Journal of Applied Poultry Research最新文献

{"title":"The effect of hatching altitudes and broiler strains on the prevalence of ascites syndrome","authors":"Siamak Pourghasemi khiavi,&nbsp;Habib Aghdam Shahryar,&nbsp;Ramin Salamatdoust Nobar,&nbsp;Abolfazl Ghorbani","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ascites in broilers is a metabolic disorder causing substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. This study aimed to investigate the effects of broiler strains (Ross 308 and Cobb) and hatching altitude (Rasht 0 m and Tabriz 1400 m) effects on the incidence of ascites syndrome and related traits. Two hundred forty hatching eggs of the same weight (64±1 gram) were used. The eggs hatched in both locations simultaneously. The studied parameters were incidence of ascites syndrome at 14, 21, and 42 days, lung and heart volume at 14 and 42 days, carcass performance, antioxidant status, hematological measurements, thyroid hormone levels, nitric oxide, lipid profile, uric acid, and liver enzyme level. Results showed that the strain on SOD, T3, and cholesterol, hatching altitude on lung and heart volume at 42 days, and T3, and the interaction of strain at hatching altitude on lung and heart volume at 42 days, spleen percentage, nitric oxide level, and RV-to-TV ratio were significant effect (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The incidence of ascites and heart volume increases with age, but lung volume decreases. Even though there is no significant difference between the two strains and the hatching altitude in most of the traits, the comparison of the numerical values of the parameters indicates that the high-altitude hatching and the Cobb strain have higher values. These data suggest that selected broiler strains and hatching environments could have a higher sensitivity to alterations in pulmonary rheological parameters at an early age, triggering the ascites syndrome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 100515"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book review of “improving poultry meat quality” edited by Max Petracci and Mario Estavez.","authors":"R. Jeff Buhr","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100512","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 100512"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens","authors":"Deepa Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Sabin Poudel ,&nbsp;Linan Jia ,&nbsp;Anuraj Theradiyil Sukumaran ,&nbsp;Xue Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen-Hsing Cheng ,&nbsp;Aaron S. Kiess ,&nbsp;Kenneth S. Macklin ,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed and optimized a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> (<em>C. perfringens</em>), a key pathogen in necrotic enteritis in poultry, causing significant global economic losses. We designed two sets of LAMP primers, ID7 and ID22, targeting the <em>cpa</em> gene of <em>C. perfringens</em>. The CP-LAMP assays were optimized for temperature, time, and primer concentration. We conducted inclusivity tests on 55 <em>C. perfringens</em> strains and exclusivity tests on six other <em>Clostridium</em> species strains and 33 non-<em>Clostridium</em> strains (<em>Escherichia coli, Campylobacter</em>, and <em>Salmonella</em>). Sensitivity was evaluated using serially diluted genomic DNA from <em>C. perfringens</em> ATCC 13124 and compared to PCR. The optimal primer concentrations were 8 μM F3/B3 and 48 μM FIP/BIP. Reactions were performed at 63°C for 30 min. Both primer sets achieved 100 % inclusivity and 88.33 % and 100 % exclusivity for other <em>Clostridium</em> and non-<em>Clostridium</em> isolates, respectively. The CP-LAMP assay's sensitivity and specificity were comparable to PCR, enhancing surveillance and management of necrotic enteritis in poultry farms, potentially reducing its economic impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 100513"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water consumption trends for commercial broilers grown to nine weeks","authors":"Carson M. Edge ,&nbsp;Jeremiah D. Davis ,&nbsp;Joseph L. Purswell ,&nbsp;Jesse C. Campbell ,&nbsp;William D. Batchelor ,&nbsp;John E. Linhoss","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring drinking water consumption (WC) is a daily routine for broiler producers and can be a good indicator of flock health and performance. In general, water consumption will increase as broilers age, and any sudden dips or decreasing trend in water consumption can indicate an issue that should be addressed. Due to the lack of information in the literature, this study quantified daily WC trends for broilers grown to nine weeks under commercial conditions. Daily WC was monitored between d 8 to 63 and varied between two flocks. Mean cumulative WC was 14,629 L/1,000 birds, ranging from 13,982 (Flock 2) to 15,276 L/1,000 birds (Flock 1). At wk 8, flocks from this study consumed between 27 to 46% more water on a L/1,000 birds/wk basis than data reported 20 to 30 yrs ago. However, broilers in this study consumed less water to achieve equivalent body weights (BW) when compared to past studies. While reporting broiler WC in units of L/1,000 birds makes discussions in the field easier when trying to estimate the expected water needs of a farm, broiler genetics and husbandry practices continue to increase bird weights earlier in the flock. Including a WC:BW in terms of mL of WC to kg of BW can provide a more accurate comparison. Future WC research studies should include additional data to allow for better comparisons between studies: weekly BW, environmental set-points, in-house air temperature, lighting photoperiod and intensity, diet composition by feeding phase, drinking system, and water line pressures, and others.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 100511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary copper and L-arginine: influence on pullet maturation and productivity","authors":"Hasan Rouhanipour ,&nbsp;Omid Ashayerizadeh ,&nbsp;Seyed Davood Sharifi ,&nbsp;Behrouz Dastar","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, different levels of copper and L-arginine (LA) were used in diets for pullets. The effects of these supplements were examined on sexual maturation parameters, blood biochemical profiles, immune system, and antibodies titer against Influenza A (H9N2-subtype), Newcastle (B1 Type), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) H120 vaccine strain during the rearing phase of pullets. A total of 360 Hy-Line W-80 white layer-type pullets (13-week-old) were used in two test periods: the first period (developer) from the age of 13-15 weeks, and the second period (pre-layer) from the age of 16-17 weeks. The pullets were assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two levels of supplemental Cu (15 and 30 mg/kg in the developer diet, denoted as Cu15, Cu30) and three levels of LA. These include the recommended level according to Hy-line (RHL), as well as 20% higher (LA20) and 40% higher (LA40) than the recommended level in the diet. The experiment was design a randomized complete block with 6 treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates, with 10 birds per pen. The total duration of the experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Dietary inclusion of Cu15+LA40, Cu30+RHL, and as well as the use of diet supplemented with Cu30+LA20 increased shank length compared to the group fed Cu15+RHL in developer period (P&lt;0.05). In pre-layer period, the birds fed with Cu15+LA40 diet had greater comb height than both Cu15+LA20 and Cu30+LA40 groups (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, birds fed with Cu30+LA20 diet exhibited lower levels of LDL and LDL/HDL ratio than those fed on the Cu15+RHL diet (P<em>&lt;</em>0.05). Heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (HET/LYM) decreased in the birds fed with Cu15+LA40 and Cu30+LA20 compared to the Cu15+RHL treatment (P&lt;0.05). Estradiol hormone increased in the blood serum of birds fed diets containing Cu30+LA20, compared to the Cu15+LA20 and Cu15+RHL diets (P&lt;0.05). Based on the results, adding copper 15 and 30 mg copper/kg and L-arginine 40% higher than the recommended level to the growing phase diets of pullets have positive effects on performance parameters, blood biochemical profiles, and immune system. Also, physiological maturity indices improve within specific age ranges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 100510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypocholesterolemic potentials of garlic on the lipid profile of poultry birds and poultry products: A review","authors":"B. Adjei-Mensah ,&nbsp;O. Oso ,&nbsp;E. Oke ,&nbsp;T.T. Kuka ,&nbsp;P. Sasu ,&nbsp;R.K. Agbehadzi ,&nbsp;C.C. Atuahene ,&nbsp;A. Donkoh ,&nbsp;J.A. Hamidu ,&nbsp;K. Tona","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quality of meat and eggs, as well as consumer acceptance, is influenced by microbial load, flavor, and lipid oxidation. Recently, consumer preferences have shifted toward naturally healthy, disease-free poultry products that have no negative side effects. Natural additives are now gaining popularity in research due to the presence of microbial-resistant bacteria associated with synthetic products and feed additives. Garlic and its bioactive components (<strong>BCs</strong>) have been found to improve the quality of meat and egg yolks by affecting the activities of important enzymes such as squalene oxidase and HMG-CoA reductase, which are responsible for cholesterol and lipid synthesis. However, the extent to which the organosulphur compounds (<strong>OSCs</strong>) in garlic can enhance lipid stability and reduce total cholesterol depends on various variables including preparation technique, shelf life, rate of inclusion, and duration of supplementation in bird diets. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the impact of garlic supplementation on the lipid profiles and fatty acids in poultry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 100509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applied research note: Predicting carcass portion weights for purebred turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) lines using a 2D imaging system","authors":"Shai Barbut ,&nbsp;Emily M. Leishman ,&nbsp;Ryley J. Vanderhout ,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Wood ,&nbsp;Christine F. Baes","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving carcass portion yields (e.g., breast meat) is a major goal of modern turkey breeding and traditionally requires manual collection of portion weights. This can be a labor-intensive process considering the large amount of data needed to be useful for breeding companies. Recently, there has been increasing interest in using computer vision systems to assess parameters such as size, weight, volume, and grade of poultry meat. The present study developed mathematical equations to predict turkeys’ (4,000) meat yield using a non-invasive real-time 2D carcass imaging system. Although our breast meat models proved to be good, the thigh and drum models did not demonstrate a high correlation between observed and predicted weights probably due to the orientation of the image and any potential shifts made during image capture. These results represent a first step in developing prediction models for valuable turkey carcass portions using practical imaging systems. Further investigations need to take place to demonstrate this system can be more fruitful than simply predicting portion weight off live weight and help the industry to better collect phenotypes in a cost-effective manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde and peracetic acid alone or in combination on multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg on broiler drumsticks under scalding alone or with chilling and storage in sequence","authors":"C. Peichel ,&nbsp;D.V.T. Nair ,&nbsp;S. Manjankattil ,&nbsp;K.M. Reed ,&nbsp;R.B. Cox ,&nbsp;A.M. Donoghue ,&nbsp;A. Kollanoor Johny","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study determined the antibacterial effect of <em>trans</em>-cinnamaldehyde (<strong>TC</strong>), peracetic acid (<strong>PAA</strong>), and their combination against <em>Salmonella</em> Heidelberg on broiler drumsticks at scalding conditions alone or with chilling and storage in sequence. Broiler chicken drumsticks were inoculated with a low (∼3.0 log10 CFU/g) or high (∼4.5 log10 CFU/g) concentration of <em>S.</em> Heidelberg. They were immersed in treatment water containing 0.5 % TC, 1 % TC, 0.05 % PAA, 0.5 % TC + 0.05 % PAA, and 1 % TC + 0.05 % PAA at 54 °C for 2 min. The drumsticks inoculated with <em>S.</em> Heidelberg and without any antimicrobial treatment in scalding water were positive controls (<strong>PC</strong>). After scalding, the drumsticks were rinsed in 350 mL phosphate-buffered saline (<strong>PBS</strong>) for 30 s to obtain surviving <em>S.</em> Heidelberg populations enumerated by surface plating and enrichment methods. Additionally, the efficacy of the scalding treatments (PC, 1 % TC, 0.05 % PAA, and 1 % TC + 0.05% PAA) against <em>S.</em> Heidelberg survival on drumsticks after chilling and chilled storage in sequence was determined. At least six replicates per treatment were present in each experiment. Results revealed that PAA and its combination with TC (0.5 or 1 %) resulted in the significant reduction of <em>S.</em> Heidelberg on drumsticks at both inoculum levels (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the treatments inactivated <em>S</em>. Heidelberg to non-detectable levels in the scalding water (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The scalding treatments also inhibited <em>S.</em> Heidelberg on the drumsticks during chilled storage without affecting the surface color of the drumsticks (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). The study indicated that TC, PAA, or their combinations could be antimicrobials for <em>S.</em> Heidelberg control in poultry processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the effect of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol-glycosides and phytogenic antioxidants against bacterial chondronecrosis induced by aerosol transmission model","authors":"Khawla Alharbi ,&nbsp;Andi Asnayanti ,&nbsp;Amer Hasan ,&nbsp;Wesley J. Vaught ,&nbsp;Kathrin Buehler ,&nbsp;Jan Dirk Van der Klis ,&nbsp;Javier Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Michael T. Kidd ,&nbsp;Adnan Alrubaye","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (<strong>BCO</strong>) lameness has been a major concern in the broiler industry, causing financial losses and animal welfare issues. BCO lameness is caused by a bacterial infection in leg bones. Pathogens enter the bloodstream via respiratory and intestinal epithelial translocation and infect the tibia and femoral heads of the birds. Supplementation of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ is crucial in regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, immune system, and bone metabolism. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycosides derived from <em>Solanum glaucophyllum</em> (G-1,25(OH)₂D₃) were hypothesized to mitigate BCO lameness in broilers. In this study, G-1,25(OH)₂D₃ alone or in combination with phytogenic antioxidants were tested for their impacts on cumulative BCO lameness in the broiler population. BCO seeder group and the negative control had developed 78,0% and 73.5% cumulative lameness (<em>P</em> = 0.64), respectively. Supplementation of 1 µg/kg of G-1,25(OH)₂D₃ was more effective in reducing the cumulative lameness than 10 µg/kg of G-1,25(OH)₂D₃ (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences between 1 µg/kg of G-1,25(OH)₂D₃ alone or in combination with 500 mg/kg of a mixture of <em>Curcuma longa</em> plus <em>Trachyspermum ammi</em> (PH1), 750 mg/kg of a mixture of <em>Solanum xanthacarpum</em> plus <em>Piper longum</em> (PH2), or 500 mg/kg thyme oil. Therefore, 1 µg/kg of G-1,25(OH)₂D₃ provided better protection against BCO lameness compared to 10 µg/kg of G-1,25(OH)₂D₃. Additionally, the combination with phytogenic antioxidants did not result in any further reduction of cumulative BCO lameness compared to the use of G-1,25(OH)₂D₃ alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applied research note: Optimized corticosterone extraction following feather dissolution by keratinase","authors":"Nikolas R. Faust ,&nbsp;Rosemary L. Walzem","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to develop and validate a robust, non-invasive method for assessing corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in poultry feathers as an indication of lifelong stress. Traditional sample preparation using methanol extraction showed high variability, prompting the exploration of a keratinase-based protocol. Three protocols were compared: methanol extraction (MP), original keratinase (KP), and an optimized keratinase protocol (OKP). The OKP significantly reduced intra-assay variability to 5.4 % compared to 61 % (MP) and 33 % (KP). Feather CORT levels were reliably quantified using the OKP, showing linear recovery of spiked samples (R² = 0.97). No significant correlation was found between plasma and feather CORT concentrations, underscoring the potential of feather sampling for long-term, as opposed to acute, stress assessment in poultry. This optimized method provides a valuable tool for animal welfare studies, enabling accurate and consistent measurement of feather CORT levels across different poultry strains and conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100505"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142757560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}