Journal of Attention Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Medication Therapy on Social, Behavioral, and Employment Outcomes in Adults With ADHD.","authors":"Maryam Pathan, Ki Jin Jeun, Mohammad A Al-Mamun","doi":"10.1177/10870547261433489","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261433489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Limited studies have explored the association between pharmacotherapy treatment and socio-behavioral and employment-related difficulties among adults with ADHD in U.S. This study aimed to evaluate and compare socio-behavioral and employment outcomes among adults with ADHD who were receiving stimulant treatment versus those who were not.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2013-2019. Adults with ADHD were categorized into stimulant-treated versus not stimulant-treated groups. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to assess the association between stimulant use and outcomes of interest (e.g., social, behavioral, and employment outcomes) and was reported using odds ratio (ORs). Propensity score matching was used to control for confounding and sub-group analyses were conducted by adherence to CNS stimulants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1,290 (2,468,186 weighted) patients, 80.67% were stimulant-treated, and 19.33% were not treated with stimulants. No significant differences were found in the employment outcomes between the two groups in adjusted models. Sub-group analyses showed that adherent users of stimulants had higher odds of self-employment (OR = 2.10 [1.15, 3.82]) than non-adherent users. Stimulant-treated adults had higher odds of social limitations (OR = 3.16 [1.50, 6.69]), and lower odds of physical activity (OR = 0.29 [0.13, 0.66]) compared to those who were not treated with stimulants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, these findings highlight important gaps in understanding the relationship between real-world functional outcomes and stimulants use in adults with ADHD and underscore the need for additional longitudinal and real-world studies to thoroughly understand the impact of ADHD medications on those outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"916-929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Providers of ADHD Care for Children: Factors Associated With Coordination of ADHD Services With Schools.","authors":"Angelika H Claussen, Samuel M Katz, Kimberly Newsome, George J DuPaul","doi":"10.1177/10870547261433741","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261433741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Coordination between healthcare providers and schools may improve ADHD diagnosis and treatment but is often insufficient. This descriptive survey study examined factors associated with provider coordination with schools.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were from child-serving U.S. primary care providers who completed the Porter Novelli Fall 2023 DocStyles ADHD survey module (<i>n</i> = 1,047); grouped into three levels of school coordination: (1) no school communication; (2) use school information without direct coordination; or (3) school intervention coordination. Level of coordination was compared by provider and practice characteristics, barriers to diagnosis and treatment, and training needs.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Among providers, 20.5% offered no school communication, 55.8% used school information without direct coordination, and 23.7% offered school intervention coordination. Pediatricians least often reported no school communication; nurse practitioners most often reported school intervention coordination. Multiple factors were significantly associated with level of school coordination (<i>p</i> < .046-.001). Barriers to ADHD care such as provider lack of knowledge and training needs, and family resistance to evaluation, worries about stigma, and treatment access were most common among providers offering school intervention coordination. Provider lack of comfort with ADHD evaluation and inadequate training post-degree was most common for providers offering no communication; providers who used school information most often reported not needing more ADHD training.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings highlight opportunities to improve school coordination by addressing barriers to ADHD care. Efforts to increase training and reduce barriers may benefit from differentiation between providers who need foundational knowledge about ADHD care and those who offer school coordination and seek advanced training and support.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"930-944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13581044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147574085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Delivery Mode Matter? A Randomised Controlled Trial of the Sleeping Sound Intervention: Predicting Sleep Outcomes in Children With ADHD.","authors":"Maya K Malkani, Andrew M C Sheridan, Alison J Crichton, Romola S Bucks, Carmela F Pestell","doi":"10.1177/10870547251393071","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251393071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The effectiveness of behavioural interventions to improve sleep in children with ADHD has been demonstrated, although most treatments are conducted in-person, with limited evidence for paediatric telehealth approaches. Study 1 is a randomised controlled trial evaluating the ADHD Sleeping Sound intervention to compare outcomes between in-person and telehealth modalities. Study 2 examined whether baseline sleep problems and treatment response were predicted by baseline symptom presentation, attachment security, and family functioning.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Children aged 5 to 12 years (65.4% male) with ADHD received either in-person (<i>n</i> = 40) or telehealth (<i>n</i> = 38) treatment. Subjective (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire) and objective (actigraphy) sleep variables were assessed at baseline, post-intervention (1 week), and follow-up (3 months).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As expected, subjectively measured sleep disturbance significantly improved post-treatment, with no significant difference in rate of change between in-person and telehealth modalities. For Study 2, baseline measures comprised the Conners CBRS, Attachment Insecurity Screening Inventory, Security Scale, and Family Assessment Device. Latent growth curve modelling analysed data via intention-to-treat (primary) and per protocol (secondary) methods. Higher attachment insecurity and lower family functioning were significantly associated with greater (subjective) baseline sleep problems. Additionally, attachment security predicted changes in sleep duration over time, highlighting the importance of considering relational family factors when designing sleep interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Telehealth ADHD sleep interventions represent a promising approach to enhancing health equity and access for families experiencing geographical and/or structural barriers to in-person treatment.Trial RegistrationANZCTR, ACTRN12621001681842. Registered 9 December 2021 - https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621001681842.aspx.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"835-856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13230654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145604211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Inflammatory Biomarkers With ADHD and Moderating Effect of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES.","authors":"Keyu Pan, Shanru Jin, Xiang Gao, Changshuang He, Beibei Shi, Meng Zhang, Yiting Wei, Minghui Quan","doi":"10.1177/10870547261458103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547261458103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Research findings on specific inflammatory markers (e.g., CRP) in ADHD show considerable heterogeneity. Meanwhile, the potential moderating role of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in this relationship is underexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 1999 and 2004, 4,817 adolescents aged 12 to 19 were included. This study used logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic splines (RCS) to explore the association between inflammatory biomarkers and ADHD. Interactive analyses were performed to assess the moderating effect of LTPA on this relationship. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were conducted to validate the robustness of the observed effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjusting for all confounding factors, each 1 mg/L increment in C-reactive protein (CRP) was associated with a 9% higher ADHD risk (<i>OR</i> = 1.09, 95% CI [1.01, 1.18]). The chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) group exhibited a 57% higher risk of ADHD (<i>OR</i> = 1.57, 95% CI [1.14, 2.15]) compared to the non-GLGI group. The non-linear analysis further revealed that the risk of ADHD reached its peak when CRP was 2.75 mg/L (<i>OR</i> = 1.89, 95% CI [1.39, 2.57]). Compared with the group engaging in less than 60 min of LTPA daily, the association between ADHD and CRP was moderated in the \"LTPA ≥60 min/day\" group (<i>p</i> for interaction = .04).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Elevated CRP levels are positively associated with ADHD. More than 60 min/day LTPA may moderate the association between CRP and the risk of ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547261458103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148271706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and Acceptability of Group-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Executive Self-Management in College Students With ADHD: Replication in a Public Urban Setting.","authors":"Mary V Solanto, Anthony L Rostain, Sarah O'Neill, Michael A Tate, Mariely Hernandez, Zeina Kamareddine, Anna R C Workman","doi":"10.1177/10870547261457678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547261457678","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, feasibility, and replicability of a manualized group cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to enhance executive self-management in college students with ADHD. Whereas the first trial of this intervention was conducted in a private university in a small city in the Netherlands, the current open trial was administered at an urban, public college in the northeast United States. A simultaneous goal of the study was to train PhD-level psychologists to administer the intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Forty-one students meeting rigorously assessed DSM-5 criteria for ADHD were enrolled in one of six 12-week treatment groups that addressed time-management, organization, and planning, and also targeted procrastination, distractibility, and negative automatic thoughts. Strategies were also included to improve attention to and retention of reading materials and guidance in organizing and writing essays. Each group was co-led by an experienced therapist and one of three clinical psychologists undergoing training. Pre- and post-treatment measures included number and severity of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms as assessed on a structured diagnostic interview (AISRS) and via a self-report (CAARS) questionnaire, as well as measures of executive skills (BRIEF-A, LASSI-III). At the end of treatment, students rated the helpfulness of each of the program's components and strategies, and provided a personal narrative of the most important effects of the program on their daily functioning and personal well-being.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Thirty-six of the 41 enrollees fully or partially completed the treatment and provided post-treatment data for the analyses. Repeated measures ANOVA yielded significant main effects for decreases in clinician-rated and self-rated number and severity of inattentive symptoms. Change in executive self-management was associated with change in ADHD Inattention severity after controlling for pre-treatment inattention. Significant improvement was also observed on the BRIEF-A Metacognitive Index and LASSI-III composite score. Overall, 67% of students rated the group program as \"very helpful\" and 30% as \"moderately helpful.\"&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Pre- to post-treatment reductions in clinician- and self-rated ADHD symptoms and executive self-management skills were observed, although, of course, conclusions regarding efficacy/effectiveness cannot be drawn from uncontrolled trials. This replication of the group CBT intervention in a public, urban setting, with training of interventionists, supports the feasibility of the treatment, and warrants a large-scale randomized controlled trial against an active control group to evaluate efficacy, with potential for dissemination across college campuses generally (ClinicalT","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547261457678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148271760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADHD Diagnosis Patterns: Comorbidities and the Impact of Relative Age on Diagnosis Likelihood.","authors":"Elisa Westman, Tuire Prami, Alvar Kallio, Ilona Iso-Mustajärvi, Essi J Peltonen, Joel Jukka, Paavo Raittinen, Maarit J Korhonen, Anita Puustjärvi, Sami Leppämäki","doi":"10.1177/10870547261451069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547261451069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with comorbid conditions, especially psychiatric comorbidities. On the other hand, getting an ADHD diagnosis has been linked to children's relative age. The aim of this study was to describe diagnostic patterns of ADHD patients of all ages, and to compare comorbidity and birth month between ADHD patients and matched controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This nationwide study cohort included incident ADHD patients with records of ADHD medication and/or ADHD diagnosis in Finland during 2015 to 2020, and with no such records during 2010 to 2014. Four controls were matched with each patient based on age, gender, and place of residence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Altogether 66,146 incident ADHD patients and 256,270 matched controls were identified, and their average follow-up time was 3.5 years. Mean age at the first ADHD diagnosis was 15.9 years for males and 22.3 for females. Prior to being diagnosed with ADHD, patients visited health care remarkably more often than controls. Comorbid diagnoses were the most prevalent at index date, and compared to controls, the prevalence of these comorbidities within 3 years preceding the index date increased more in ADHD patients. The odds of ADHD increased with later birth months across all age-gender groups, except among girls under 6 years of age. The association was more pronounced among males.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ADHD is associated with a significant comorbidity burden across all age groups, even before ADHD diagnosis. Individuals who are younger in relative age are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547261451069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can the Neurodiversity Approach Apply to ADHD? Exploring the Lived Experience of ADHD as Neurodivergence.","authors":"Saskia van der Oord, Gert-Jan Vanaken, Blandine French","doi":"10.1177/10870547261459222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547261459222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neurodiversity proponents claim ADHD is a value-neutral, minority neurotype subject to marginalization and discrimination. This paper explores, guided by lived-experiences it's applicability to ADHD and contrasts it with the medical model and the overmedicalization critique. Here, ADHD is respectively considered as a deficit-to-be-cured or a societal problem compromising identity, fostering stigma and inducing medication use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative review of in-depth interview studies with ADHD adolescents and adults focused on experiencing: core ADHD characteristics, disablement, diagnosis and medication and evaluated which approach to ADHD matches best the lived experience of ADHD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In these lived experiences (1) ADHD characteristics are generally not experienced as universal deficits (2) disability primarily stems from an invalidating mismatch between the ADHD person and their neuronormative environment (3) the ADHD diagnostic label brings both beneficial and disadvantageous consequences and (4) using medication requires balancing its bodily and identity impact, while needing it to navigate unaccommodating environments and meeting self-determined goals.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We conclude that considering ADHD as mere difference instead of as a universal deficit reflects people's lived experience and eases the self-acceptance of an ADHD diagnosis. Also, conceiving of disability as a person-environment mismatch, rather than as purely individual nor as induced by labeling, provides a helpful framework for the balancing act of medication use. Since ADHD and autistic experiences don't match entirely, we outline future debates among neurodiversity proponents. Overall, we believe the neurodiversity approach to ADHD is a promising and destigmatizing alternative inspiring new research, clinical and societal pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547261459222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148217758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multinutrient Supplementation in Children With ADHD Reduced Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Immune Factors in the MADDY Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Jennifer M Loftis, Hayleigh K Ast, Alisha M Bruton, Priya Srikanth, Ramya Ramesh, David W Erikson, Lisa M Robinette, Irene E Hatsu, Brenda M Y Leung, Taryn A Machingo, L Eugene Arnold, Jeanette M Johnstone","doi":"10.1177/10870547251397701","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251397701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>While individual nutrients have shown effects on inflammatory mechanisms, the effects of multinutrients (vitamins + minerals, antioxidants, and amino acids) on inflammation are unknown. We investigated whether 8 weeks of multinutrient supplementation, in a randomized controlled trial of 83 children with ADHD, would alter immune factors compared to placebo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multiplex technology was used to measure 25 immune factors in blood samples collected at baseline and week 8. Immune factors were compared between multinutrient and placebo groups using the Mann-Whitney test. Linear mixed effects models evaluated immune factor change over time. To understand the functional relevance of the immune factors affected by multinutrient supplementation, pathway analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v6.7 Bioinformatics Resources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 levels differed following multinutrient supplementation versus placebo (<i>p</i> = .005 and .03, respectively). IL-5 decreased by 1.3% in the multinutrient group (95% CI [-8.6%, 6.7%]) and increased by 17.5% in the placebo group (95% CI [6.9%, 29.2%]). IL-13 decreased by 11.4% in the multinutrient group (95% CI [-18.2%, -4.0%]), compared to a 2.4% increase in the placebo group (95% CI [-7.2%, 13.1%]). When comparing immune factors between treatment responders versus non-responders in the multinutrient group, there was a 4.3% increase in IL-15 in multinutrient responders (95% CI [-6.8%, 16.8%]) and a 14.3% decrease in non-responders (<i>p</i> = .03, 95% CI [-24.9%, -2.4%]). Pathway analysis identified T helper type 2 (Th2) signaling pathways affected by multinutrient supplementation, including IL-17 and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Th2 immune factors may be influenced by multinutrient supplementation and associated with behavioral improvements in ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"727-746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12959162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146029650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Medicine Use Among Adults With ADHD: A Nationwide Study in Australia.","authors":"Masako Araki, Helga Zoega, Malcolm Gillies, Michael O Falster, David Peiris, Sallie-Anne Pearson, Henrik Larsson, Juliana de Oliveira Costa","doi":"10.1177/10870547261418763","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261418763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite cardiovascular conditions being common in adults with ADHD, data on patterns of cardiovascular medicine use in this population are scarce.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using dispensing claims for a 10% random sample of Australians, this population-based study comprised 14,753 adults with ADHD (defined as having ≥2 ADHD medicine dispensings in 2012-2020) who were 1:4 sex- and age-matched with 59,012 adults without ADHD (no ADHD dispensings). We estimated the prevalence of cardiovascular medicine use in 2021 among adults with and without ADHD, overall and by medicine type, sex, and age. Using Poisson regression, we calculated age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall cardiovascular medicine use was more prevalent among adults with ADHD than those without (16.5% vs. 10.0%, aPR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.6, 1.7]), with the highest difference among those aged 18 to 29 years (aPR = 2.8, 95% CI [2.4, 3.1]). We observed increased differences in use of propranolol (3.2% vs. 0.7%), loop diuretics (0.8% vs. 0.4%), potassium-sparing diuretics (0.9% vs. 0.4%), cardiac therapy (0.8% vs. 0.5%), and antithrombotic agents (2.2% vs. 1.4%). Among females, we noted associations of ADHD with specific diuretic subgroups (loop, aPR = 2.8, 95% CI [2.1, 3.7]; potassium-sparing, aPR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.9, 3.3]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We identified an elevated prevalence of cardiovascular medicine use among adults with ADHD, particularly among younger people. We also observed distinct patterns in specific medicine use between sexes, suggesting potential sex-specific effect modification. Our findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring and management of cardiovascular health among people with ADHD across the lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"773-783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147529308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg Signature Cytokines and Microglia Regulatory Cytokines in ADHD and Healthy Controls: A Neuroimmunological Approach.","authors":"Fatma Subasi Turgut, Masum Öztürk, Mahmut Bulut, Sevgi Gökcüoğlu Nakipoğlu, Neval Kızıl, Nuriye Mete","doi":"10.1177/10870547261428864","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261428864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulated immune homeostasis may play a role in the pathophysiology of ADHD; however, comprehensive profiling of T-helper (Th) cell subsets and microglial regulatory cytokines remains limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included adolescents aged 12 to 18 years with ADHD (<i>n</i> = 45) and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 41). Serum levels of Th1 (IL-12 and IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4), Th17 (IL-17 and IL-23), Treg (IL-10 and TGF-β), and microglia regulatory cytokines (IL-34 and CSF-1) were measured by ELISA. ROC curve and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the diagnostic and predictive value of the parameters in distinguishing ADHD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant increases in IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were observed in the ADHD group compared to the control group. IL-12 and IL-17 showed the highest diagnostic yield (AUC = 0.77). IL-12 remained a strong independent predictor in multivariate analysis (OR = 55.88, <i>P</i> = .015). IFN-γ and TGF-β did not differ significantly between the groups. CSF-1 levels did not differ between the groups, while IL-34 showed an increase that approached statistical significance in the ADHD group (<i>P</i> = .052; AUC = 0.622).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results reveal a profile of Th1/Th17-dominated proinflammatory activation, partially compensatory Th2/Treg modulation, and potentially IL-34-mediated microglial divergence in ADHD. IL-12 and IL-17 showed the highest discriminatory performance; however, their AUC values (~0.77) remained at a moderate level. Our findings highlight the need for multidimensional immunophenotyping and point toward novel immune-targeted therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"807-821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147574101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}