Takahiko Imai, Andreia Morais, Tao Qin, Yuichi Sasaki, Taylan Erdogan, Lisa McKerracher, Cenk Ayata
{"title":"Isoform-selective and non-selective rho-kinase inhibitors do not affect collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes in mice: Influence of sex and circadian cycle.","authors":"Takahiko Imai, Andreia Morais, Tao Qin, Yuichi Sasaki, Taylan Erdogan, Lisa McKerracher, Cenk Ayata","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241312010","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241312010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are therapeutic candidates in ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, their efficacy in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unknown. Here, we tested the efficacy of fasudil (10 mg/kg), an isoform-nonselective ROCK inhibitor, and NRL-1049 (10 mg/kg), a novel inhibitor with 43-fold higher selectivity for ROCK2 isoform compared with ROCK1, in a collagenase-induced ICH model in mice. Both short (1-3 days) and prolonged (14 days) therapeutic paradigms were tested using robust sample sizes in both males and females and in active and inactive circadian stages. Outcome readouts included weight loss, mortality, hematoma volume, hemispheric swelling, brain water content, BBB permeability to large molecules, and sensorimotor and cognitive function. We found the treatments safe but not efficacious in improving the hematoma volume, BBB disruption, or neurological deficits in this collagenase-induced ICH model. Intriguingly, however, induction of ICH during the active circadian stage was associated with worse tissue and behavioral outcomes compared with the inactive stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"271678X241312010"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11705295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bingzi Yan, Jie Zhou, Fengshuo Yan, Mingyang Gao, Jiaji Tang, Lin Huang, Yan Luo
{"title":"Unlocking the potential of photobiomodulation therapy for brain neurovascular coupling: The biological effects and medical applications.","authors":"Bingzi Yan, Jie Zhou, Fengshuo Yan, Mingyang Gao, Jiaji Tang, Lin Huang, Yan Luo","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241311695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X241311695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy stands as an innovative neurostimulation modality that has demonstrated both efficacy and safety in improving brain function. This therapy exerts multifaceted influences on neurons, blood vessels, and their intricate interplay known as neurovascular coupling (NVC). Growing evidence indicates that NVC may present a promising target for PBM intervention. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying its therapeutic benefits remain to be fully understood. This review aims to elucidate the potential metabolic pathways and signaling cascades involved in the modulatory effects of PBM, while also exploring the extensive repertoire of PBM applications in neurologic and psychiatric conditions. The prospects of PBM within the realm of NVC investigation are intensively considered, providing deeper insights into the powerful capabilities of PBM therapy and its potential to revolutionize neurostimulation treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"271678X241311695"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11705326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laurent Puy, Gregory Kuchcinski, Clémence Leboullenger, Florent Auger, Charlotte Cordonnier, Vincent Bérézowski
{"title":"Multimodal and serial MRI monitors brain peri-hematomal injury and repair mechanisms after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.","authors":"Laurent Puy, Gregory Kuchcinski, Clémence Leboullenger, Florent Auger, Charlotte Cordonnier, Vincent Bérézowski","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241270198","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241270198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The peri-hematomal area (PHA) emerges as a key but puzzling interface where edematous and neuroinflammatory events co-occur after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), while being considered either as deleterious or protective. We aimed at unraveling the pathogeny and natural history of PHA over time after experimental ICH. Male and female rats were longitudinally followed up to day 7 using multimodal brain MRI. MRI measures were compared to neuropathological and behavioural results. While the peak of PHA volume at day 3 was predictive for spontaneous locomotor deficit without sex-effect, its drop at day 7 fitted with locomotor recovery and hematoma resorption. The PHA highest water density was observed at onset despite microvascular hypoperfusion, taken over by blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage at day 3. Water density dropped at day 7, when vascular integrity was normalized, and the highest number of reactive astrocytes, microglial cells, and siderophages found. This study shows that the PHA with edematous component is hematoma-driven at onset and BBB-driven at day 3, but this excess neuroinflammation enabled PHA volume reduction and significant hematoma resorption as soon as day 7. Therapeutic interventions should consider this pathogeny, and be monitored by multimodal MRI in preclinical ICH models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"140-152"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11571976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed G Ewees, Mohamed A El-Mahdy, Yousef Hannawi, Jay L Zweier
{"title":"Tobacco cigarette smoking induces cerebrovascular dysfunction followed by oxidative neuronal injury with the onset of cognitive impairment.","authors":"Mohamed G Ewees, Mohamed A El-Mahdy, Yousef Hannawi, Jay L Zweier","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241270415","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241270415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While chronic smoking triggers cardiovascular disease, controversy remains regarding its effects on the brain and cognition. We investigated the effects of long-term cigarette smoke (CS) exposure (CSE) on cerebrovascular function, neuronal injury, and cognition in a novel mouse exposure model. Longitudinal studies were performed in CS or air-exposed mice, 2 hours/day, for up to 60 weeks. Hypertension and carotid vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) occurred by 16 weeks of CSE, followed by reduced carotid artery blood flow, with oxidative stress detected in the carotid artery, and subsequently in the brain of CS-exposed mice with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondary protein and DNA oxidation, microglial activation and astrocytosis. Brain small vessels exhibited decreased levels of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), enlarged perivascular spaces with blood brain barrier (BBB) leak and decreased levels of tight-junction proteins. In the brain, amyloid-β deposition and phosphorylated-tau were detected with increases out to 60 weeks, at which time mice exhibited impaired spatial learning and memory. Thus, long-term CSE initiates a cascade of ROS generation and oxidative damage, eNOS dysfunction with cerebral hypoperfusion, as well as cerebrovascular and BBB damage with intracerebral inflammation, and neuronal degeneration, followed by the onset of impaired cognition and memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"48-65"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11572251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Differential vulnerability among cell types in the neurovascular unit: Description and mechanisms.","authors":"Allison Brookshier, Patrick Lyden","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241299960","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241299960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, successful preclinical cerebroprotective agents fail to translate effectively into clinical practice suggesting the need for a comprehensive evaluation of all aspects of brain function. Selective vulnerability refers to the specific regional response of the brain following global ischemia, with observed patterns of vulnerability attributed to the distribution of neuronal subtypes and the functions of respective brain regions. Conversely, the concept of differential vulnerability pertains to the cell-type-specific reactions to cerebral ischemia, dictated by the biological characteristics of individual cells. This review aims to explore these vulnerability hypotheses and elucidate potential underlying cellular mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142621039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jasmin Annica Kuhn-Keller, Sigurdur Sigurdsson, Lenore J Launer, Mark A van Buchem, Matthias Jp van Osch, Vilmundur Gudnason, Jeroen de Bresser
{"title":"White matter hyperintensity shape is related to long-term progression of cerebrovascular disease in community-dwelling older adults.","authors":"Jasmin Annica Kuhn-Keller, Sigurdur Sigurdsson, Lenore J Launer, Mark A van Buchem, Matthias Jp van Osch, Vilmundur Gudnason, Jeroen de Bresser","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241270538","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241270538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White matter hyperintensity (WMH) shape is associated with long-term dementia risk in community-dwelling older adults, however, the underlying structural correlates of this association are unknown. We therefore aimed to investigate the association between baseline WMH shape and cerebrovascular disease progression over time in community-dwelling older adults. The association of WMH shape and cerebrovascular disease markers was investigated using linear and logistic regression models in the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik (AGES) study (n = 2297; average time to follow-up: 5.2 years). A more irregular shape of periventricular/confluent WMH at baseline was associated with a larger increase in WMH volume, and with occurrence of new subcortical infarcts, new microbleeds, new enlarged perivascular spaces, and new cerebellar infarcts at the 5.2-year follow-up (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, less elongated and more irregularly shaped deep WMHs were associated with a larger increase in WMH volume, and new cortical infarcts at follow-up (p < 0.05). A less elongated shape of deep WMH was associated with new microbleeds at follow-up (p < 0.05). Our findings show that WMH shape may be indicative of the type of cerebrovascular disease marker progression. This underlines the significance of WMH shape to aid in the assessment of cerebrovascular disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"187-195"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11572234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nina Hagemann, Yachao Qi, Ayan Mohamud Yusuf, AnRan Li, Xiaoni Zhang, Philippa Spangenberg, Anthony Squire, Thorsten R Doeppner, Fengyan Jin, Shuo Zhao, Jianxu Chen, Axel Mosig, Matthias Gunzer, Dirk M Hermann
{"title":"Arterial specification precedes microvascular restitution in the peri-infarct cortex that is driven by small microvessels.","authors":"Nina Hagemann, Yachao Qi, Ayan Mohamud Yusuf, AnRan Li, Xiaoni Zhang, Philippa Spangenberg, Anthony Squire, Thorsten R Doeppner, Fengyan Jin, Shuo Zhao, Jianxu Chen, Axel Mosig, Matthias Gunzer, Dirk M Hermann","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241270407","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241270407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evaluation of microvascular networks was impeded until recently by the need of histological tissue sectioning, which precluded 3D analyses. Using light-sheet microscopy, we investigated microvascular network characteristics in the peri-infarct cortex of mice 3-56 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. In animal subgroups, the sphingosine-1-phosphate analog FTY720 (Fingolimod) was administered starting 24 hours post-ischemia. Light-sheet microscopy revealed a striking pattern of microvascular changes in the peri-infarct cortex, that is, a loss of microvessels, which was most prominent after 7 days and followed by the reappearance of microvessels over 56 days which revealed an increased branching point density and shortened branches. Using a novel AI-based image analysis algorithm we found that the length density of microvessels expressing the arterial specification marker α-smooth muscle actin markedly increased in the peri-infarct cortex already at 7 days post-ischemia. The length and branch density of small microvessels, but not of intermediate or large microvessels increased above pre-ischemic levels within 14-56 days. FTY720 increased the length and branch density of small microvessels. This study demonstrates long-term alterations of microvascular architecture post-ischemia indicative of increased collateralization most notably of small microvessels. Light-sheet microscopy will greatly advance the assessment of microvascular responses to restorative stroke therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"171-186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11571960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavel Yanev, Cynthia Martin-Jimenez, Diego Julian Vesga-Jimenez, Laura Zvinys, Nicholas Weinrich, Mary Ann Cree, Todd M Preuss, Xiaodong Zhang, Manuel Yepes
{"title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mediates cerebral ischemia-induced astrocytic reactivity.","authors":"Pavel Yanev, Cynthia Martin-Jimenez, Diego Julian Vesga-Jimenez, Laura Zvinys, Nicholas Weinrich, Mary Ann Cree, Todd M Preuss, Xiaodong Zhang, Manuel Yepes","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241270445","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241270445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although ischemia increases the abundance of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), its source and role in the ischemic brain remain unclear. We detected PAI-1-immunoreactive cells with morphological features of reactive astrocytes in the peri-ischemic cortex of mice after an experimentally-induced ischemic lesion, and of a chimpanzee that suffered a naturally-occurring stroke. We found that although the abundance of PAI-1 increases 24 hours after the onset of the ischemic injury in a non-reperfusion murine model of ischemic stroke, at that time-point there is no difference in astrocytic reactivity and the volume of the ischemic lesion between wild-type (Wt) animals and in mice either genetically deficient (PAI-1<sup>-/-</sup>) or overexpressing PAI-1 (PAI-1<sup>Tg</sup>). In contrast, 72 hours later astrocytic reactivity and the volume of the ischemic lesion were decreased in PAI-1<sup>-/-</sup> mice and increased in PAI-1<sup>Tg</sup> animals. Our immunoblottings and fractal analysis studies show that the abundance of astrocytic PAI-1 rises during the recovery phase from a hypoxic injury, which in turn increases the abundance of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and triggers morphological features of reactive astrocytes. These studies indicate that cerebral ischemia-induced release of astrocytic PAI-1 triggers astrocytic reactivity associated with enlargement of the necrotic core.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"102-114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11572231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anesthetics in pathological cerebrovascular conditions.","authors":"Yuhui Hou, Wei Ye, Ziyuan Tang, Fengxian Li","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241295857","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241295857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing prevalence of pathological cerebrovascular conditions, including stroke, hypertensive encephalopathy, and chronic disorders, underscores the importance of anesthetic considerations for affected patients. Preserving cerebral oxygenation and blood flow during anesthesia is paramount to prevent neurological deterioration. Furthermore, protecting vulnerable neurons from damage is crucial for optimal outcomes. Recent research suggests that anesthetic agents may provide a potentially therapeutic approach for managing pathological cerebrovascular conditions. Anesthetics target neural mechanisms underlying cerebrovascular dysfunction, thereby modulating neuroinflammation, protecting neurons against ischemic injury, and improving cerebral hemodynamics. However, optimal strategies regarding mechanisms, dosage, and indications remain uncertain. This review aims to clarify the physiological effects, mechanisms of action, and reported neuroprotective benefits of anesthetics in patients with various pathological cerebrovascular conditions. Investigating anesthetic effects in cerebrovascular disease holds promise for developing novel therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"32-47"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia K Gundersen, Fernando Gonzalez-Ortiz, Thomas Karikari, Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom, Katrin Mertes, Henrik Zetterberg, Hlin Kvartsberg, Ole Morten Rønning, Berglind Gísladóttir, Kaj Blennow, Tormod Fladby
{"title":"Neuronal plasma biomarkers in acute ischemic stroke.","authors":"Julia K Gundersen, Fernando Gonzalez-Ortiz, Thomas Karikari, Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom, Katrin Mertes, Henrik Zetterberg, Hlin Kvartsberg, Ole Morten Rønning, Berglind Gísladóttir, Kaj Blennow, Tormod Fladby","doi":"10.1177/0271678X241293537","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X241293537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early imaging-based detection of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has improved in the era of reperfusion therapy. Despite of this, prognosis of outcome after AIS remains a challenge. Therefore, parameters that support clinical decision making are sought. Blood-based biomarkers have the potential to provide valuable information in addition to the established prognostic factors. Neuronal biomarkers of acute or degenerative neuronal injury have shown to be reliably detected in plasma. These biomarkers are well-established in neurodegenerative pathology, such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we explored the association between stroke diameter and plasma biomarkers for neuronal injury and tau pathophysiology (brain-derived tau [BD-tau], phosphorylated-tau-217 [p-tau21] and neurofilament light [NfL]) in patients (n = 193) admitted to the acute ward, Akershus University Hospital. All patients received a final diagnosis of AIS, transient ischemic attack or stroke mimics. Blood samples were obtained the day after admission. We find that levels of BD-tau (p = .004) and NfL (p = .011) were higher after AIS than in patients with stroke mimics. The cortical stroke diameter correlated with BD-tau (tau-b = 0.64, p < .001) and p-tau217 (tau-b = 0.36, p = .003). Linear regression confirmed BD-tau to be the strongest variable associated with stroke diameter, pointing to the potential clinical value of plasma BD-tau in outcome prediction after AIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":15325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}