The Summa Halensis最新文献

{"title":"Idolaters, Philosophers and an Elusive Jew","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"27 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120922860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Eucharist in Early Franciscan Tradition","authors":"M. Colish","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers three questions on the Eucharist treated by Alexander of Hales in his Quaestiones disputatae antequam esset frater and Glossa on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, and then by William of Melitona in his Quaestiones de sacramentis and, as the acknowledged author or complier of Book 4 of the Summa Halensis, in that text in its Cologne, 1622 edition: 1. Transubstantiation as the full substantial change of bread and wine on the altar into the body and blood of Christ as opposed to the remanescence and annihilation theories, the other two orthodox alternatives; 2. How two bodies can occupy the same space at the same time, although one of them, the glorified body of the resurrected Christ, is not held to be subject to the laws of physics governing natural bodies; and 3. How the accidents of bread and wine can survive in the consecrated elements, since they are no longer subtended by the substance of bread and wine. Along with standard authorities, Alexander and William draw on some distinctive sources. These include Peter Lombard’s Collectanea, not always distinguished from the biblical Glossa ordinaria by Alexander’s and William’s editors; the semantic theory of Prepositinus of Cremona; and Innocent III’s treatise on the Mass, which defends the Real Presence as transubstantiation in a work otherwise devoted to the liturgy of the Mass. The paper emphasizes the shifting analyses given by Alexander across his two treatments of these questions, as well as those altered by William—moving from semantic to physical to mathematical argumentation—in support of positions on the Eucharist which they shared, but which the Summa Halensis does not adopt. Eucharistic theology has received no lack of attention from historians of scholasticism. Accenting philosophical explanations of the Real Presence doctrine after 1250, they tend to devalue earlier accounts as technically deficient or as confined to divine miracle. This study of Alexander of Hales, William of Melitona, and the Summa Halensis proposes a revaluation of early Franciscan contributions to two major Eucharistic debates. Theologians in their day offered three alternative theories to explain Christ’s Real Presence in the Eucharist. Alexander, William, and the authorities on whom they rely all support the transubstantiation theory and reject remanescence and annihilation. This position affected their approach to the second issue, accidents without a subject in the consecrated species. Sources available to Alexander and William in Latin, and their own ingenuity, informed the uses they make of the artes and philosophy. This paper will focus on the modes of argument they apply to these two controverted doctrines. The characterization of early Franciscans as disinclined to apply rational explanations to the Eucharist can be found even in studies that valorize learning in that OpenAccess. © 2020 Lydia Schumacher, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attributi","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122038909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defusing Theological Dynamite","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127338281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Comprehensive Trinitarianism of the Summa Halensis","authors":"Boyd Taylor Coolman","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-009","url":null,"abstract":"The Trinitarian theology of the Summa Halensis is both a remarkable achievement in its own right (synthesizing a growing stream of traditional sources, including Augustine, Dionysius, John of Damascus, and Richard of St Victor), as well as a significant influence on later scholastic luminaries, especially St Bonaventure. Some of its signature features include the important role of innascibilitas in the understanding of the person of the Father, the emphasis on emanational modes of origin as constituting each of the divine Persons, the importance of self-diffusive goodness as the fundamental ground of Trinitarian plurality, and lastly, its comprehensiveness, its inclination to think trinitarianly about all of reality, from the divine nature itself, to divine activity in creation and salvation, to the transcendental properties of all being, including the human person, to its original theory of trinitarian beauty. Introduction: St Francis, the Trinity, and the Early Franciscans ‘You are three and one, the Lord God of gods; You are the good, all good, the highest good’—so St Francis near the beginning of his ‘[The] Praises of God’.1 The Poverello was devoted to the Three-in-One, not as a speculative doctrine, but as a Reality to be worshipped. He begins his Rule, accordingly, with this Trinitarian doxology: Wherever we are, in every place, at every hour, at every time of the day, every day and continually, let all of us truly and humbly believe, hold in our heart and love, honor, adore, serve, praise and bless, glorify and exalt, magnify and give thanks to the Most High and Supreme Eternal God Trinity and Unity.2  Francis of Assisi, ‘The Praises of God,’ in Early Documents, vol. 1, The Saint, ed. Regis J. Armstrong, J.A. Wayne Hellmann, and William J. Short (New York: New City Press, 2001), 109. St Francis composed this prayer of praise on Mount La Verna in September 1224, when he received the stigmata. The prayer was written on a parchment which also contains the blessing that Francis gave to brother Leo. The parchment with the autographs of Francis is conserved as a relic in the Basilica of St Francis in Assisi.  ‘The Early Rule (The Rule Without a Papal Seal)’ [=Regula non bullata], c. 23, in Early Documents, vol. 1, The Saint, 85. See William J. Short, ‘The Rule of the Lesser Brothers: Earlier Rule, Fragments, Later Rule, The Rule for Hermitages,’ The Writings of Francis of Assisi: Rules, Testament and Admonitions, ed. Michael W. Blastic, Jay M. Hammond, and J.A.Wayne Hellman (St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute Publications, 2011), 31. OpenAccess. © 2020 Lydia Schumacher, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-009 Three things are noteworthy in Francis’ Trinitarian devotion: the emphasis on divine goodness; the attention to both unity and trinity; the subtle progression from interior, heart-felt faith (‘believe, h","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116559450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forging the Analogy of Being","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129899915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrition, Confession, and the Power of the Keys in the Summa Halensis","authors":"Confession","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-017","url":null,"abstract":": This study addresses the sacrament of penance as it is treated within the Summa Halensis , specifically focusing upon the role that contrition plays in relation to confession. In order to provide proper context for this treatment in the Summa Halensis , we will examine a range of discussions throughout the 12 th and early 13 th cen-turies, in addition to the section on penance in Alexander of Hales ’ Gloss of Lombard ’ s Sentences. We would be confident in saying that the Summa Halensis , like the earlier Gloss, held that contrition on the part of the penitent is the determining factor in the forgiveness of sins apart from subsequent acts of confession and satisfaction. One central question, however, is precisely how the Summa Halensis explains contrition ’ s relationship to the duties of confession and satisfaction, which still remained vital components of the sacrament. A simple answer to this question is not forthcoming; there may even be a shift of position not only from the Gloss to the Summa Halensis , but even within the Summa Halensis itself.","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128275124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contribution of the Summa Halensis to the Reason for the Incarnation","authors":"Justus H. Hunter","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-010","url":null,"abstract":"This article gives a clear presentation of the key contributions of the Summa Halensis at the outset of the 13 century debates over the reason for the incarnation (ratio incarnationis) among Franciscans at the University of Paris. Moving from Alexander of Hales to the Summa Halensis, the article shows the brothers’ two signal contributions: 1. the categories of necessity and fittingness, set out at the outset of their commentary on the Lombard’s third book of Sentences, set a frame for their discussion of the reason for the incarnation, and 2. an advanced appreciation for the problems counterfactual reflection presents for divine freedom. Finally, the brothers’ contributions are shown to recieve further development in Odo Rigaldus’ subsequent reflections on the reason for the incarnation. If there were no fall, would there be an incarnation? Our earliest record of this counterfactual, which sparked the historic 13-century debates over the reason for the incarnation (ratio incarnationis), occurs early in the 12 century in Rupert of Deutz’s commentary on Matthew’s Gospel, De gloria et honore Filii hominis.1 He gives only a cursory answer to this question. The first extended discussion of the question was produced sometime between 1230 and 1235 by Robert Grosseteste in Book 3 of De cessatione legalium.2 Grosseteste’s treatment is roughly contemporaneous with Alexander of Hales’ far briefer treatment of the question in his Quaestiones disputatae ‘antequam esset frater’ (Qu. disp.).3 Both texts predate the treatment of the counterfactual question in Book 3 of the Summa Halensis. The Summa Halensis marks an important moment in the history of the reason for the incarnation. When the authors of the Summa placed the counterfactual in the opening questions of Summa Halensis III, they established it as a common point of disputation for theologians commenting the Lombard’s Sentences. After the Summa Halensis, it was standard to consider the question in the opening distinctions of Book 3, until it was moved by John Duns Scotus to the discussion of Christ’s pre Rupert of Deutz, De gloria et honore Filii hominis super Mattheum 13.696 (PL 168:1628B).  Robert Grosseteste, On the Cessation of the Laws, trans. Stephen M. Hildebrand, The Fathers of the Church Mediaeval Continuation, 13 (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2012); Robert Grosseteste, De Cessatione Legalium, ed. Richard C. Dales and Edward B. King, Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi, 7 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).  Alexander of Hales, Magistri Alexandri de Hales Quaestiones disputatae “Antequam esset frater” (hereafter, Qu. disp.), q. 15, d. 2, m. 4, 3 vols, Bibliotheca Franciscana Scholastica Medii Aevi, 19–21 (Quaracchi: Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1960), 1:207–9. OpenAccess. © 2020 Lydia Schumacher, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-010 de","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129015244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Place, Person, and Prayer in the Summa Halensis","authors":"T. Johnson","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-019","url":null,"abstract":": This essay argues that oratio in the Summa Halensis is best understood via the Franciscan appropriation of locus , which served in the construction and confir-mation of their communal identity in the mid-thirteenth century. The question of their place in the church and the world was subject to intense discussion both inside and outside the Minorite Order. The shift to urban convents was influenced by the monastic paradigm, but this transition did not erase the peripatetic impulse common to the Franciscan worldview. The friars preserved the concept of human beings as viatores due to several factors, including the hagiographical accounts of their founder, the rapid expansion of convents, and their diplomatic and missionary travels. In the Summa Halensis , Parisian friars engaged two philosophical-theological themes to secure the peripatetic underpinnings of their foundational story regardless of their urban emplacement. The first focused on ontological poverty, which foregrounds the movement from non-being into being as the journey into God. The second was the utilization of locus to determine the place of human beings during this passage from non-being into being. This effort reflected the friars ’ project of identification and emplacement during period of institutional transition preceding the generalate of Bonaventure of Bagnoregio. exem-plum","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130654904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Positive Law","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110685008-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130398645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biblical Exegesis in the Summa Halensis","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110685022-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685022-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153743,"journal":{"name":"The Summa Halensis","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117009855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}