Journal of clinical lipidology最新文献

{"title":"Assessing LDL-C goal attainment in secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Insights from the LAI-LCARE survey in India","authors":"Kunal Mahajan MD,&nbsp;Manish Bansal MD,&nbsp;Rajeev Agarwala MD,&nbsp;Rajeev Gupta MD,&nbsp;Akshaya Pradhan MD,&nbsp;Neil Bardoloi MD,&nbsp;P Manoria MD,&nbsp;Chabby Satpathy MD,&nbsp;Nagaraj Desai MD,&nbsp;S Iyengar MD,&nbsp;Asha Mahilmaran MD,&nbsp;Sheeba George MD,&nbsp;Dorairaj Prabhakar MD,&nbsp;Raman Puri MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease occurs earlier in Indians despite lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The Lipid Association of India (LAI) recommends aggressive lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) for patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD), targeting LDL-C levels below 50 mg/dL, and even lower in the presence of additional risk factors. Contemporary data on LDL-C goal attainment in India is needed.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>The LAI-LCARE (Lipid Association of India- LDL-Cholesterol optimization in Coronary ARtEry disease) survey aimed to address lipid management and LDL-C goal attainment in secondary prevention among Indian patients with CAD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Designed as a cross-sectional, observational study, the LAI-LCARE survey included multiple cardiology centers in 25 Indian states/union-territories. Consecutive outpatients with angiography-confirmed obstructive CAD on stable LLT (≥ 1 month) and direct LDL-C levels measured during stabilized LLT were enrolled. Patients with irregular statin use or recent alterations in LLT were excluded. Data, focusing on LDL-C target achievement while on stabilized LLT, was collected during a single visit (May-December 2024).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 10,417 patients were enrolled by 112 cardiologists throughout India. The mean age of the cohort was 60.7 ± 11.1 years, with males constituting 76.7% of the population. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were prevalent in 44.6% and 56% of patients, respectively. A history of prior acute coronary syndrome was documented in 68.3% of participants, while 77.1% had undergone previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Approximately 72.3% were receiving high-intensity statin therapy. The LAI-recommended LDL-C target of &lt; 50 mg/dL was achieved by only 24.4%, while &lt; 70 mg/dL was attained by 52.1% of patients. Combination LLT involving statins with ezetimibe, bempedoic acid, or PCSK9 inhibitors was utilized by 11.9%, with a higher success rate (43.7%) in achieving the &lt; 50 mg/dL target among this subgroup.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This extensive survey represents the largest assessment of LDL-C goal attainment in secondary CAD prevention within India, revealing substantial inadequacies in LDL-C target attainment. Despite the high prevalence of high-intensity statin use, fewer than one-quarter of patients reached recommended LDL-C targets. The use of combination therapy was notably low despite the high prevalence of comorbidities and post-PCI/CABG status among participants. Given that combination therapy enhances LDL-C goal achievement, it should be integrated as a standard practice in secondary prevention strategies to improve patient outcomes effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Pages e64-e65"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipoprotein(a) Cholesterol, Randomized Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, and Cardiovascular Events: Extended Follow-up in the VITamin D and OmegA 3 TriaL","authors":"Heike Luttmann-Gibson PhD,&nbsp;Nancy Cook ScD,&nbsp;Chunying Li MPH,&nbsp;Olga Demler PhD,&nbsp;Krishnaji Kulkarni PhD,&nbsp;Ajala Oluremi MBBS,&nbsp;Julie Buring ScD,&nbsp;Jacqueline Danik MD,&nbsp;JoAnn Manson MD,&nbsp;Samia Mora MD,&nbsp;Zareen Farukhi MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>It is unclear if lipoprotein(a) cholesterol (LpaC), the cholesterol carried by lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) similar to Lp(a) mass or molar concentration, and if omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) modify risk.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>We hypothesized that individuals with LpaC &gt; 75th percentile population distribution would be at higher incident CVD events compared to those at &lt; 25th percentile levels, and that n-3FA supplementation may modify this risk.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>13,175 participants of the VITAL trial (NCT01169259) had baseline LpaC measured by density-gradient ultracentrifugation (Atherotec Diagnostics) and were examined for incident CVD (n = 701; mean follow-up 9.8 years) by Cox models adjusted for risk factors. In a subset of participants (N =1639) with repeated baseline and 1 year LpaC, we also analyzed randomized n-3 FA effects (1 g/d EPA+DHA) vs. placebo.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In both unadjusted and adjusted models, there was no significant association for higher baseline LpaC levels with increased risk of CVD (Table). There was no effect modification (P interaction &gt; 0.05) by n-3 FA, race, sex or LDL-C. N-3 FA increased median LpaC from 7 mg/dL (IQR, 5-10) at baseline to 8 mg/dL [IQR, 5-10] at 1 year (mean increase of 4.05% vs placebo, p = 0.006 using natural logarithmic transformation for mean LpaC percent change).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In the VITAL trial, baseline LpaC levels were not related to higher risk of incident CVD events. Further, n-3 FA supplementation (1g/day) only minimally increased LpaC levels over a 1-year period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Page e66"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative cardiovascular outcomes of triple lipid-lowering therapy versus double therapy in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A","authors":"M Kenan Rahima MD,&nbsp;Fernando faxas MD,&nbsp;Muayad Alzamara MD,&nbsp;Godbless Ajenaghughrure MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>The optimal lipid-lowering strategy for patients with ASCVD remains debated. While statins and ezetimibe are established therapies, the additional benefit of evolocumab in real-world settings needs further investigation.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the effectiveness and clinical outcomes of triple lipid-lowering therapy (statin, ezetimibe, and evolocumab) compared to double therapy (statin and ezetimibe) in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) who have LDL-C levels ≥ 70 mg/dL, using real-world data from multiple healthcare organizations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using the TriNetX global federated health research network comprising 104 healthcare organizations, we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing patients on triple therapy (n=10,429) versus double therapy (n=10,429) after propensity score matching. All patients had established ASCVD and LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL. The primary outcomes included death, cardiovascular events, and neurological outcomes over a 5-year follow-up period.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After propensity score matching, baseline characteristics including hypertension (89.8% vs 89.8%), diabetes (47.4% vs 47.5%), and prior myocardial infarction (40.2% vs 40.2%) were well-balanced between groups. The triple therapy group showed significantly lower risks across multiple outcomes compared to double therapy: all-cause mortality (HR 0.562, 95% CI 0.506-0.624), dementia (HR 0.553, 95% CI 0.470-0.650), stroke (HR 0.683, 95% CI 0.572-0.816), and atrial fibrillation (HR 0.829, 95% CI 0.773-0.890). Heart failure showed modest risk reduction (HR 0.946, 95% CI 0.900-0.995), while acute MI and ventricular tachycardia showed no significant differences between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In this large real-world study of ASCVD patients, triple lipid-lowering therapy was associated with significantly lower risks of mortality and major cardiovascular outcomes compared to double therapy. These findings support the consideration of triple therapy in high-risk patients with ASCVD who require additional lipid lowering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Page e20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations statin prescribing pattern and LDL goal attainment for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by language and race","authors":"Meera Gopinath MD,&nbsp;Danielle Scerbo DO,&nbsp;Aimee Willett DO,&nbsp;Mariah Barlow MD,&nbsp;Hector Santiago MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>Statin therapy is a well-established intervention to reduce the risk of recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Recent studies have demonstrated statin prescription rates for primary and secondary prevention may be sub-optimal. There is limited information on how unmodifiable patient demographics—such as race and spoken language—affect statin prescribing and LDL-C goal attainment in patients with established CAD. Evaluating statin prescribing patterns and LCL-C target achievement across these demographics will help to identify areas for future intervention and to prevent further cardiovascular events equitably.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>Our study aims to determine whether the frequency of high intensity statin prescription and attainment of LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease differs as a function of spoken language and race/ethnicity amongst patients with documented coronary artery disease.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a retrospective case control study performed at a multi-site health system. Patients were included in the study if they were over the age of 18, attended an outpatient office encounter at a primary care or cardiovascular medicine office between 01/01/2023 and 09/30/2023 and had a documented diagnosis of coronary artery disease based on ICD-10 codes and billing data during this period.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 6,428 patients analyzed, 5,625 were Caucasian and 802 were non-Caucasian. The average LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) for Caucasian patients was 75.87 mg/dL, while for non-Caucasian patients it was 84.1 mg/dL (p-value of &lt;0.001). Statin prescription rates were 70.86% for Caucasians and 65.89% for non-Caucasians (p = 0.004). Regarding language, 6,375 patients were English speakers and 185 were non-English speakers. The average LDL-C for English speakers was 76.85 mg/dL, compared to 79.41 mg/dL for non-English speakers (p = 0.444). Statin prescriptions were higher among English speakers than non-English speakers (70.45% vs 59.17%; p = 0.007).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Amongst patients with CAD, non-Caucasian patients and those whose primary language is anything other than English are less likely to achieve LDL-C levels &lt; 70 mg/dL in accordance with ACC guidelines as compared to their English speaking or Caucasian counterparts. This may largely be related to variations in high intensity prescribing patterns between these groups. These findings highlight demographic disparities in LDL-C goal attainment and statin prescribing patterns, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to improve cardiovascular care equity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Page e47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of grant-funded carotid intima-media thickness ultrasound on cardiovascular risk assessment and management in an underserved population","authors":"Maxwell Ambrosino DO,&nbsp;Brett Irving MD,&nbsp;Jack Stylli MD,&nbsp;Nawaz Safdar MD,&nbsp;Bassam AlHamer MD,&nbsp;Deepak Vedamurthy MD,&nbsp;Robert Norris MD,&nbsp;Daniel Soffer MD,&nbsp;Douglas Jacoby MD,&nbsp;Matthew Sangoi MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.065","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background/Synopsis&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) ultrasound is a well-validated, safe, and inexpensive imaging technique used to assess for atherosclerosis and plaque. This tool has been shown to independently predict future cardiovascular events and improve risk stratification alongside traditional risk factors. However, the impact of CIMT on clinical decision-making in primary prevention remains unclear. Many third-party payors still consider this tool experimental and do not cover the cost of testing. This restricted access leads to suboptimal risk assessment and management, particularly in economically disadvantaged populations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective/Purpose&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Identify what proportion of economically underprivileged patients have a change in cardiovascular risk management following CIMT testing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A single-center retrospective study was conducted over two years at a Preventive Cardiology clinic. All consecutive patients without known cardiovascular disease who were offered CIMT testing but initially deferred due to cost were enrolled in a grant-funded study. High-risk features on CIMT ultrasound were defined as an intima-media thickness (IMT) ≥ 75th percentile or the presence of plaque. Pre- and post- CIMT data were collected, including lipid profiles, advanced lipid biomarkers, and lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) regimens. Lipid-lowering therapy included statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid, and icosapent ethyl.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A total of 51 patients were evaluated (median age 40 years; 73% Female; 61% White, 25% Black, 14% Other). Among them, 54.9% had a high-risk CIMT feature. A change in LLT was observed in 53.6% of patients with high-risk features, which corresponded to a 32.1% initiation and a 21.4% intensification in their prescriptions. High-risk patients experienced a 25.0% increase in statin prescriptions and 21.4% increase in non-statin prescriptions after CIMT ultrasound. Lastly, patients with high-risk features had higher rates of statin prescriptions (82.1% vs. 39.1%) and non-statin prescriptions (57.1% vs. 21.7%) compared to those without high-risk features.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Carotid intima-media thickness ultrasound identified high-risk features in more than half of the patient population, underscoring the residual cardiovascular risk in these individuals. We observed that CIMT ultrasound prompted a change in LLT for 53.6% of patients with high-risk features. This change resulted in a 25.0% increase in statin prescriptions and a 21.4% increase in non-statin prescriptions. Patients with high-risk features were three times as likely to undergo a change in LLT and two times as likely to be prescribed a statin or non-statin medication than those without high-risk features. These findings emphasize the public health impact of CIMT ultrasound in this population. Removing financial barriers to accessin","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Page e49"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of serum omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with apolipoprotein B and atherogenic lipoprotein lipids","authors":"Meredith Wilcox MPH,&nbsp;Liana Guarneiri PhD,&nbsp;Peter Attia MD,&nbsp;David Allison PhD,&nbsp;Kevin Maki PhD,&nbsp;Carol Kirkpatrick PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Funding</h3><div>The Indiana University Foundation funded this research.</div></div><div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>Observational evidence supports associations between higher intakes of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and reduced risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Serum levels of omega-3 PUFAs correlate with dietary intakes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>Aegis was a prospective cohort study that investigated immunological and other biomarker changes after incident severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Aegis cohort examined the relationships between serum total omega-3 PUFA and DHA levels and selected biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, including apolipoprotein B (apoB) and lipoprotein lipid concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Baseline fasting serum levels of omega-3 PUFAs, apoB, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), and triglycerides were assessed. Multivariate linear models were used to assess trends in biomarker levels across quintile categories of serum fatty acids with body mass index (BMI), age, and sex as covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analyses included 1894 participants for whom relevant biomarker data were available (65% female, mean age: 50 y, mean BMI: 29.0 kg/m², 62% Non-Hispanic White, 11% Black/African American, 7% Hispanic/Latino, 10% Asian, 10% mixed/other). The 20^th and 80^th percentiles for total omega-3 PUFAs as a percentage of total circulating fatty acids were 3.00% and 4.73%, respectively, and for DHA were 1.51% and 2.26%, respectively. Least squares geometric means (LSGMs) in mg/dL for serum omega-3 PUFA level quintile (Q)1 and Q5, respectively, were: apoB, 94.0 and 98.0 (P = 0.047); LDL-C, 102 and 105 (P = 0.381); non-HDL-C, 124 and 128 (P = 0.283); and triglycerides, 99.2 and 105 (P = 0.055). LSGMs for serum DHA level Q1 and Q5, respectively, were: apoB, 103 and 91.4; LDL-C, 114 and 97.5; non-HDL-C, 143 and 116; and triglycerides, 152 and 80.1 (all P &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A higher serum DHA level was linked to lower apoB, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and triglyceride concentrations. In contrast, a higher serum total omega-3 PUFA level was modestly associated with a higher apoB concentration and showed no significant relationships with other lipoprotein lipid biomarkers, highlighting potential differential relationships for specific omega-3 PUFAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Page e62"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult onset very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: A case report","authors":"Katherine Anderson Other,&nbsp;Amanda Doran MD,&nbsp;Macrae Linton MD,&nbsp;Melis Sahinoz MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the ACADVL gene, leading to impaired fatty acid metabolism. This report presents a compelling case of VLCAD diagnosed in adulthood.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>Here, we present an interesting case with VLCAD, a rare autosomal recessive lipid disorder, and hyperlipidemia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Case Presentation: A 35-year-old woman was referred to the lipid clinic due to elevated LDL levels. Historically healthy, she began experiencing recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis requiring hospitalization over the last 5-6 years. Further evaluations revealed multiple vitamin and mineral deficiencies, including vitamin D, folic acid, cobalamin, and iron. Notably, there was no family history of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Laboratory results indicated total cholesterol of 276 mg/dL, triglycerides of 63 mg/dL, HDL of 56 mg/dL, and LDL of 207 mg/dL. Genetic testing identified a c.848T&gt;C (p.Val283Ala) pathogenic variant and a c.938_940del (p.Asp313del) variant of unknown significance in the ACADVL gene. Cardiac assessments, including EKG and transthoracic echocardiogram, revealed normal sinus rhythm and normal biventricular size and function without significant valvular disease.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The patient was initiated on medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) replacement therapy and adjusted her diet to increase protein and fiber while reducing fat intake. She was initially tolerating approximately 20 mL of MCT three times daily, constituting 22% of her daily caloric intake. However, she experienced severe nausea, vomiting, and bloating, which limited her adherence to the treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This case illustrates the complexities of diagnosing VLCAD in adulthood and the challenges in managing treatment due to side effects. Further research is warranted to explore additional therapeutic options for VLCAD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Page e71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased risk of ASCVD in women with PCOS is only partially mediated by incident metabolic comorbidities","authors":"Julia Ditosto MS,&nbsp;Kyle Busse PhD,&nbsp;Jennifer Lewey MD,&nbsp;Sunni Mumford PhD,&nbsp;Daniel Soffer MD,&nbsp;Qing Liu BS,&nbsp;Anuja Dokras MD,&nbsp;Snigdha Alur-Gupta MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.079","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background/Synopsis&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as diabetes and dyslipidemia. Previous research suggests PCOS status may be associated with increased hazards of individual CVD events.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective/Purpose&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;To determine ASCVD risk associated with PCOS and address whether incident intermediate conditions including diabetes and hyperlipidemia mediate ASCVD risk.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;We performed a retrospective cohort study using the nationwide claims database Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart (2000-2022). Women aged 18-50 with PCOS were identified through ICD9/10 codes for PCOS and matched 1:5 by age and visit month to women without PCOS. The primary outcome was composite ASCVD (coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, carotid artery disease, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack). Causal mediation analyses were conducted for incident intermediate conditions (defined as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes [T2DM]) developed after PCOS diagnosis to determine whether these conditions mediated the association between PCOS and composite ASCVD. Confounders of the exposure-outcome, exposure-mediator, and mediator-outcome associations were considered in the analysis, and interactions were also considered. Adjusted hazard was determined by controlling for race, ethnicity, education and history of smoking, infertility, depression, metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease, oral contraception and metformin use, and the other intermediate conditions which were not the outcome.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;420,756 unique patients with PCOS matched to 2,103,780 patients without PCOS. Mean age in both groups was 31.2 ± 7.1 years. The crude incidence per 1000 person-years of compositive ASCVD was 4.64 in women with PCOS compared to 0.79 in those without PCOS with an adjusted HR of 4.44, 95% CI 4.28-4.62. The incidence of each individual component of ASCVD was also increased. Those with PCOS had a significantly higher hazards for each of the incident intermediate conditions as well: hypertension: (aHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.45-1.48), T2DM: (aHR 2.22, 95% CI 2.19-2.25), hyperlipidemia: (aHR 1.35, 95% CI 1.33-1.36), obesity: (aHR 2.19, 95% CI 2.18-2.21). When controlling for the covariates, incident hypertension mediated 14.9% of the association between PCOS and ASCVD, T2DM mediated 9.6% of the association, hyperlipidemia mediated 12.0%, and obesity mediated 13.3% of the association. A combined mediator variable for any one of these conditions mediated 35.3% of the association.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the largest longitudinal study of pre-menopausal women with PCOS residing in the United States, PCOS was independently associated with ASCVD and incident intermediate conditions partially mediated this risk. Our findings indicate that PCOS is a CVD risk","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Pages e58-e59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing LDL management: The power of EHR alerts and patient follow-up","authors":"Mazhar Afaq MD,&nbsp;Katie Coons MBA,&nbsp;Tara Kelly MSN,&nbsp;Zaydan Ahmed,&nbsp;Mohammed Abualenain MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>Previous studies have shown that automated electronic health record (EHR) alerts alone do not significantly improve lipid profiles in patients with hyperlipidemia. Our study suggests additional patient engagement strategies may be necessary to optimize LDL management. Personalized follow-up interventions, such as phone calls, may enhance adherence to treatment plans and improve lipid control outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>This study evaluates the effectiveness of combining follow-up phone calls with automated EHR alerts containing guideline-based lipid management recommendations to improve LDL outcomes in an outpatient setting.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 250 patients were analyzed between October 2022 and October 2023. Baseline and post-intervention LDL levels, along with demographic variables (age, sex, race, and ethnicity), were collected. Statistical analyses included correlation tests, t-tests, and regression modeling to assess the impact of baseline LDL, age, and sex on post-intervention LDL changes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A moderate negative correlation was observed between baseline LDL levels and LDL reduction (r = -0.517), indicating that patients with higher initial LDL experienced greater reductions. The study population was 56% male, with a mean age of 68 years (SD 11). Neither age (r = 0.007) nor sex (p = 0.362) significantly influenced LDL changes. Regression analysis showed that baseline LDL accounted for 26.9% of the variation in LDL reduction (p &lt; 0.001), suggesting that patients with higher initial LDL benefited the most from the intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The integration of follow-up phone calls with automated EHR alerts may enhance LDL management, particularly in patients with elevated baseline LDL levels. Age and sex had minimal impact on LDL reduction. These findings highlight the potential benefits of combining digital health interventions with direct patient engagement to optimize lipid control. Future studies should explore the long-term impact and cost-effectiveness of this combined approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Pages e16-e17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statin use among uninsured individuals in a charity community clinic","authors":"Zahid Ahmad MD,&nbsp;Christie Tran BS,&nbsp;Michael Pannell BS,&nbsp;Tanvi Ingle MS","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jacl.2025.04.071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Synopsis</h3><div>Limited data exist on lipid-lowering treatment in vulnerable populations, particularly those receiving primary care at charity community clinics. These clinics serve uninsured individuals with little to no access to healthcare providers, including safety-net healthcare systems.</div></div><div><h3>Objective/Purpose</h3><div>To assess statin therapy among statin-eligible patients at a primary care charity clinic (North Dallas Shared Ministry, NDSM; Dallas, TX).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We queried the electronic medical records (Athena Health) at NDSM (2016-2024) to extract demographic data, ICD-10 diagnoses, laboratory values, and statin prescriptions for both children and adults. Patients were categorized into four statin benefit groups per the 2018 AHA/ACA cholesterol guidelines. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with statin prescriptions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 5,097 children (51% female, 89% Hispanic), 28 had lipids checked. One child had LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL, potentially qualifying for statin therapy. Among 34,982 adults (median age 41 years, 61% female, 86% Hispanic), 985 had lipids testing and sufficient data to determine if they belong to a statin benefit group. Statin prescription rates by benefit group were: ASCVD (n=43): 70%; diabetes (n=597): 58%; LDL-C ≥ 190 mg/dL (n=39): 87%; ASCVD risk ≥ 7.5%: 41%. Overall, 54% of statin-eligible patients were prescribed statins. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with statin prescriptions included age (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.8, 3.6), diabetes diagnosis (OR 6.0, 95% CI 3.2, 11.5), total cholesterol (OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.1, 3.0), and HDL-C (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5, 0.7), (p &lt; 0.0001, C-index 0.889).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Among uninsured patients in a primary care, charity community clinic, statin prescription rates were slightly higher than those reported in insured populations (∼50%), with similar predictors of statin prescriptions (<em>e.g.,</em> age, diabetes diagnosis, lipid levels). However, lipid screening was infrequent – only 3% of adult patients had lipids checked – suggesting most statin-eligible patients likely remain unidentified. These findings highlight a critical gap: the need to improve lipid screening in uninsured populations to ensure at-risk individuals are identified and treated appropriately. In addition, future analyses should assess not only statin prescription rates but also whether patients receive appropriate statin intensity and non-statin therapies like ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15392,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical lipidology","volume":"19 3","pages":"Page e53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}