colour change was associated with ethyl silicate, a component common to both systems.</div><div>Multifunction treatments offered simplicity and stronger protection against capillary uptake, but the superficial hydrophobic effect diminished within months of outdoor exposure, and salts were retained in depth with potential for interfacial damage and stone collapse. Multilayer treatments allowed the choice of more stable hydrophobic agents, providing more durable superficial hydrophobic effect, and tended to favour salt crystallization nearer the surface, typically more visible yet easier to monitor and manage.</div><div>Operationally, multilayer systems were more complex and included an interval between steps for consolidant curing; however, the lower need for re-treatments to restore the superficial hydrophobic effect may offset their apparent operational disadvantage. Overall, the results provide clear, actionable criteria for evidence-based, substrate-specific selection, allowing practitioners to balance operational constraints with technical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 318-329"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bringing a new lens to vulnerable vernacular agricultural heritage: A novel classification of historical U.S. midwestern timber barns based on their fundamental structural system","authors":"Moriah G. Hughes,&nbsp;Branko Glišić","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The aim of this work is to develop a comprehensive structural typology for historical timber barns of the United States (U.S.) Midwest. These vernacular buildings provide significant cultural heritage value to communities both local and regional, while also figuring prominently in the broader American concept of the country’s agricultural roots. While they have garnered significant study from perspectives ranging from architectural, historical, and cultural geographical to structural and technological, no comprehensive classification exists for this population. Existing classifications are predominantly based on architectural, external, or functional features and thus do not adequately address structural forms. The few structural typologies that exist are limited to specific barns, such as Pennsylvania barns or New World Dutch Barns, or give a general and non-comprehensive overview of the population. Yet, structural forms and construction features of this vernacular population are intrinsically linked to the environmental, agricultural, social, and political dimensions of barns’ existence. The lack of a comprehensive classification and of clarity regarding form has multiple effects in the study and conservation of this population: it impedes systematic structural study of the population, hampers the consistency and quality of fieldwork and historical documentation, and limits the holistic and integrated study and characterization needed for such a multi-dimensional vernacular population. To fill this research gap, this work synthesizes a broad dataset of two hundred and forty-three barn structures from contemporary sources like agricultural periodicals and as-built records such as historical building records and regional inventories. The dataset encompasses all of the barn types addressed by the scholarly literature, and includes examples from every time period and region in the Midwest. The data is processed by first organizing it by chronology to allow comparison and synthesis of the forms, and then reorganizing by structural similarity. Then, after close examination of the structural forms, the structural feature of lateral stability mechanism is selected as the classifying characteristic to allow sufficient differentiation of forms in the dataset. This approach results in a structural typology with eight distinct fundamental types. These fundamental types can then be combined into hybrid types, also discussed, which together encompass the compiled dataset. Each type is presented through structural description, a structural diagram, and drawings showing examples of various possible realizations of the type. This new classification aims to overcome challenges of and complement existing classifications. A detailed and comprehensive structural typology will support more comprehensive and integrated study of this diverse vernacular population. It is intended to be used for easier and more systemized documentation and assessments. Additio","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 330-340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Portinari's palette: Multimodal analysis of São Jorge e o dragão mural and paint tubes","authors":"Itiara Mayra B. de Albuquerque,&nbsp;Márcia A. Rizzutto,&nbsp;Jessica F. Curado,&nbsp;Eva K. Mori,&nbsp;Pedro De Campos,&nbsp;N.S.T. Hirata","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2026.06.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Candido Portinari was one of the most important Brazilian modernist artists. He received national and international recognition and left a prolific legacy of over 5000 artworks. His work is distinguished by its vibrant color palette and the diversity of media and themes, ranging from murals and easel paintings to drawings on paper. In his works, Portinari portrays aspects of the work in the countryside and in the city, as well as sacred art. This study employed an integrated approach, combining spectroscopic (ED-XRF, Raman), imaging and computational methods, to analyze the “<em>São Jorge e o dragão”</em> mural painting. The collection of the artist’s preserved oil paint tubes, from the Museu Casa Portinari was analyzed by XRF and Raman. Results identified key pigments such as cobalt blue (CoAl₂O₄), ultramarine (Na_7<!-->Al_6<!-->Si₆​O₂₄​S₃), cadmium red (Cd(S,Se)), and Fe/Mn-rich browns (umber or burnt umber) in both the mural painting and oil paint tubes. Infrared False Color (IRFC) imaging further revealed a complex palette in the mural, distinguishing multiple brown mixtures and highlighting the use of ultramarine in blue areas. The application of computer vision, specifically image alignment using SIFT and an analysis based on the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). This integrated approach deepened the understanding of Portinari’s work and established a robust methodology for the study of paintings in general within the field of cultural heritage sciences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"80 ","pages":"Pages 377-387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148524331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}