Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Economic and Noneconomic Forces on Remittance Receiving: A Panel Analysis of Top Remittance Sending Countries Towards Bangladesh","authors":"Quazi Nur Alam, Md. Atiqullah Khan","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.29.2021.82.201.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.29.2021.82.201.212","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the paper is to investigate the impacts of economic and non-economic factors on the remittance receiving of Bangladesh. The study focuses on quantitative analysis of unbalanced panel data of 8 countries on remittance receiving of Bangladesh for the period of 1981-2019 by employing fixed effects model and random effects model. The results show that crude oil price, domestic credit to private sector of host country, and global financial crisis of 2008-10 have significant positive impact on remittance receiving of Bangladesh. GDP per capita of home country has significant negative impact which is an evidence of altruistic motive of migrant workers to remit more money. The impact of terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 is found significantly positive as it resulted into strict change in monetary regulation by spreading more money from informal channel to formal channel. The political unrest in Bangladesh during 2007-08 has insignificant positive impact what means the non-democratic and army backed 1/11 government did not help to grow the remittance receiving. Inflation rate of host country has insignificant positive impact and FDI to GDP of host country has insignificant negative impact.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134010699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spurious Regressions and Panel IV Estimation: Revisiting the Causes of Conflict","authors":"Christopher B. Barrett, Paul Christian, Cornell SC Johnson College of Business Applied Eco Submitter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3950679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3950679","url":null,"abstract":"Development and humanitarian agencies have rapidly embraced the concept of resilience since the 2008 global financial and food price crises. We report the results of a formal scoping review of the literature on development resilience over the ensuing period. The review identifies the theoretical and methodological underpinnings and empirical applications of resilience as the concept has been applied to individual or household well-being in low-and middle-income countries. From 9,558 search records spanning 2008-20, 301 studies met our pre-registered inclusion criteria. Among these, we identify three broad conceptualizations employed – resilience as capacity, as a normative condition, or as return to equilibrium – and explain how the resulting variation in framing leads to marked differences in empirical methods and findings. We study in greater depth a set of 45 studies that met five key criteria for empirical studies of resilience. The larger, more established, qualitative empirical literature yields insights suggestive that the concept of resilience can add value. The quantitative literature is thinner and divided among methods that limit cross-study comparability of findings. Overall, we find that development resilience remains inconsistently theorized and reliant on methods that have not been adequately reconciled to identify which tools are best suited to which questions. Despite much published evidence, most findings concentrate on just a few countries and natural shocks, and rely on cross-sectional data at just one scale of analysis. The result is a dearth of generalizable evidence, especially of rigorous impact evaluations, to guide whether or how agencies might build resilience among target populations.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132016525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification for Development It Is Not: ‘Inclusive and Trusted Digital ID Can Unlock Opportunities for the World’s Most Vulnerable.’- a Review","authors":"J. van der Straaten","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3742736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3742736","url":null,"abstract":"This review and annotated version of a July 2019 World Bank blog post on digital ID examines and challenges the favorable claims made about the benefits of digital ID by its main advocate, the World Bank and its Identification for Development (ID4D) practice. The essence of their claims is: digital ID includes those left out, and (digital) identification will deliver (economic) development. There is no satisfactory, robust evidence for these claims, which might well be the reason why the claims are mostly made in qualitative and, often, in ambiguous and vague terms. The champions also have ridden the wave of the Sustainable Development Agenda, especially with regards to ‘leaving no one behind’ (financial inclusion) and ‘SDG 16.9’ re ‘a legal identity for all by 2030’. These objectives have been married to digitization, digital ID and biometrics that the apostles of this agenda swish as magic wand (the ‘biometrics revolution’) that separates the waters and leads to the promised land in record time (even by 2022 according to one of the high priests). But scratch the surface and a different economic policy agenda becomes unmistakable. In fact the gospel comes down to: ‘service-oriented, digital ID’ will lower the cost of doing business. But at the same time it entails commodification of people’s data, and leads to ‘surveillance capitalism’. People’s rights to a legal identity are secondary, or, at best, will trickle down in the process. In this review we look at costs and benefits of digital ID in a more formal format, by looking at a number of relevant studies of benefits and costs of digital ID (and digital society) for the world, India, the United States, Zambia, Haiti, Ireland, the Netherlands, Uganda and the United Kingdom. In a next chapter we examine more specifically and quantitatively the claims that (new, digital) national ID systems make good on the promise of financial inclusion. Evidence to that effect, or to the contrary, is sparse. But what data there are—for the world, India, Ghana, Indonesia, Namibia, Pakistan, Uganda and Zambia—we present in this paper, and the data contradict the identification for inclusion gospel. That is especially ironic for Indonesia that holds the world record for digital ID project fraud (such fraud being common in digital ID projects). As for India: its Aadhaar ID, indirectly, led in 2019 to an explosion of social unrest, putting a blood-stained bookend to digital ID for unsustainable development, and laying bare the fallacy of Aadhaar as a source of ‘robust ID.’","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124391554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Poverty of Different Countries of the World","authors":"N. Khan, M. Naushad, S. Faisal, S. Fahad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3701329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3701329","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out since 26th September,2020. The major objective of the study was to analyze poverty of different countries of the world. Total 24 articles were downloaded from the net and read again and again and finally draw the conclusion and result. The result indicates that poverty is measure at different angle in the world but mostly human index are used for poverty measurement where life expectancy, education and per capita income is measured for poverty estimation. The World Bank say that if a person daily consumption is less than 1.90 dollar then he is considered poor. While some time poverty is measured in objective and subjective form. In objective form different variables are taken but in subjective form only feeling of the person is consider for poverty measurement. Similarly in absolute form the basic necessity of life is considered while in relative form only the median of the country income is counted and then the number is counted below the poverty line and divided by total population and percent poverty is estimated. Most recent estimates, in 2015, 10 percent of the world’s population or 734 million people lived on less than $1.90 a day. That’s down from nearly 36 percent or 1.9 billion people in 1990. However, due to the COVID-19 crisis as well as the oil price drop, this trend probably will reverse in 2020. World development report told that in 1990, forty three percent people lived below poverty line. An estimated 1.9 billion people lived in poverty in 1990, and that number fell to 1.2 billion in 2010. At present 9 percent in 2020 means an estimated 690 million people would be still living in extreme poverty. If reached, the world would have 510 million fewer people living in poverty in 2020, compared to a decade earlier. That would be the equivalent of half of the population of the continent of Africa, or more than double the population of Indonesia. Different record of the world measures the poverty at different angle. Now multidimensional factors are used for poverty measurement in the world. There education, literacy, income, food, house and clothes are countable item in poverty measurement. The Qatar per capita income in the world is 132,886 dollars and on the top while the Brundi per capita income is 727 dollars and below among 192 countries of the world. Taiwan has the lowest poverty rate worldwide – only 1.5 percent of Taiwan’s population lives in poverty, followed by Malaysia at 3.8 percent, Ireland at 5.5 percent, Austria at 6.2 percent, then Thailand and France at 7.8 percent, Switzerland at 7.9 percent, Canada at 9.4 percent, the Netherlands at 10.5 percent, and Saudi Arabia at 12.7 percent. The top ten poorest countries of the world are Mozambique, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Chad, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Niger. Poverty is a very serious evil in the world which decreases the economic growth of the world. The poor countries of the world everything is weak and becau","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130816107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Wealth and Poverty of Self-Governing Communities","authors":"J. Murtazashvili, I. Murtazashvili","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3676030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3676030","url":null,"abstract":"Hayek's emphasis on the rule of law as a source of economic and political well-being underestimates how customary and informal institutions contribute to the common good in countries where the government is predatory. While customary governance can sometime be subjected to local tyrannies, it is often characterized by robust constraints on local decision-makers that enable good governance. Our analysis shows that Elinor Ostrom's studies of self-governance are a necessary complement to Hayek's theories of the path to well-being.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117181862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Solutions To Address Global Poverty","authors":"Aidan Lorsson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3694695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3694695","url":null,"abstract":"According to the World Bank, over 736 million people worldwide live on less than $1.90 USD per day. This is a heartbreaking statistic. It demands a call to action. How should this issue be addressed? There are many answers. These ideas include giving all extra income to poor countries. Another approach is more lenient. It involves wealthier individuals giving money to this cause when they want to. This paper argues for a compromise between these two extremes. Specifically, it emphasizes targeted monetary distribution to reputable organizations that maximize positive impact on the people who need it most. <br>","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127116128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of NGOs in Sustainable Socio-economic Development of Rural Poor: Evidence from Bangladesh","authors":"Sajjad Hosain","doi":"10.9734/sajsse/2020/v6i430176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2020/v6i430176","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to investigate the current initiative and practices of Non Government Organizations (NGOs) in sustainable socio-economic development of the rural poor people of Bangladesh. NGOs in Bangladesh have virtually grown in vast numbers since the independence. It has been observed that from the late seventies, NGOs have been playing an increasingly important role in the nation’s development process. The study used both primary data and secondary information. Primary data have been collected for this study using random sampling from 10 villages of 2 districts of Bangladesh. A number of techniques have been utilized to collected data from the respondents such as household survey, focus group discussions, in depth interviews and observations. The final valid sample (Sample 1 and Sample 2) size of respondents stood to 819 (750+69) who are the beneficiaries and officials of different NGOs located on those 10 villages of 2 districts. Mostly descriptive statistics have been used to conduct data analysis in this study. The results reveal that the members of studied NGOs have been benefited from various programs undertaken. It has been observed that the food intake of the NGO beneficiaries has increased considerably in terms of income generation, nutrition value and health consciousness. The paper is expected to be one of the basic foundations for those who want to investigate further regarding NGO operation and policy making.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117245489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Lack of Convergence of Latin-America Compared with Cesee: Is Low Investment to Blame?","authors":"B. Bakker, Manuk Ghazanchyan, Wai-Yip Alex Ho, Vibha Nanda","doi":"10.5089/9781513547886.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513547886.001","url":null,"abstract":"In the last few decades there has been little convergence of income levels in Latin America with those in the United States, in sharp contrast with both emerging Asia and emerging Europe. This paper argues that lack of convergence was not the result of low investment. Latin America is poorer because of lower human capital levels and lower TFP—not because of a lower capital-output ratio. Cross-country differences of TFP in turn are associated with differences in human capital, governance and business climate indicators. We demonstrate that once levels of human capital and governance are taken into account, there is strong conditional cross-country convergence. Poor countries with high levels of human capital, governance or business climate indicators converge rapidly. Poor countries without those attributes do not. We show that low investment is the result of low TFP and thus GDP growth—not the cause.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125297400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighbours with Different Innovation Patterns: The Implications of Industrial and FDI Policy for the Openness of Local Knowledge Production","authors":"Eunkyung Park, Ahreum Lee","doi":"10.18356/b025294b-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/b025294b-en","url":null,"abstract":"This article shows evidence that FDI policies during the catch-up process may leave a trace in the openness of innovation activities in latecomer economies, based on a comparative analysis between the Republic of Korea and China. The past industrial policies of the Republic of Korea favoured creating local technological competence based on the transfer of foreign knowledge in codified form, leading to a low level of global connection in local knowledge creation. By contrast, Chinese policies encouraged the entrance of foreign firms in the Chinese market, leading to a higher level of global interaction in innovation activities. Based on the findings, the article presents policy recommendations and suggests avenues for future research.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129947526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving Up the Ladder: An Analysis of IDA Graduation Policy","authors":"A. Dobronogov, Stephen F. Knack, J. M. Wilson","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-9208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9208","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the factors that affect countries' graduation from International Development Association (IDA) assistance and develops a statistical model of graduation. IDA provides concessional financing (credits, grants, and guarantees) to the world's poorest countries to help reduce poverty and improve living standards. IDA's eligibility criteria include (a) absence of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) creditworthiness and (b) gross national income (GNI) per capita below the IDA operational cutoff. Following several 'reverse graduations' during the 1990s, the set of factors affecting graduation decisions broadened to include an assessment of the country's macroeconomic prospects, risk of debt distress, vulnerability to shocks, institutional constraints, and levels of poverty and social indicators. Through a pooled logit estimation using panel data covering IDA-eligible countries for 1987-2016, the authors determine the factors that influenced IDA graduation decision making for FY1989-FY2018. They find that throughout the sample the probability of being a graduate is positively and statistically significantly associated with income per capita, creditworthiness, and country size. They account for the shift of policy after 1998. Using an interaction dummy variable to capture the pre-FY1999 period, they find that life expectancy, reduced poverty, urbanization, and institutional development have been positive and significant predictors of graduation status in the later period.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132558784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}