{"title":"The Ambiguous Terms ἑῴα and ἑσπερία ἀνατολή, and ἑῴα and ἑσπερία δύσις","authors":"Susanne Denningmann","doi":"10.46472/cc.01211.0219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.01211.0219","url":null,"abstract":"It is demonstrated in this article that the terms ἑῴα and ἑσπερία ἀνατολή (heōia and hesperia anatolē), and ἑῴα and ἑσπερία δύσις (heōia and hesperia dusis) have at least three different meanings in astrological and astronomical texts. For this reason definitions of the terms found in Autolycus of Pitane, Theon of Smyrna and Paul of Alexandria are analysed in detail. To exemplify the confusion caused by the ambiguity of the terms, two ancient texts will be consulted. The first is a horoscope ascribed to Antigonus of Nicaea. It is shown in this article that an epitomist as well as a modern translator misunderstood the terms in question. The second is a scholium to Paul of Alexandria’s definition of the terms. The scholiast misunderstood the text of Paul of Alexandria and is himself misunderstood by a modern translator.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125157435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Imperial Shrines of Ise: An Ancient Star Cult?","authors":"M. Teeuwen","doi":"10.46472/cc.01210.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.01210.11","url":null,"abstract":"Japan’s ancient imperial cult has consistently been understood to revolve around the figure of the sun-goddess and imperial ancestor Amaterasu. The symbolism of Amaterasu’s shrine in Ise has been interpreted on the basis of this same premise. There is, however, one dissenting voice: the work of Yoshino Hiroko, who argues that behind the solar façade, imperial worship of Ise reflected an ancient star cult of Chinese origin. This paper finds arguments both for and against this daring hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115407506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Possible Babylonian Precursor to the Theory of ecpyrosis","authors":"M. van der Sluijs","doi":"10.46472/cc.0209.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.0209.0203","url":null,"abstract":"It has repeatedly been proposed that the classical theory of the Great Year had its origins in Babylonia. Attempts to substantiate this connection were frustrated by the absence of the motif of an ecpyrosis or ‘world fire’ in Mesopotamian literature. The Neo-Babylonian text Erra and Isum may fill this gap.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133552291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Astronomical Luni-Solar Cycles and the Chronology of the Masoretic Bible","authors":"Ariel E. Cohen","doi":"10.46472/cc.0209.0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.0209.0207","url":null,"abstract":"An astronomical table found in al-Khwarizmi’s ninth century CE treatise, related to the Jewish calendar, is analysed in detail. The analysis is used to establish the evidence that until the last centuries of the first millennium CE, the most important events in Jewish history described in the Masoretic text of the Bible were believed to have occurred simultaneously with the reappearances of new moons at the same celestial longitudes. The astronomical solar year of 365.25 days, in use from the first Millennium BCE throughout most parts of the first Millennium CE, and a mean lunar month of 29.5 days and 793 parts of an hour, are used to explain how they influenced the erroneous dating of major events described in the Masoretic text of the Bible by adopting the previously unknown astronomical cycles of 483 and 502 years. Such major events include Adam’s new moon, signifying the ‘year of creation’ and the epoch of ‘Aera Adami’, the birth of Abraham, Exodus with the giving of the Torah, and the building of Temples I and II. The results suggest that the chronology of the Masoretic text of the Old Testament was deliberately adapted to conform to what would be presently regarded as astrological concepts.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130802818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Influence of Orphic Beliefs on the Development of Hellenistic Astrology","authors":"L. Greene","doi":"10.46472/cc.0209.0205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.0209.0205","url":null,"abstract":"Orphism has been a scholarly battleground since the 19th century. Past and present conflicts within the field, as well as a general reluctance on the part of researchers to acknowledge the historical importance of astrology, have obscured the relevance of Orphic astrological motifs that may have influenced both the development of Hellenistic astrology and the cosmological aspects of philosophy from the Presocratic period through Plato to the late classical period and beyond. Consequently, there has been little or no research into the astrological dimension of Orphic beliefs. This paper, while not discussing the details of Hellenistic astrological techniques, is intended to open a discussion on the subject of Orphic influences on the development of Hellenistic astrology.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127103063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Astrological Disc from the Sixteenth Century","authors":"Tayra M. C. Lanuza-Navarro","doi":"10.46472/cc.0209.0209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.0209.0209","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an examination of a disc which was placed in the inner cover of a manuscript written at the end of the sixteenth century and included in the collection of the Dibner Library for the History of Science and Technology in the Smithsonian Institution, in Washington DC.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114253419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Celestial Navigators and Navigation Stories","authors":"J. C. Holbrook","doi":"10.46472/cc.0209.0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.0209.0211","url":null,"abstract":"Fishermen of the Kerkennah Islands in Tunisia, Moce Islanders in Fiji, and navigation instructors at the United States Naval Academy are the focus of a contemporary study of modern day navigation by the stars. The differences between these communities are obvious, but one of the similarities is the focus of this paper: the stories they tell about navigation. This cultural astronomy project primarily used methods from anthropology, especially ethnography. The stories were collected during interviews in each community from 1998 through 2003. Representative examples of their stories are presented and analyzed. Analysis includes what can be learned and what can be inferred about the navigators, their marine environment, and their relationship to the sky. Though the structure of their stories have parallels, community dependent and reflects different relationships to the sky and to new navigation technologies are emphasised.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123220585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Sun is God","authors":"Nicholas Campion","doi":"10.46472/cc.01208.0211.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.01208.0211.","url":null,"abstract":"The belief that precession of the equinoxes – the slow shift of the stars against the sun's position at the vernal equinox – was well known in ancient times is a staple of modern 'alternative' archaeology. It underpins Norman Lockyer's early archaeoastronomy in the 1890s and 1910s, C. G. Jung's theories on early Christianity in the 1950s, Georgio di Santillana and Hertha von Deschend's Hamlet's Mill in the 1960s, and best sellers by Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval in the 1990s. However, the idea can be traced back to radical antiChristian Enlightenment thinkers at the end of the eighteenth century, such as Jean Sylvain Bailly (1736–1793), who expounded his arguments on the astronomical origin of religious forms in two major works, Histoire de l'astronomie ancienne (1775) and Traite de l'astronomie indienne el orientals (1787). Charles François Dupuis (1742–1809) extended the debate in 1781 in his Mémoire sur l'origine des constellations, et sur l'explication de la fable, by attempting to establish the astronomical origins of mythology, while setting out a detailed argument that the twelve signs of the zodiac originated as an allegory of the seasonal cycle. The radicals' purpose was to undermine Christianity's claim to unique truth by demonstrating that it shared a common origin with all other religions, that the first religion was sun worship, that all gods, including Christ, were essentially solar, and that the changing forms of deities and religious ritual could be observed in the shift of constellations in relation to the vernal equinox. However, what was to anti-clericalist free thinkers a means of demonstrating religion's essential meaninglessness became, in the hands of the Romantics, a way of demonstrating that all religions were meaningful. Moved by such feelings, together with the belief that all religions shared a solar origin, the English painter Turner is reputed to have uttered the words 'the Sun is God' on his deathbed. Two hundred years later the belief in the ancient knowledge of precession is still capable of exciting great passion.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116648655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Borromini and the New Astronomy: the elliptical dome","authors":"V. Shrimplin","doi":"10.46472/cc.01208.0261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46472/cc.01208.0261","url":null,"abstract":"The cosmological view of the universe has frequently been reflected in art and architecture, especially in the cosmological symbolism attached to domed architecture, which relates to the traditional perception of the flat earth covered by the dome of heaven. Examples range from Byzantine churches to the revival of domed architecture during the Renaissance, and the decoration of the domes themselves also often alludes to astronomical symbolism. The reflection of contemporary perceptions of the universe in art developed dramatically during the Renaissance alongside the changing view of the universe, instigated by such thinkers as Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo. While Copernicus challenged the accepted order in his heliocentric system, Kepler further demonstrated that the ordering of the movement in the universe was in fact based on elliptical rather than perfect circular motion. Contemporary with Kepler’s writings, the work of the Baroque architect Borromini appears to have been influenced by the enormous changes in world view, cosmology and astronomy of the age. His major architectural works reflect seventeenth century scientific developments and are often based on schemes of mathematical precision. His use of the elliptical dome in preference to traditional classical and humanist precepts, such as the perfection of the circular form, appears to be related to the changing cosmological view and it seems unlikely to be a coincidence that that the predilection for elliptical domes in ecclesiastical architecture comes in at about the same time as Kepler.","PeriodicalId":152044,"journal":{"name":"Culture and Cosmos","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115041900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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