Journal of aquatic animal health最新文献

{"title":"Myxobolus cerebralis Causes Presporogonic Mortality in Juvenile Mountain Whitefish","authors":"Benjamin Americus,&nbsp;George J. Schisler,&nbsp;Jerri L. Bartholomew,&nbsp;Stephen D. Atkinson","doi":"10.1002/aah.10125","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent range expansions of whirling disease impelled us to understand the impacts of its causative agent, the myxozoan parasite <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i>, on lesser-studied fish hosts. Mountain Whitefish <i>Prosopium williamsoni</i> overlap broadly with <i>M. cerebralis</i> across the western United States and Canada, and populations have experienced widespread declines since the 1990s. To evaluate effects of the parasite on Mountain Whitefish, we revisit formerly unpublished work of the Colorado Division of Wildlife (now Colorado Parks and Wildlife), comparing infection in age-matched Mountain Whitefish, Rainbow Trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>, and Brown Trout <i>Salmo trutta</i>. To complement the original report, we reanalyze mortality data and include additional SEM imagery. Infection of <i>M. cerebralis</i> in juvenile Mountain Whitefish was characterized by a brief but heavy period of mortality in the first 2 weeks after exposure, with limited pathology. This clinical effect is unique among the known salmonid hosts of <i>M. cerebralis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"33 2","pages":"116-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25398042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Pathogens and a Current-Use Pesticide: Potential Impacts on Eastern Hellbenders","authors":"J. Patrick W. Cusaac,&nbsp;Edward Davis Carter,&nbsp;Douglas C. Woodhams,&nbsp;Jacques Robert,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Spatz,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Howard,&nbsp;Carson Lillard,&nbsp;Allison W. Graham,&nbsp;Rachel D. Hill,&nbsp;Sherri Reinsch,&nbsp;Dale McGinnity,&nbsp;Bill Reeves,&nbsp;David Bemis,&nbsp;Rebecca P. Wilkes,&nbsp;William B. Sutton,&nbsp;Thomas B. Waltzek,&nbsp;Rebecca H. Hardman,&nbsp;Debra L. Miller,&nbsp;Matthew J. Gray","doi":"10.1002/aah.10117","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Populations of the eastern hellbender <i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis</i> have been declining for decades, and emerging pathogens and pesticides are hypothesized to be contributing factors. However, few empirical studies have attempted to test the potential effects of these factors on hellbenders. We simultaneously exposed subadult hellbenders to environmentally relevant concentrations of either <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>) or a frog virus 3-like ranavirus (RV), a combination of the pathogens, or each pathogen following exposure to a glyphosate herbicide (Roundup). Additionally, we measured the ability of the skin mucosome to inactivate <i>Bd</i> and RV in growth assays. We found that mucosome significantly inactivated RV by an average of 40% but had no negative effects on <i>Bd</i> growth. All treatments that included RV exposure experienced reduced survival compared to controls, and the combination of RV and herbicide resulted in 100% mortality. Histopathology verified RV as the cause of mortality in all RV-exposed treatments. No animals were infected with <i>Bd</i> or died in the <i>Bd</i>-only treatment. Our results suggest that RV exposure may be a significant threat to the survival of subadult hellbenders and that Roundup exposure may potentially exacerbate this threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"33 1","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25371324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Microsporidian Parasite Heterosporis sutherlandae: Prevalence, Severity, and Transmission","authors":"Megan M. Tomamichel,&nbsp;Paul A. Venturelli,&nbsp;Nicholas B. D. Phelps","doi":"10.1002/aah.10122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Heterosporis sutherlandae</i> is an invasive microsporidian parasite in the Great Lakes region of North America that infects the skeletal muscle of numerous fish species, rendering the fillet unfit for human consumption. Although <i>H. sutherlandae</i> has been identified as a pathogen of concern by state management agencies, there is little information to inform regulation and intervention. We sampled fishes over 1 year from three lakes in northern Minnesota with known infected populations to determine the importance of host demographic and environmental variables for influencing <i>H. sutherlandae</i> infection prevalence. <i>Heterosporis sutherlandae</i> was present during all sampling periods, ranging in prevalence from 1% to 11%. The prevalence of <i>H</i>. <i>sutherlandae</i> among Yellow Perch <i>Perca flavescens</i> varied significantly according to season, with winter having the lowest prevalence (1%) and summer having the highest prevalence (11%). For other fish species, the prevalence of <i>H. sutherlandae</i> also varied significantly with season: the lowest prevalence occurred during spring (1%) and the highest prevalence occurred in fall (9%). Rates of pathogen transmission were estimated by exposing Fathead Minnows <i>Pimephales promelas</i> in the laboratory. Transmission rates were 23% when naïve fish were fed infected tissues and only 2% when naïve fish were held in cohabitation with tissue-fed fish. Exposure method and exposure duration (d) increased the probability that a fish was infected with <i>H. sutherlandae.</i> These findings suggest that <i>H. sutherlandae</i> transmission is greater when a susceptible host consumes infected tissue than when the fish is exposed to spores present in the water column. The current rates of infection in wild fishes are in stark contrast to the prevalence documented in 2004 (28%), suggesting a reduction in <i>H. sutherlandae</i> prevalence within at least one Yellow Perch population in the Laurentian Great Lakes region since the early 2000s.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"33 2","pages":"84-93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39092809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematology and Clinical Biochemistry Profiles in Antillean Manatee Trichechus manatus manatus from Different Types of Captivity and Free Living in Northeast Brazil","authors":"Marcos A. Mendonça,&nbsp;Maisa S. Fonseca,&nbsp;Fernanda L. N. Attademo,&nbsp;Franciane S. Marques,&nbsp;Maria C. C. Ayres,&nbsp;Thiago D. Barral,&nbsp;Roberto Meyer,&nbsp;Ricardo D. Portela","doi":"10.1002/aah.10118","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Antillean manatee <i>Trichechus manatus manatus</i> can be found along the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Previous studies on the clinical biochemistry of these animals were conducted in North America and the Caribbean, whereas little is known regarding these parameters in South American manatee populations. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to examine the hematology and clinical biochemistry of Antillean manatees of different sexes and from different environments in northeast Brazil. Whole-blood and serum samples were obtained from healthy individuals. The hemogram analysis was performed and the levels of blood biochemical components were determined using an automated platform. The only statistically significant difference observed in the hemogram was a higher number of heterophils in manatees that were screened during the dry season of the year. Clinical biochemistry profiling revealed that free-ranging manatees presented lower levels of creatinine. Albumin was detected in higher concentrations in animals from rehabilitation captivity, and amylase presented higher levels in manatees that were kept in acclimation captivity. Free-ranging manatees showed higher serum aspartate aminotransferase levels than manatees in rehabilitation captivity. These results can aid veterinarians and conservation professionals in the development of better captive management procedures and in the clinical approach to manatees.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"32 4","pages":"168-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38524848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference Intervals for Blood Analytes of Adult Aquarium-Housed Russian Sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii","authors":"Stephen E. Cassle,&nbsp;Roy P. E. Yanong,&nbsp;Deborah B. Pouder,&nbsp;Carlos Rodriguez,&nbsp;Natalie Mylniczenko,&nbsp;Patrick M. Thompson,&nbsp;Natalie K. Stilwell,&nbsp;Kathy J. Heym,&nbsp;Todd Harmon,&nbsp;Nicole I. Stacy","doi":"10.1002/aah.10116","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Russian Sturgeon <i>Acipenser gueldenstaedtii</i> are an important, critically endangered, roe-producing species. Despite a wealth of knowledge pertaining to other members of family Acipenseridae, there is very limited published information regarding baseline blood analytes in Russian Sturgeon. The objectives of this study were (1) to establish reference intervals for a suite of hematological and biochemical data and (2) to compare plasma chemistry data to two point-of-care (POC) cartridges, tested on the VetScan iSTAT 1 analyzer, that use heparinized whole blood for the assessment of clinically normal, aquacultured adult Russian Sturgeon sedated with eugenol (AQUI-S 20E) at a single institution. Reference intervals are reported. The calculated hematocrit measured by the POC analyzer tended 4–5% lower than the spun packed cell volume, confirming the importance of spun packed cell volume as a reliable measurement of red blood cell mass. Various analytes, notably whole-blood urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, total carbon dioxide, chloride, ionized calcium, and anion gap, were significantly different by both POC cartridges. This study successfully produced reference intervals for blood analytes in adult Russian Sturgeon under managed care and creates a foundation for future studies into the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors and variations of analytical methodologies on blood analytes in this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"33 1","pages":"33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38524127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematology and Biochemistry Panel Reference Intervals for Captive Saddleback Clownfish Amphiprion polymnus and Tomato Clownfish A. frenatus","authors":"Sarah E. Wright,&nbsp;Nicole I. Stacy,&nbsp;Roy P. Yanong,&nbsp;Reilee N. Juhl,&nbsp;Gregory A. Lewbart","doi":"10.1002/aah.10114","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reference intervals of blood analytes are important diagnostic tools that clinicians use as a basis for making clinical decisions and that have been documented for many fish species. Although the effects of dietary supplementation on hematology and blood biochemistry variables in clownfish have been shown, there are no published reference intervals to date for routine hematology and blood biochemistry panels for these popular cultured marine fish (including <i>Amphiprion</i> spp.). The objective of this study was to establish de novo reference intervals for selected hemogram data and, using whole-blood analysis, commonly utilized chemistry analytes in two species of aquacultured clownfish: the Tomato Clownfish <i>Amphiprion frenatus</i> and Saddleback Clownfish <i>A. polymnus</i>. This study is based on blood samples from 25 clinically normal Tomato Clownfish and 38 clinically normal Saddleback Clownfish from two clownfish production facilities in Florida. Guidelines by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology were followed to generate robust reference intervals from the data collected. We report descriptive statistics and reference intervals for several hematology (<i>n</i> = 12) and biochemistry (<i>n</i> = 8) analytes using a small sample size and a small amount of blood per sample. The blood analyte data from this study are comparable with hematology and biochemistry data that have been reported in other teleost species. These results provide baseline health data for clownfish species that can be used in various clinical settings while also serving as a springboard for further research studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"33 1","pages":"3-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38448667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histologic Observations of Dermal Wound Healing in a Free-Ranging Blacktip Shark from the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic Coast: A Case Report","authors":"Joanna Borucinska,&nbsp;Douglas H. Adams,&nbsp;Bryan S. Frazier","doi":"10.1002/aah.10113","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite indications that sharks have an exceptional capacity to heal from traumatic injuries, no detailed microscopic observations of integumental wounds have been reported for sharks. This study details the histopathological features of such wounds in a free-ranging shark. An adult male Blacktip Shark <i>Carcharhinus limbatus</i> was collected in 2017 during fisheries-independent sampling efforts in the coastal southeastern U.S. Atlantic. The shark had numerous lesions on his head, torso, and left pectoral fin that were compatible with shark bites. Representative samples from two wounds on the head were examined by light microscopy. The epidermal changes included hyperplasia and hypertrophy; intracellular edema; and the absence of goblet cells, denticles, and chromatophores. In the dermis, fibrinocellular exudation, granulation tissue, and marked skeletal muscle necrosis and regeneration were observed. The above features were comparable to wound healing in bony fish, albeit minor differences were found. Although this case documents exceptionally good regeneration of skeletal muscle in the shark, we found no evidence of unique morphological healing patterns. Further studies on wound healing are needed because recent molecular and genetic findings do suggest evolutionary adaptations enhancing healing in sharks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"32 4","pages":"141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38351536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracoelomic- and Intramuscular-Injection Challenge Model of Piscine Streptococcosis in White Sturgeon Fingerlings","authors":"Diem Thu Nguyen,&nbsp;David Marancik,&nbsp;Esteban Soto","doi":"10.1002/aah.10112","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Streptococcus iniae</i> is a zoonotic pathogen and one of the major aetiologic agents of streptococcosis. In White Sturgeon <i>Acipenser transmontanus</i>, <i>S. iniae</i> infection typically presents as a necrotizing and heterophilic myositis, causing 30–50% mortality in infected fish. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and to identify the experimental route of infection that most closely mimics the natural disease, fingerlings were challenged with a single dose of 1.3 × 10⁸ cells/fish of <i>S. iniae</i> that was administered via intracoelomic/intraperitoneal (IC) or intramuscular (IM) routes. Acute mortalities were present only in the IM-challenged fish, with first mortality occurring 4 d postchallenge and the mortality rate reaching 18.3% after 9 d. The challenged fish presented erratic swimming, ulcerative skin lesions, and hemorrhages in the liver and swim bladder. <i>Streptococcus iniae</i> was recovered from the kidney and brain tissues of moribund and dead fish. Histopathologic analysis of fish that died acutely revealed massive proliferation of bacteria in the muscle at the injection site and within vascular organs such as the heart and spleen, with variable amounts of tissue necrosis including a necrotizing myositis. Fish that died closer to 9 d postchallenge demonstrated more pronounced multifocal to locally extensive granulomatous inflammation of skeletal muscle at the injection site, liver, kidney, and spleen. No mortality, clinical signs, or gross changes were observed in the control or IC-challenged fish. Postmortem evaluation of 10 survivors in each treatment was performed to determine carrier status in the brain and posterior kidney tissues. The prevalence of <i>S. iniae</i> in survivors was 10% and 0% in the IM- and IC-challenged groups, respectively. The results from this study suggest that IM-injection challenge methods are suitable for inducing streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and they may be the preferred method for studying the pathogenesis of the naturally occurring disease in this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"32 3","pages":"133-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38309167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Myostain (MSTN) and Myogenic Differentiation Antigen (MyoD) and the Effect of Dexamethasone on Their Expression in Large-Scale Loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus","authors":"Zongjun Du,&nbsp;Tianzhu Wang,&nbsp;Wei Ming,&nbsp;Wei Luo,&nbsp;Huaming Xu,&nbsp;Rongnan Lin,&nbsp;Anxiang Wen","doi":"10.1002/aah.10111","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10111","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Myostatin (MSTN) and myogenic differentiation antigen (MyoD) play an essential role in specification and differentiation of skeletal muscle. However, the role of stress in the regulation of MyoD and MSTN has not been fully revealed and more evidence should be provided. Here, we reported the cloning and expressional analyses of MSTN and MyoD in Large-scale Loach <i>Paramisgurnus dabryanus</i> (hereafter <i>Pd</i>MSTN and <i>Pd</i>MyoD). Injecting individuals with 0, 60, 600, and 1,200 μg/kg dexamethasone (DXM) for five consecutive days resulted in a dose-dependent change of <i>Pd</i>MSTN and <i>Pd</i>MyoD expression. The expression of <i>Pd</i>MSTN was upregulated with increasing DXM concentrations, while <i>Pd</i>MyoD expression was downregulated. The changes in the expression of these genes at different time points for 10 consecutive days were studied after individuals were treated with 600 μg/kg DXM. Compared with the control group, <i>Pd</i>MSTN expression decreased and <i>Pd</i>MyoD expression increased before 12 h, and both <i>Pd</i>MSTN and <i>Pd</i>MyoD expression levels increased at 24 h, which was significantly higher than those in control group. At a prolonged treatment of 5–10 d, expression levels of <i>Pd</i>MSTN and <i>Pd</i>MyoD had significantly reduced. The results indicate that both <i>Pd</i>MyoD and <i>Pd</i>MSTN are involved in DXM-induced stress in Large-scale Loach.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"32 4","pages":"157-167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38523587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Evaluations in Juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Exposed to NPK Fertilizer","authors":"Ebeh Helen N.,&nbsp;Adegoke Nathan A.,&nbsp;Ugwu Mathias N.,&nbsp;Christopher Didigwu Nwani","doi":"10.1002/aah.10110","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aah.10110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Juvenile African Catfish (also known as Sharptooth Catfish) <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> were exposed to 2.26, 4.52, and 11.30 mg/L NPK (15-15-15) fertilizer for 21 d followed by 7 d of recovery to assess the genotoxic effects of the fertilizer in erythrocytes. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated in the liver and gill tissues. The fertilizer induced micronuclei formation with maximum effects on day 7 in erythrocytes of individuals that were exposed to 4.52 and 11.30 mg/L NPK, and on day 14 in individuals exposed to 2.26 mg/L of the same fertilizer. The lipid peroxidation, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione values in the exposed fish increased, while the values of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased. There were mixed trends in the recovery patterns after the 7-d withdrawal from the fertilizer. Careful use of the fertilizer in the field is recommended to avoid toxicological effects on nontarget organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15235,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aquatic animal health","volume":"32 4","pages":"149-156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aah.10110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38016800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}